Learning Psychology in English. Учебно-методический комплекс

UNIT 10

VII. Derive nouns from the following verbs by means of suffixes: -ence;

-er; -ion; -ment

to exist, to establish, to promote, to lead, to agree, to decide, to consist

TEST

I.Put the words from the box in the sentences.

a) deal; b) source; c) scepticism; d) selection; e) to fill; f) supervisors;

g)assessment; h) unsuccessful

1)New methods of ... and new statistical procedures for combining the data are now available, though they are not yet very widely used.

2)In order ... a job it is necessary to know what qualities are needed for success at the job.

3)'Critical incidents' can be recorded by ... or others who are familiar with the job.

4)Groups of successful and ... performers in a job can be compared, in terms of observed behaviour, education, age or other demographic data, or in terms of test scores.

5)An interview is nearly always used in selection, despite

... about it on the part of some psychologists.

6)Testimonials are another ... of biographical information.

7)Intelligence tests are often used with success for personnel ...; the validity correlations are frequently as high or higher than for any other measure.

8)A great ... of selection is going on all the time.

II. Match the term with the definition.

LEARNING PSYCHOLOGY IN ENGLISH

f)a planned way of doing something

III.Choose Russian equivalents for the English words.

IV. Choose English equivalents to the following Russian word.

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UNIT 11

THE MOTIVATION TO WORK

Among animals and very primitive men work is motivated directly by the need for food, shelter and defence, and by supporting social needs – since work is carried out in a group setting in the interests of the group. In modern society it has become divorced from other spheres of life – most people do not consume the fruits of their labour, but are paid for it. Various kinds of incentive schemes have been devised to make people work hard, but they do not seem to be very satisfactory unless other forms of motivation are aroused as well. During recent years managers and social scientists have come to realize that work can be intrinsically motivating, either because it is directly enjoyable in itself or because it provides opportunities for achievement and recognition, through the sustaining of a self-image, or because it is felt to be 'worthwhile', or because people become committed to the goals of the organization. Workers may become committed to the goals of

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UNIT 11

the organization as the result of participation in decisions, or copartnership schemes, and through their relationships with groups or supervisors.

ECONOMIC MOTIVATION

Classical organization theorists assumed that workers had to be driven to work by the carrot and the stick – which may often have been true during the Industrial Revolution. A similar view is still taken by economists with their concept of 'economic' man. Human Relations writers have taken the opposite line and argued that money is not an important incentive or source of satisfaction. This second point of view appeared to receive some support from surveys in which workers were asked which factors were most important in making a job good or bad – 'pay' commonly came sixth or seventh after 'security', 'co-workers', 'interesting work', 'welfare arrangements', etc. These results may, however, be misleading since people do not have accurate insight into their motivations, and in addition may want to give socially desirable answers. The same may be true of a survey in which 60 per cent said that they would continue to work after receiving a large inheritance though there are certainly cases on record where this has happened.

Other evidence shows that money can act as an incentive for people to stay with their organization and work hard while they are there. This does not mean that people will do anything for money, and many people choose a lower paid job rather than a higher paid one because the lower paid job is more interesting, is thought to be more worthwhile, carries higher status, is in a nicer place, or because their friends work there. Promotion is quite often not accepted because it would mean separation from friends.

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Early managers and management theorists thought that workers disliked work and worked only because they were paid to do it; these managers and writers did not apply the theory to

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themselves. Early experimental psychologists assumed that activity was motivated by 'tension-reduction', and that rest was the ultimate goal of activity; they worked very hard themselves doing experiments to prove it. These ideas have had to be considerably revised. Management theorists now realize that workers as well as managers work partly because of the intrinsic satisfaction derived from working: they have also come to feel that there is something unsatisfactory about workers being motivated only by economic rewards – this does not always create a surplus of willing cooperation, and the work is done in a spirit of coercion rather than real interest or concern.

SOCIAL MOTIVATION

Work is usually done in groups and organizations in which members have to cooperate. It would clearly be desirable for them to be motivated by some kind of commitment to the goals of the organization, and not solely by private needs which are liable to produce both conflict with management and competition with other workers. Social motives are important in bringing people to work, and have an important effect on their behaviour in groups.

I.Read the text and translate it into Russian.

II.Answer the following questions.

1)By what is work motivated among animals and very primitive men?

2)What schemes have been devised to make people work hard?

3)Why do workers become committed to the goals of the organization?

4)What is economic motivation?

5)Why do people often choose a lower paid job?

6)How does intrinsic satisfaction influence work?

7)What does social motivation mean?

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UNIT 11

III.Topic for discussion.

The motivation to work and modern management.

IV. Translate these sentences into English using words from the text.

1)Большинство людей не потребляют плоды своего труда, а получают за них деньги.

2)В последнее время социологи все больше говорят о том, что труд может являться внутренним побужде- нием человека.

3)Ученые, изучающие человеческие отношения, убеж- дены в том, что деньги не являются основным сти- мулом и источником удовлетворения.

4)Многие люди выбирают менее оплачиваемую рабо- ту потому, что она представляет для них больший интерес.

5)Работа, выполняемая в коллективах, является пло- дом сотрудничества их членов.

6)Желательно, чтобы работа в коллективах была на- правлена на достижение конкретных целей.

7)Общественная мотивация оказывает значительное влияние на поведение людей в трудовых коллекти- вах.

V.Choose the noun which can follow this verb.

VI. Find in the text synonyms to the words given below. collaboration, to invent, confirmation, to accomplish, to suppose, final

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VII. Derive nouns from the following verbs by means of suffixes: – er; – or; – ion; – tion; – ment.

to organize, to supervise, to participate, to coerce, to arrange, to provide, to manage, to commit

TEST

I.Put the words from the box in the sentences.

a)to cooperate; b) managers; c) motives; d) separation; e) intrinsic;

f)evidence; g) stick; h) incentive.

1.Various kinds of ... schemes have been devised to make people work hard, but they do not seem to be very satisfactory unless other forms of motivation are aroused as well.

2.Classical organization theorists assumed that workers had to be driven to work by the carrot and the ... .

3.Other ... shows that money can act as an incentive for people to stay with their organization and work hard while they are there.

4.Promotion is quite often not accepted because it would mean ... from friends.

5.Early ... and management theorists thought that workers disliked work and worked only because they were paid to do it.

6.Management theorists now realize that workers as well as managers work partly because of the ... satisfaction derived from working.

7.Work is usually done in groups and organizations in which members have ... .

8.Social ... are important in bringing people to work, and have an important effect on their behaviour in groups.

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f)the state of being a partner in business

III.Choose Russian equivalents for the English words.

IV. Choose English equivalents to the following Russian word.

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KEY TO TESTS