Добавил:
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Legal English for Graduate Students. International Law. Английский язык для магистрантов. Международное право. Учебное пособие к курсу «Иностранный яз

.pdf
Скачиваний:
0
Добавлен:
12.08.2026
Размер:
911 Кб
Скачать

3@9L :J9F;@=K G> D9O 9J= LJ=9L=< 9K HM:DA; D9O3@9L AK L@= <A>>=J=F;= :=LO==F KM:KL9FLAN= 9F< 9<B=;LAN= D9O

"4:7(*8 4+ &< .3 !:88.&

/GMJ;= G> D9O AK 9 D=?9D L=JE L@9L J=>=JK LG L@= 9ML@GJALA=K :Q O@A;@ D9O AK E9<= 0@= HJ=<GEAF9FL KGMJ;=K G> D9O 9J= <=L=JEAF=< :Q L@= ;GMFLJQ K K=D> A<=FLA>A;9LAGF OAL@ 9 H9JLA;MD9J D=?9D KQKL=E

.MKKA9 AK 9 ;ANAD D9O ;GMFLJQ O@=J= OJALL=F GJ =F9;L=< D9O AK L@= E9AF D=?9D KGMJ;= :GML 67$787(6 J=?MD9LAGFK 9F< GL@=J D=?9D 9;LK 9J= H9KK=< AF .MKKA9 9FFM9DDQ

%F ?=F=J9D L@= D=?9D KQKL=E OAL@AF GMJ ;GMFLJQ E9Q := J=HJ=K=FL=< :Q 9 ?J=9L FME:=J G> ).++*7*39 '7&3(-*8 4+ 1&< 9EGF? L@=E 9J= L@= >GDDGOAF?

;GFKLALMLAGF9D D9O AK 9 D=9<AF? :J9F;@ G> L@= O@GD= D=?9D KQK L=E %L <=9DK OAL@ L@= )5$0( 2) 62&,(7< KL9L= KLJM;LMJ= GJ?9FAR9LAGF G> ?GN=JFE=FL 9F< D=?9D KL9LMK G> ;ALAR=FK

9<EAFAKLJ9LAN= D9O AK 9 :G<Q G> JMD=K $33/,&$%/( 72 L@= GH=J9 LAGFK G> L@= =P=;MLAN= :J9F;@ G> ?GN=JFE=FL

;JAEAF9D D9O '(),1(6 L@= ?=F=J9D HJAF;AHD=K G> &5,0,1$/ 5(63216, %,/,7< AF<ANA<M9D LQH=K G> ;JAE=K 9F< H=F9DLA=K $33/,(' LG ;JAEAF9DK

;ANAD D9O <=9DK OAL@ ;ANAD J=D9LAGFK@AHK KM;@ 9K J=9D 9F< H=JKGF9D HJGH=JLQ GOF=JK@AH E9JJA9?= KM;;=KKAGF <ANGJ;= &2175$&78$/ $5 5$1*(0(176

>AF9F;A9D D9O J=?MD9L=K 7$;$7,21 :M<?=L 62&,$/ 6(&85,7< ,1685 $1&( H=FKAGFK AFN=KLE=FLK 9F< GL@=J KH@=J=K G> >AF9F;A9D 9;LANALQ

D9:GJ D9O ;GN=JK E9LL=JK 9JAKAF? >JGE /$%25 5(/$7,216 G> (0 3/2<((6 9F< L@=AJ (03/2<(56

0@= (4389.9:9.43 4+ 9-* !:88.&3 *)*7&9.43 AK L@= @A?@=KL D9O G> L@= D9F< J9>L=< EGJ= L@9F LO=FLQ Q=9JK 9?G L@= ;MJJ=FL ;GF KLALMLAGF <=;D9J=K .MKKA9 LG := 9 <=EG;J9LA; >=<=J9LAN= 58/( 2) /$: 67$7( OAL@ 9 J=HM:DA;9F >GJE G> ?GN=JFE=FL 0@= ." GFKLALMLAGF K=LK >GJL@ L@= :9KA; )5$0(:25. G> GMJ ?GN=JFE=FL GF L@= :9KAK G> L@= <ANA KAGF G> HGO=J 9EGF? L@= D=?AKD9LAN= =P=;MLAN= 9F< BM<A;A9D :J9F;@=K

