Learning Psychology in English. Учебно-методический комплекс
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UNIT 3
How can these cues be used?
Give examples and explain.
IV. |
Choose the right ending of the sentence. |
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1) |
Entering information into long-term memory is |
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a) a waste of time |
b) a worthy goal |
c)a rare occasion
2)The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon represents
a) failure in retrieval |
b) a form of organized knowledge |
c)access to memory
3)Retrieval cues can help
a) to represent information b) to find an error
c)o remember facts
V. Find in the text antonyms to the given words.
success, permanent, wrong, clear, rarely, definitely, to forget, to retrieve
VI. Choose the noun that can follow the given verb. |
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1) to organize |
a) error |
2) to retrieve |
a) information |
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b) knowledge |
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b) action |
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c) picture |
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c) location |
3) to gain |
a) search |
4) to grope for |
a) words |
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b) access |
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b) efforts |
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c) failure |
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c) processes |
5) to guess |
a) a letter |
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b) a course |
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c) a group |
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TEST
I.Choose the missing word from the box.
a) cluster; b) schema; c) search; d) correct; e) represented; f) retrieval; g) failure; h) insufficient; i) description; j) consistent; k) memory
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LEARNING PSYCHOLOGY IN ENGLISH
1)Memories of visual scenes and of factual information are … in different ways.
2)Perhaps your … will include elements that were not in the office.
3)This common phenomenon demonstrates how… can influence memory.
4)A schema is an organized … of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events.
5)People are more likely to remember things that are … with their schemas than things that are not.
6)Occasionally a planned … of long-term memory is necessary.
7)Information stored in … is often organized around schemas.
8)Memories can usually be jogged with … cues.
9)The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon represents a … in retrieval.
10)Subjects groping for obscure words were … in guessing the first letter of the missing word 57% of the time.
II.Match the term with the definition.
1) mental |
a) |
concerned with seeing |
2) memory |
b) |
a group of similar things |
3) representation |
c) |
concerned with facts |
4) visual |
d) |
belonging equally to more than |
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one |
5) description |
e) |
faculty of remembering |
6) storage |
f) |
thing that appears or is perceived |
7) common |
g) |
picture or description of things |
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in the mind |
8) phenomenon |
h) |
storing of information in memory |
9) cluster |
i) |
verbal portrayal of person, |
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object or event |
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j) |
done by the mind |
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UNIT 3
III. Choose Russian equivalents for the English words.
1) memory |
a) влиять |
2) action |
b) припомнить |
3) to represent |
c) включить |
4) to influence |
d) представлять |
5) to include |
e) средний |
6) cluster |
f) фактический |
7) consistent |
g) память |
8) factual |
h) действие |
9) average |
i) явление |
10) to recall |
j) группа |
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k) совместимый |
IV. Choose English equivalents for the Russian words.
1) |
обычный |
a) to lead |
2) |
частичный |
b) to exceed |
3) |
сложный |
c) retrieval |
4) |
догадаться |
d) complex |
5) |
сопровождать |
e) phenomenon |
6) |
проводить |
f) common |
7) |
привести |
g) cue |
8) |
поиск |
h) to conduct |
9) |
ключ |
i) to guess |
10) явление |
j) partial |
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k) to accompany |
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LEARNING PSYCHOLOGY IN ENGLISH
UNIT 4
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Vocabulary |
reconstruction |
воссоздание |
distortion |
искажение |
misleading |
вводящий в заблуждение |
source monitoring |
отслеживание источника |
implicit |
подразумеваемый |
explicit |
недвусмысленный |
retention |
сохранение в памяти |
recognition |
осознание |
record |
регистрация |
RECONSTRUCTING MEMORIES
When you retrieve information from long-term memory, you're not able to pull up a “mental videotape” that provides an exact replay of the past. To some extent, your memories are sketchy reconstructions of the past that may be distorted and may include details that did not actually occur.
Research on the misinformation effect has shown that reconstructive distortions show up frequently in eyewitness testimony. The misinformation effect occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading postevent information
The misinformation effect appears to be due, in part, to the unreliability of source monitoring – the process of making attributions about the origins of memories. A source-monitoring error occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source. Source-monitoring errors appear to be com-
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UNIT 4
monplace and may shed light on many interesting memory phenomena. For instance, in studies of eyewitness suggestibility, some subjects have gone so far as to insist that they “remember” seeing something that was only verbally suggested to them.
Implicit Versus Explicit Memory
Implicit memory is apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering. Implicit memory is contrasted with explicit memory, which involves intentional recollection of previous experiences. To draw a parallel with everyday life, implicit memory is simply incidental, unintentional remembering. Explicit memory is conscious, is accessed directly, and can be best assessed with recall or recognition measures of retention. Implicit memory is unconscious, must be accessed indirectly, and can be best assessed with variations on relearning measures of retention. Implicit memory is largely unaffected by amnesia, age, the administration of certain drugs (such as alcohol), the length of the retention interval, and manipulations of interference. In contrast, explicit memory is affected very much by all these factors. Some theorists think that the differences exist because implicit and explicit memory are handled by independent memory systems. These independent systems are referred to as declarative and procedural memory.
Declarative Versus Procedural Memory
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Memory |
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Declarative memory system |
Nondeclarative / |
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( factual information, explicit memories) |
Procedural memory |
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Semantic memory |
Episodic memory |
system |
system |
system |
( actions, perceptual; mo- |
(general knowledge, |
(dated recollections of |
tor skills, conditioned ref- |
stored undated) |
personal experiences) |
lexes, implicit memories) |
Example: Lincoln gave |
Example: First kiss |
Example: Riding a bicycle |
Gettysburg Address. |
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LEARNING PSYCHOLOGY IN ENGLISH
The declarative memory system handles factual information. It contains recollections of words, definitions, names, dates, faces, events, concepts, and ideas. The procedural memory system houses memory for actions, skills, and operations. It contains memories of how to execute such actions as riding a bike, typing, and tying one's shoes. Some theorists believe that an association exists between implicit memory and the procedural memory system. Why? Because memory for skills is largely unconscious. People execute perceptual-motor tasks such as playing the piano or swimming with little conscious awareness of what they're doing. Thus, the procedural memory system may handle implicit remembering, while the declarative memory system handles explicit remembering.