;;GJ<AF? LG L@= ;MJJ=FL ;GFKLALMLAGF L@= )5(('20 2) &216&,(1&( AK 6$1&7,21(' 9F< 9 KL9L= GJ &2038/625< A<=GDG?Q E9Q FGL := 9<GHL=< 0@= JA?@L LG 9 EMDLAH9JLQ HGDALA;9D KQKL=E ,6 83+(/' 0@= &217(17 G> D9OK EMKL := 0$'( 38%/,& :=>GJ= L@=Q 7$.( ())(&7 9F< L@=Q EMKL := >GJEMD9L=< AF 9;;GJ<9F;= OAL@ AFL=JF9LAGF9D D9O .MKKA9F AK HJG; D9AE=< L@= F9LAGF9D D9F?M9?= 9DL@GM?@ L@= J=HM:DA;K G> L@= >=<=J9LAGF

9J= 9DDGO=< LG =KL9:DAK@ L@=AJ GOF G>>A;A9D D9F?M9?=K >GJ MK= $/21*6,'( :,7+ .MKKA9F

$"/, & --$!$ .$)( )! .# , - )! 1 $( /--$

*&).3, 7&3(- 4+ &<

GFKLALMLAGF9D (9O

:3)& *39&1 7&3(-*8 4+ &<

ANAD (9O

OAL@ /M:KL9FLAN=

<EAFAKLJ9LAN= (9O

9F< ,JG;=<MJ9D ,9JLK

JAEAF9D (9O

 

(9F< (9O "9EADQ (9O (9:GMJ

"5*(.&1.?*) 7&3(-*8 4+ &<

(9O GFLJ9;L (9O GEH9FQ

 

(9O "AF9F;A9D (9O (9O G> 0GJLK

 

MKAF=KK (9O !FNAJGFE=FL9D

4 '.3*) 7&3(-*8 4+ &<

(9O )9JALAE= (9O %EEA?J9LAGF

 

(9O (9O G> /G;A9D /=;MJALQ

 

/HGJLK (9O GF>DA;L G> (9OK =L;

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

*)*7&1 1&<8 9J= 9DKG H9KK=< =P;DMKAN=DQ :Q L@= "=<=J9D K K=E:DQ .MKKA9F D9OK ;9F := 9<GHL=< AF L@= >GJE G> 9 ;G<= G> D9OK ;G<= AK 9 ;GEHD=L= ;GDD=;LAGF G> JMD=K AF 9F (17,5( 68%-(&7 $5($ KM;@ 9K ;ANAD ;G<= ;JAEAF9D ;G<= 9<EAFAKLJ9LAN= ;G<= GJ D9:GJ ;G<=

*(7**8 &3) *=*(:9.;* 7*,:1&9.438 =;J==K 9F< <AJ=;LAN=K G> L@= .MKKA9F ,J=KA<=FL =KL9:DAK@ 9 K=H9J9L= ;9L=?GJQ G> D=?9D 9;LK

FGL@=J D9J?= ?JGMH G> D=?9D AFKLJME=FLK AK ;GEHGK=< G> J=?MD9LAGFK 9F< AFKLJM;LAGFK AKKM=< :Q L@= >=<=J9D ?GN=JFE=FL EAFAKLJA=K 9F< GL@=J >=<=J9D 9?=F;A=K

:).(.&1 )*(.8.438 ;;GJ<AF? LG L@= .MKKA9F D=?9D <G;LJAF= BM<?=K 9J= KMHHGK=< LG MK= GFDQ OJALL=F D9O ;GFL9AF=< AF ;G<=K KL9 LML=K GJ J=?MD9LAGFK O@AD= <=;A<AF? 9 ;9K= @GO=N=J 9 <=;AKAGF G> L@=GFKLALMLAGF9D GMJL E9Q := LJ=9L=< 9K 9 KGMJ;= G> D9O O@=F L@=GMJL 5(3($/6 9 H9JLA;MD9J D=?9D 9;L 9F< JMD=K AL MF;GFKLALMLAGF9D AF >MLMJ= L@AK <=;AKAGF K@9DD := >GDDGO=< 9K 67$5( '(&,6,6 0@MK O= E9Q K9Q L@9L L@= GFKLALMLAGF9D GMJL G> L@= .MKKA9F "=<=J9LAGF E9Q 9;L 9K 9 F=?9LAN= D=?AKD9LGJ

1FAN=JK9D HJAF;AHD=K 9F< KL9F<9J<K G> .39*73&9.43&1 1&< 9F< AFL=JF9LAGF9D LJ=9LA=K G> L@= .MKKA9F "=<=J9LAGF >GJE 9 67$1' $/21( KGMJ;= G> .MKKA9 K D=?9D KQKL=E

# !,)' .# . 2.

KL9LML= }v zv { v v v { v >J9E= G> KG;A=LQ ~v v ~ { v 9HHDA;9:D= ~ { ~ z z ~

<=>AF= }vzv {z {z{ ~ ~ v ;JAEAF9D J=KHGFKA:ADALQ y x v x{ x{ 9HHDQ LG ~ } xv ~ {

;ALAR=FK@AH y v|zv x

;GFLJ9;LM9D 9JJ9F?=E=FLK z y x { y v { ~ { ~ vv x{

L9P9LAGF v y w |{ ~{

KG;A9D K=;MJALQ ~v { w{ { { ~{ ~v { v xv ~{ AFKMJ9F;= v xv ~{

D9:GJ J=D9LAGFK z x { { ~ { ~ x } ~ v ~{{|z vw zv { { ~ {y vw ~

=EHDGQ== |v ~ vw v ~ v =EHDGQ=J v ~ v { vw zv { JMD= G> D9O KL9L= vx x { y zv x >J9E=OGJC x { ~ ~ v

>J==<GE G> ;GFK;A=F;= x w zv x{ ~ x w zv x{ ~ x{zv ~ K9F;LAGF v ~ ~ xv v} { v z w

;GEHMDKGJQ ~ z~ { w }v {

AK MH@=D< zz{ |~xv{ }v ~ v{ w{ { ~xv{ ;GFL=FL z{ |v ~{ { x } v { ~{ E9C= HM:DA; z{ v w {~}x{

L9C= =>>=;L x ~ x ~ x } { z{ x~{ 9DGF?KA<= OAL@ v z

K9F;LALQ { ~ x{ x

H=JKGF9D HJAN9;Q { ~ x{ ~ |~} ~ D=?9D 9KKAKL9F;= vx xv }v ~ v

;GFLJ9<A;L x v x ~x { ~{ ~x { ~ KL9L= G> =E=J?=F;Q {}x v { |{ ~{ ;GFKLALM=FL ;GEHGF=FL vx v v

BM<A;A9JQ z{w v x v ~ { v z{w yv x =FLAJ= KM:B=;L 9J=9 {z { v w v x} v x { J=H=9D v ~ xv { ~

KL9F< 9DGF= {}vx~ ~ v { z{

3@=F O9K L@= ;MJJ=FL ;GFKLALMLAGF G> L@= .MKKA9F "=<=J9LAGF 9<GHL=<

3@9L 9ML@GJALQ AF GMJ ;GMFLJQ E9Q 9;L 9K 9 F=?9LAN= D=?AKD9LGJ3@9L :9KA; JA?@LK 9F< >J==<GEK 9J= ?M9J9FL==< :Q L@= .MKKA9F

GFKLALMLAGF3@9L <G=K L@= H@J9K= KGMJ;= G> D9O E=9F

3@9L ?=F=J9D HJAF;AHD=K K@GMD< D=?9D JMD=K K9LAK>Q AF GJ<=J LG := =>>=;LAN=DQ 9HHDA=<

3@9L AK L@= <A>>=J=F;= :=LO==F >=<=J9D D9OK 9F< >=<=J9D ;GFKLA LMLAGF9D D9OK AF .MKKA9

3@9L GJ?9FK 9J= 9ML@GJAR=< LG E9C= <=;J==K 9F< =P=;MLAN= J=?MD9LAGFK

3@9L K=JN=K 9K L@= @A?@=KL D9O AF .MKKA9 3@9L <G=K AL E=9F3@9L GJ?9F 9J= >=<=J9D KL9LML=K =F9;L=< AF .MKKA9 :Q

"4:7(*8 4+ 3,1.8- &<

0@= E9AF KGMJ;=K G> D9O AF L@= 1FAL=< 'AF?<GE 9J= A /(*,6/$ 7,21 G> L@= !MJGH=9F 1FAGF =N=F 9>L=J 5(;,7 AL AK KLADD =>>=;LAN= AA D=?AKD9LAGF :Q ,9JDA9E=FL 9F< 68%25',1$7( GJ <=D=?9L=< D=?AKD9LAGFAAA &$6( /$: >JGE ;9K=K <=;A<=< :Q BM<?=K AF !F?DAK@ /;GLLAK@ GJ *GJL@=JF %JAK@ ;GMJLK MKLGEK 9F< :5,7,1*6 2) /(*$/ $87+256 9J= LJ=9L=< 9K K=;GF<9JQ KGMJ;=K G> !F?DAK@ D9O