Semantic Versus Episodic Memory
Declarative memory was further subdivided into semantic and episodic memory. Both contain factual information, but episodic memory contains personal facts and semantic memory contains general facts. Episodic memory is a record of things you've done, seen, and heard. It includes information about when you did these things, saw them, or heard them. The semantic memory system contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned. You probably don't remember when you learned these facts. Information like this is usually stored undated. Episodic memory is like an autobiography, while semantic memory is like an encyclopedia.
I.Read the text and translate it into Russian.
II. Answer the following questions.
1)When does misinformation effect occur?
2)What is a source-monitoring error due to?
3)What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory?
4)What kind of memory is unaffected by age, amnesia and alcohol?
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UNIT 4
5)What memory system handles factual information?
6)Memories of what kind are contained in the procedural memory system?
7)What type of memory is connected with the declarative memory system?
8)Into what types can declarative memory be subdivided?
9)What kind of facts does semantic memory store?
10)What type of memory contains undated facts?
III.Give your opinion on the subject.
What method can help to avoid memory errors?
IV. Translate these sentences into English using words from the text.
1)Ваши воспоминания – это отрывочное воссоздание прошлого, которое может быть искаженным и со- держать подробности, не имевшие места в действи- тельности.
2)Ошибка в отслеживании источника информации случается, если воспоминание, относящееся к одно- му источнику, приписывается другому источнику.
3)Имплицитная память проявляется, когда нет необ- ходимости в преднамеренном припоминании.
4)На имплицитную память не влияет ни возраст, ни амнезия, ни алкоголь, а на эксплицитную память эти факторы влияют очень сильно.
5)Декларативная система памяти содержит воспомина- ния о словах, именах, датах, лицах, событиях, идеях.
6)Память о навыках в значительной степени бессозна- тельна.
7)Некоторые теоретики считают, что существует связь между имплицитной памятью и процедурной сис- темой памяти.
8)Эпизодическая память содержит личную информа- цию, а семантическая память – общую информацию.
9)Семантическая память содержит общие знания, ко- торые не связаны со временем, когда была получена эта информация.
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LEARNING PSYCHOLOGY IN ENGLISH
10)Эпизодическая память похожа на автобиографию, а семантическая память подобна энциклопедии.
V.Find in the text synonyms to the words given below.
aware, definite, casual, evidence, origin, notion, break, to misrepresent, to perform
VI. Derive nouns from the following verbs by means of suffix –ion.
to reconstruct, to distort, to attribute, to intend, to recognize, to recollect, to affect
VII. Choose the noun which can follow the given verb.
1) to distort a) skill 2) to witness
b)recall
c)monitoring
a)an event
b)a concept
c)an idea
3) to assess |
a) procedure |
4) to contain |
a) facts |
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b) conditioning |
b) skills |
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c) memory |
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c) awareness |
5) to shed |
a) subject |
6) to store |
a) perception |
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b) memory |
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b) information |
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c) light |
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c) attribution |
TEST
I.Put in the sentences the missing words from the box.
a) distorted; b) undated; c) independent; d) implicit; e) explicit; f) procedural;
g)declarative; h) unreliability; i) monitoring; j) unconscious; k) episodic
1)The … memory system handles factual information.
2)Memory for skills is largely … .
3)The procedural memory system handles … information.
4)Information like this is usually stored … .
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UNIT 4
5)… memory is a record of things you’ve done, seen and heard.
6)Your memories are sketchy reconstructions of the past that may be ...
7)Source … error may shed light on many memory phenomena.
8)… memory involves intentional recollection of previous experiences.
9)Implicit memory and explicit memory are handled by … memory systems.
10)The misinformation effect is due, in part, to the … of source monitoring.
II. Match the term with the definition.
1) explicit memory |
a) verbal portrait of person, object |
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or event |
2) episodic memory |
b) |
thing certainly known to have |
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occurred |
3) source |
c) |
intentional recollection of previous |
4) implicit |
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experience |
5) skill |
d) |
relating to meaning in language |
6) semantic |
e) |
a place from which thing comes |
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or is got |
7) fact |
f) |
implied though not plainly |
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expressed |
g)a record of things you’ve done, seen and heard
h)faculty in doing something
III.Choose Russian equivalents for the English words.
1) long-term |
a) восприятие |
2) reconstruction |
b) внушаемость |
3) distortion |
c) свидетель |
4) witness |
d) подразумеваемый |
5) source |
e) долговременный |
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LEARNING PSYCHOLOGY IN ENGLISH
6) suggestibility |
f) узнавание |
7) retention |
g) искажение |
8) intentional |
h) воссоздание |
9) implicit |
i) источник |
10) recognition |
j) сохранение в памяти |
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k) преднамеренный |
IV. Choose English equivalents for the Russian words.
1) |
недвусмысленный |
a) to assess |
2) |
случайный |
b) skill |
3) |
оценивать |
c) interference |
4) |
бессознательный |
d) explicit |
5) |
влиять |
e) to imply |
6) |
помеха |
f) incidental |
7) |
осведомленность |
g) origin |
8) |
навык |
h) unconscious |
9) |
управлять |
i) to affect |
10) происхождение |
j) to handle |
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k) awareness |
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