/AF;= JAL9AF K $&&(66,21 LG !MJGH=9F GEEMFALQ 1*,.81&9.43 4+ 9-* $ GJ GEEMFALQ D9O >GJEK 9F AF<=H=F<=FL KGMJ;= G> !F?DAK@ D9O GEEMFALQ D9O @9K FGL :==F ,1&25325$7(' GJ E9<= ,'(17,&$/ OAL@ <GE=KLA; D9O :ML GH=J9L=K 9K 9 K=H9J9L= KQKL=E KA<= :Q KA<= OAL@ L@9L D9O 9F< AF ;9K= G> ;GF>DA;L GEEMFALQ D9O 35(9$,/6 GN=J <GE=KLA; D9O

$"/, )/, - )! 1 $( .# ($. $(" )'

7. &7> "4:7(*8 4+ &<

 

 

"*(43)&7> "4:7(*8

 

HJAE9JQ 9F< K=;GF<9JQ !1 D=?AK

 

 

4+ &<

 

 

 

 

 

D9LAGF AFL=JF9LAGF9D LJ=9LA=K

"

 

;MKLGEK

 

D=?AKD9LAGF =F9;L=< :Q ,9JDA9E=FL

%

 

OJALAF?K G> D=?9D

 

9F< <=D=?9L=< D=?AKD9LAGF

 

9ML@GJK

 

 

 

 

;9K= D9O

 

 

 

 

GEEMFALQ D9O AK KM:<ANA<=< AFLG HJAE9JQ D=?AKD9LAGF 9F< K=; GF<9JQ D=?AKD9LAGF

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

/=;GF<9JQ !1 D=?AKD9LAGF E9Q := E9<= MF<=J L@= 9ML@GJALQ G>JLA;D= G> L@= 0J=9LQ G> .GE= AF L@= >GJE G> 9 5(*8/$7,216 : ', 5(&7,9(6 9F< ; <=;AKAGFK

! J=?MD9LAGFK 9J= <AJ=;LDQ 9HHDA;9:D= :GL@ N=JLA;9DDQ 9F< @GJA RGFL9DDQ AF 9DD )=E:=J /L9L=K E=9FAF? L@9L L@=Q 9J= 9 H9JL G> F9 LAGF9D <GE=KLA; D9O OAL@GML L@= F==< >GJ 9FQ KH=;A>A; ,1&25325$7,21 )=E:=J /L9L= @9K FG HGO=J LG 9HHDQ J=?MD9LAGFK ,1&203/(7(/<

! <AJ=;LAN=K 9J= K9A< LG := KGD=DQ N=JLA;9D AF =>>=;L AF L@9L L@=Q 9J= 9<<J=KK=< LG L@= )=E:=J /L9L=K 9F< L@= KL9L= EMKL *,9( /(* ,6/$7,9( ())(&7 LG L@=E :=>GJ= L@=Q :=;GE= D9O 0@MK <AJ=;LAN=K HJGNA<= >GJ 9 EGJ= >D=PA:D= JGML= LG L@= J=KMDL O@A;@ AK LG := 9;@A=N=< :Q 9DD !1 ;GMFLJA=K 9K >9J 9K AL AK MH LG AF<ANA<M9D ;GMFLJA=K LG <=;A<= @GO 9F< %< :+$7 0($16 AL AK LG := AEHD=E=FL=< 9F< L@= <=KAJ=< J=KMDL 9;@A=N=<

=;AKAGFK G> L@= GEEAKKAGF 9K 9FGL@=J LQH= G> K=;GF<9JQ !1 D=?AKD9LAGF E9Q := 9<<J=KK=< LG 9 )=E:=J /L9L= LG 9 FME:=J G> )=E:=J /L9L=K GJ LG 9F AF<ANA<M9D 0@= <=;AKAGF ,6 %,1',1* GF L@GK= LG O@GE AL AK 9<<J=KK=< <=;AKAGF E9Q := 9HH=9D=< 9?9AFKL AF L@= !MJGH=9F GMJL G> &MKLA;=

=;AKAGFK G> L@= !MJGH=9F GMJL G> &MKLA;= 9J= 9DKG G> ?J=9L AEHGJL9F;= FQ F9LAGF9D ;GMJL GJ LJA:MF9D <=9DAF? OAL@ 9 ;9K= O@A;@ 5$,6(6 ,668(6 G> 1FAGF D=?AKD9LAGF E9Q J=>=J L@= E9LL=J LG L@= !MJG H=9F GMJL G> &MKLA;= ! & >GJ 9 58/,1* J=?9J<AF? L@= AFL=JHJ=L9LAGF G> L@= D=?AKD9LAGF

*,.81&9.43 '> &71.& *39 GJ =F9;L=< D9O ;GFKAKLK G> D9OK E9<= :Q L@= ,9JDA9E=FL GJ MF<=J ALK '(/(*$7(' $87+25,7< 9F< E9Q :=

/L9LML=K GJ ;LK G> ,9JDA9E=FL

5'(56 ,1 281&,/ E9<= :Q L@= EGF9J;@ AF 5,9< 281&,/ AF HJ9; LA;= 9 )AFAKL=J '5$)76 9F< E9C=K L@=E ,1 7+( 1$0( 2) L@= EGF9J;@

58/(6 $1' 5(*8/$7,216 E9<= :Q )AFAKL=JK :ML L@=Q EMKL := 68% 0,77(' LG ,9JDA9E=FL >GJ 9HHJGN9D

%</$:6 E9<= :Q DG;9D 9ML@GJALA=K L@=Q J=IMAJ= L@= 9HHJGN9D G> L@= 9HHJGHJA9L= )AFAKL=J :=>GJ= L@=Q @9N= D=?AKD9LAN= >GJ;=

%F !F?D9F< L@= )*(.8.438 4+ (4:798 9J= LJ=9L=< OAL@ J=KH=;L 9F< L@=Q 9J= J=?9J<=< 9K THJ=;=<=FLKU 0@= >=9LMJ= G> L@=AJ F9LAGF9D KQKL=E AK L@= +,(5$5&+,&$/ 9ML@GJALQ G> L@= ;GMJLK 9F ,1)(5,25 &2857 AK G:DA?=< LG >GDDGO 9 ;GMJL G> 683(5,25 9ML@GJALQ A> <=;A<=K MHGF >9;LK KAEAD9J LG >9;LK 9DJ=9<Q 75,(' :Q L@= KMH=JAGJ ;GMJL

:894 8 9J= KG;A9D @9:ALK G> :=@9NAGMJ O@A;@ 9DD KG;A=LA=K K==E LG =NGDN= OAL@GML (;35(66 )2508/$7,21 GJ &216&,286 &5($7,21 MK LGEK HJ=N9ADAF? 9EGF? H9JLA;MD9J ?JGMHK G> H=GHD= DANAF? AF H9JLA;MD9J DG;9DALA=K 9J= KGE=LAE=K J=;G?FAR=< :Q L@= ;GMJLK 9K ;9H9:D= G> ;J=9L AF? 9 KH=;A9D D9O >GJ L@= DG;9DALQ ML J=;G?FALAGF OADD GFDQ := $&&25'('

A> L@= ;MKLGE AK 5($621$%/( &(57$,1 G> T,00(025,$/ (;,67(1&(U

FGL ;GFLJ9JQ LG 9FQ KL9LML=

%F !F?D9F< L@= <7.9.3,8 4+ 1*,&1 &:9-478 9J= LJ=9L=< 9K 9F =KK=FLA9D KGMJ;= G> D9O >GJ L@=J= 9J= ;=JL9AF T:GGCK G> 9ML@GJALQU OJAL L=F :Q $87+256 2) 28767$1',1* (0,1(1&( O@A;@ E9Q ;9JJQ 9 :(,*+7 2) $87+25,7< 9DEGKL =IM9D LG L@9L G> HJ=;=<=FL EGF? L@= EGKL AEHGJ L9FL G> L@=K= OGJCK 9J= J9;LGF K T ( (*,%86 (7 2168(78',1,%86 1 */,$(U L@AJL==FL@ ;=FLMJQ GC= K T 167,787(6U 9F< D9;C KLGF= K T GEE=FL9JA=KU

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

+F L@= O@GD= L@= JALAK@ GFKLALMLAGF ;GFL9AFK L@J== E9AF HJAF;AHD=K

JMD= G> D9O A = L@9L =N=JQGF= O@9L=N=J @AK GJ @=J 67$7,21 ,6 68%-(&7 72 L@= D9O

K=H9J9LAGF G> HGO=JK A = HGO=J K@GMD< := K@9J=< :=LO==F L@= D=?AKD9LMJ= L@= LOG $GMK=K G> ,9JDA9E=FL O@A;@ E9C=K D9OK L@= !P =;MLAN= L@= #GN=JFE=FL O@A;@ HMLK D9OK AFLG =>>=;L 9F< HD9FK HGDA

;Q 9F< L@= BM<A;A9JQ O@A;@ <=;A<=K GF ;9K=K 9JAKAF? GML G> L@= D9OK 9F<

6835(0$&< G> ,9JDA9E=FL O@A;@ AEHDA=K L@9L L@=J= AK FG :G<Q L@9L ;9F <=;D9J= L@= 9;LANALA=K G> ,9JDA9E=FL MF;GFKLALMLAGF9D 9F< L@9L ,9JDA9E=FL ;9F AF L@=GJQ <G O@9L=N=J AL OAK@=K

# !,)' .# . 2.

D=?AKD9LAGF }v zv { x }v zv { v }v }vzv { v z{ { x { v z{ {

J=PAL { { { z x z{ ]{ ~ w ~ v ~~ ~} `x }v J=PALv { JALAK@ !PAL

KM:GJ<AF9L= x yv { x { { ;9K= D9O { {z{ { vx

OJALAF?K G> 9 D=?9D 9ML@GJ z ~ v { { ~ v vw{ v vx

9;;=KKAGF x { ~{ AF;GJHGJ9L=< xx{z x vx

A<=FLA;9D |z{ x{ vx ~z{ ~ HJ=N9AD ~ { {~ { x{ ~

HJGLG;GD z ~ { { {|z v z { y v { ~{ <AJ=;LDQ =F>GJ;=< ~ { { v { {z x{ J=?MD9LAGFK {y v { w }v { { v x { ~

<AJ=;LAN= z~ { ~xv x z {{ v}v ~{ v |{ ~{ AF;GJHGJ9LAGF x { ~{ z wvx { ~{ ~ { { ~{ AF;GEHD=L=DQ { x y v ~ { x~z{ ?AN= D=?AKD9LAN= =>>=;L vz{ v ~x } v { ~{

:Q O@9L E=9FK ~ ~ v ~ {z x := :AF<AF? ~ {{ w }v { ~ J9AK= AKKM= |zv x

JMDAF? v x { ~{ {z{ { ~{ { { ~{ zv <=D=?9L=< 9ML@GJALQ z{ {y~ xv { ~

GJ<=J AF ;GMF;AD T {x ~ v} x x{ {U vx~ { x{ {v |{ ~{ z w { { v ~ { {w {{ v{ ~ x v v { {

,JANQ GMF;AD lv x{ x ]{ ~ w ~ v ~~

<J9>L vx { ~ v { x~ z{ v vw AF L@= F9E= G> ~ { ~ ~ { {

JMD=K 9F< J=?MD9LAGFK vx~ v ~ {z ~ v ~ KM:EAL {z vx v v { ~{ :QD9OK z}v { v ~x { v @A=J9J;@A;9D 6 @9WəJ J CWCəD7 ~{ v ~ { ~

AF>=JAGJ ;GMJL 6WF >WəJWəJ C J L7 ~|{ ~ z KMH=JAGJ ;GMJL x ~ z x { ~ z

:= LJA=< v z~ v v { ~~ zv =PHJ=KK >GJEMD9LAGF v ~ x v ;GFK;AGMK ;J=9LAGF { { v vx { { ~ xv ~{ 9;;GJ< {z vx ~} vxv y v v

J=9KGF9:D= v} w vy v} v ~ v }z vx ;=JL9AF { ~}x{ {z{ AEE=EGJA9D =PAKL=F;= { x xv ~{ {}v v x { { 9ML@GJ G> GMLKL9F<AF? =EAF=F;= x zv ~ ~ {z xv { O=A?@L G> 9ML@GJALQ } v ~ vx ~ { x{

= (=?A:MK =L GFKM=LM<AFA:MK F?DA9= h }v v ~ w v [ y~~ ~}x{z{ ~{ ~ ~ xv{ { vz~ ~{ ^{ ~ \ {x w x xv{ ~ ~ { }v v vz {xx v

%FKLALML=K c ~ v y ~ y vxv vx tzxv z dGEE=FL9JA=K d { v ~~ v y ~ ~ }v v vx m~

\

)9?F9 9JL9 T]{ ~ v v ~ x { UADD G> .A?@LK T\~ vxv U x [ y ~~ =PL=F< v ~

AEHJ9;LA;9:D= {x } | {x ~ { { x~

.=>GJE ;L { v ~}w~ v { ~ { x [ y ~~ ,9JDA9E=FL ;LK v iv v { v y v ~ ~x ~{

~ iv v e z x ~ y z x KL9LAGF w { x{ { |{ ~{ ~v v := KM:B=;L LG z ~ v z~ z z{ x~{ KMHJ=E9;Q x{ x{ x {x z x

3@9L 9J= L@= HJAF;AH9D KGMJ;=K G> !F?DAK@ D9O

3@9L HJ=N9ADK AF L@= ;9K= G> ;GF>DA;L :=LO==F <GE=KLA; D9O G> !F?D9F< 9F< GEEMFALQ D9O

3@9L 9J= L@= LQH=K G> JALAK@ D=?AKD9LAGF3@9L 9J= L@= LQH=K G> !1 D=?AKD9LAGF3@9L 9ML@GJALA=K H9KK D=?AKD9LAGF AF !F?D9F<3@9L <G=K 9 T:GGC G> 9ML@GJALQU E=9F #AN= =P9EHD=K3@9L AK J=?9J<=< 9K THJ=;=<=FLU

3@9L AK L@= <A>>=J=F;= :=LO==F D=?AKD9LAGF G> L@= !1 OAL@ N=J LA;9D 9F< @GJARGFL9D =>>=;L

3@=F 9J= L@= ;MKLGEK J=;G?FAR=< :Q ;GMJLK 9K ;9H9:D= G> :=AF? 9 KGMJ;= G> D9O

3@9L AK L@= JALAK@ GFKLALMLAGF ;GEHGK=< G>3@9L E9AF HJAF;AHD=K AK L@= JALAK@ GFKLALMLAGF :9K=< GF

"4:7(*8 4+ $" &<

%F ?=F=J9D D9O AF L@= 1FAL=< /L9L=K LG<9Q ;GE=K >JGE >AN= E9AF KGMJ;=K ;GFKLALMLAGF9D D9O !F?DAK@ ;GEEGF D9O 67$78725< /$: ;GMJL <=;AKAGFK 9<EAFAKLJ9LAN= D9O DL@GM?@ L@=K= KGMJ;=K E9Q K==E <A> >=J=FL L@=Q 9DD 9J= ;GE:AF=< AFLG L@= >GDDGOAF? @A=J9J;@Q G> KGMJ;=K G> D9O AF L@= 1/

1 / GFKLALMLAGF

>=<=J9D KL9LML=K AFL=JF9LAGF9D LJ=9LA=K ;GMJL JMD=K G> ;ANAD ;JAE AF9D 9F< 9HH=DD9L= HJG;=<MJ= 9F< ;GMJL JMD=K G> =NA<=F;=

>=<=J9D 9<EAFAKLJ9LAN= 9?=F;Q JMD=K 9F< =P=;MLAN= GJ<=JK

>=<=J9D ;9K= D9O 127( L@9L ;9K= D9O AK DGO=J L@9F KL9LMLGJQ D9O KG AL ;9F := <AKHD9;=< :Q =F9;LE=FL

KL9L= ;GFKLALMLAGFK

KL9L= KL9LML=K 9F< ;GMJL JMD=K

KL9L= 9?=F;Q JMD=K

KL9L= ;9K= D9O

6(&21'$5< $87+25,7,(6 = ? 75($7,6(6 /$: 5(9,(:6 D=?9D =F;Q;DG H=<A9K 5(67$7(0(176

*)*7&1 &3) 89&9* (4389.9:9.438 ;GMFLJQ K GFKLALMLAGF

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

!9;@ KL9L= AF L@= 1/ @9K ALK GOF ;GFKLALMLAGF O@A;@ AK KAEAD9J :ML FGL A<=FLA;9D LG L@= >=<=J9D GFKLALMLAGF %L ;9F := EGJ= HJGL=;LAN= 63(&,),(' 9F< EGJ= J=KLJA;LAN= L@9F L@= >=<=J9D GFKLALMLAGF

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

"9&9:947> 1&< /L9LML=K 9J= D9OK KH=;A>A;9DDQ H9KK=< :Q 9 D=?AK D9LAN= :G<Q (9OK H9KK=< :Q L@= 1 / GF?J=KK KL9L= /(*,6/$785(6 DG ;9D &,7< &281&,/6 GJ LGOF E==LAF?K ;9F 9DD := ;9DD=< KL9LMLGJQ D9O /L9 LMLGJQ D9O AK >GMF< AF KL9L= 9F< >=<=J9D KL9LML=K ;ALQ GJ<AF9F;=K 9F< LGOF :QD9OK

4:79 )*(.8.438 )GKL H=GHD= 9J= KMJHJAK=< LG D=9JF L@9L ;GMJLK E9C= D9O GMJLE9<= D9O AK G>L=F ;9DD=< ;9K= D9O ;GMJL <=;A KAGFK 9F< BM<?= E9<= D9O GMJLK E9C= D9O AF L@J== O9QK

L@JGM?@ L@= ;GEEGF D9O LJ9<ALAGF NA9 HJ=;=<=FLK

:Q AFL=JHJ=LAF? KL9LML=K =PHD9AFAF? L@= E=9FAF? G> D=?9D FGJEK AF 9 ;9K= G> <AKHML= 9F<

:Q -8',&,$/ 5(9,(: ;@=;CAF? L@= ;GFKLALMLAGF9DALQ G> 9DD D9OK 9F< ?GN=JFE=FL 9;LAGFK

) .3.897&9.;* 1&< "=<=J9D KL9L= 9F< DG;9D D=?AKD9LMJ=K KGE=LAE=K ?AN= L@= HGO=J LG J=?MD9L= 9 H9JLA;MD9J CAF< G> 9;LANALQ LG 9F 9<EAFAKLJ9LAN= 9?=F;Q DKG ;9DD=< 9 5(*8/$725< $*(1&< L@=K= 9?=F ;A=K 9J= <=H9JLE=FLK G> ?GN=JFE=FL >GJE=< LG 9<EAFAKL=J H9JLA;MD9J D=?AKD9LAGF "GJ =P9EHD= L@= "=<=J9D GEEMFA;9LAGFK GEEAKKAGF J=?MD9L=K %52$'&$67,1*

<EAFAKLJ9LAN= 9?=F;A=K ;9F E9C= L@=AJ GOF JMD=K =F>GJ;= L@=AJ JMD=K ,19(67,*$7( NAGD9LAGFK G> L@=AJ JMD=K 9F< <=;A<= L@= *8,/7 GJ ,112&(1&( G> L@GK= O@G NAGD9L= L@=AJ JMD=K <EAFAKLJ9LAN= D9O ;GFKAKLK G> L@GK= JMD=K 9F< HJG;=<MJ=K =KL9:DAK@=< :Q J=?MD9LGJQ 9?=F;A=K $GO=N=J L@= D=?AKD9LMJ= L@9L ;J=9L=< 9F 9?=F;Q @9K L@= HGO=J LG (1' L@9L 9?=F;Q K (;,67(1&( GJ LG ;@9F?= ALK HGO=JK FQ >AF9D <=;AKAGF :Q 9F 9?=F;Q ;9F := 5(9,(:(' :Q 9 ;GMJL

.3).3, (&8*8 &3) 89&9:9*8 '> (.9&9.43 FQ J=>=J=F;= LG 9FQ HJAE9JQ D9O KGMJ;= ;9K= GJ KL9LML= @9K 9 &,7$7,21 ;AL9LAGF AK 9 KL9F<9J<AR=< J=>=J=F;= LG 9 HM:DAK@=< ;GMJL <=;AKAGF GJ 9 KL9LML= L@9L L=DDK QGM O@=J= LG >AF< AL %F GL@=J OGJ<K 9 ;AL9LAGF AK L@= 9<<J=KK L@9L L=DDK QGM O@=J= L@= ;9K= GJ L@= D=?9D FGJE AK DG;9L=<

LQHA;9D &$6( &,7$7,21 AF L@= 1/ AF;DM<=K

;9K= LALD= GJ &$6( &$37,21 F9E=K G> L@= H9JLA=K A = O@G AK KMAF? GJ HJGK=;MLAF? O@GE

5(3257(5 $%%5(9,$7(' F9E= G> L@= K=L G> :GGCK AF O@A;@ L@= ;9K= 9HH=9JK

6(5,(6 180%(5 9 J=HGJL=J FGL KL9LAF? 9 K=JA=K FME:=J AK 9DO9QK L@= >AJKL K=JA=K :ML 38%/,6+(56 H=JAG<A;9DDQ :=?AF 9 F=O K=JA=K G> 9 J= HGJL=J = ? F< K=JA=K GJ <

NGDME= 9F< H9?= FME:=J 9 NGDME= FME:=J HJ=;=<=K L@= J= HGJL=J 9::J=NA9LAGF O@AD= L@= H9?= FME:=J O@=J= 9 ;9K= :=?AFK >GD DGOK L@= K=JA=K FME:=J

<9L=

Соседние файлы в предмете [НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]