Further steps into dentistry. Учебное пособие для студентов стоматологического факультета

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

Формула: had + Participle II ЗАДАНИЕ 44. Прочитайте и переведите предложения:

1.It had long been my dream to study at the Medical Academy.

2.She said that he had already spoken to them. 3. They had prepared everything by 5 o’clock. 4. When they entered the hall the play had begun. 5. He had not translated the text by the end of the week.

6.The child had gone to bed when we came. 7. They had been ill for a long time.

ЗАДАНИЕ 45. Объясните употребление the Past Perfect в следующих предложениях:

1.Here in Orenburg, I had lived in the hostel since September.

2.He had greatly enlarged his vocabulary by the end of the first term.

3.They had passed all examinations by January 25. 4. By the time I arrived she had explained the problem to them. 5. He said that they had become good specialists in this field of science. 6. I felt that he had told me the truth. 7. She had a feeling that she had forgotten to do something.

ЗАДАНИЕ 46. Измените следующие предложения по данному образцу:

Образец: The student got a book from the library and read it. The student read the book he had got from the library.

1. He wrote a case history and went out to the calls. 2. She wrote an exercise on the blackboard and we wrote it down in our notebooks. 3. She bought a picture but didn’t show it to us. 4. They passed their exams and went to St. Petersburg. 5. She bought a cup but unfortunately broke it. 6. He finished his work and went home. 7. I lost my key and couldn’t get into my room.

ЗАДАНИЕ 47. Повторите утверждение, начиная его со слов «I said that…».

1. He has spoken to them. 2. They have already left. 3. She has met this man. 4. The doctor has examined the patient. 5. The nurse has made an injection. 6. He has listened to the lungs and heart. 7. They have studied at the Medical Academy together.

101

ЗАДАНИЕ 48. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения:

1. Jenner learned that a farmer’s boy had died of smallpox. 2. Smallpox had been common for centures in China, India and Turkey. 3. Many people had died of smallpox. 4. They had found a new method for extracting pure penicillin. 5. All four patients had had a low lumbar spinal infection. 6. For three months before admission he had had anorexia (loss of appetite). 7. There had been an expanding body of scientific knowledge, concerning the treatment of these usual diseases.

ЗАДАНИЕ 49. Составьте письменно вопросы ко всем членам предложения:

1.He had worked on various research aspects of antibiotic therapy.

2.There had been a dramatic fall in mortality.

3.She had had marked central cyanosis.

ЗАДАНИЕ 50. Поставьте сказуемое в нужную (the Past Simple или the Past Perfect). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.I … (to realize) that I … (to forget) my bag in the reading-hall.

2.… (not/to speak) to Nick at the meeting yesterday? Because he … (to leave) by the time we got there. 3. Though he … (to look) familiar to me, I … never … (to meet) him before. 4. We … never … (to stay) in a five-star hotel before. 5. We … just … (to finish) the translation of the text by the time they arrived. 6. After he … (to turn off) all the lights, he … (to leave) the auditorium. 7. It’s a pity, but when we … (to arrive) the lecture … already … (to start).

THE PERFECT CONTINUOUS FORMS

Формула: to have + Participle I

ЗАДАНИЕ 51. Прочитайте и переведите следующие предложения:

1. He has been working for an hour and a half already. 2. She has been working since nine o’clock. 3. How long have you been waiting

102

for me? 4. I have been thinking over this problem for these few days. 5. Tell me everything that has been happening. 6. Tom, I have been looking for you everywhere. 7. This doctor has been finishing his examination.

ЗАДАНИЕ 52. Прочитайте, переведите и проанализируйте форму сказуемого:

1. He became suddenly aware that the man had been speaking for some time. 2. By the end of this year I shall have been studying at the Academy for half year. 3. He explained to us that up to that time she had been living with her parents. 4. I had been sitting there all the afternoon and had seen nobody. 5. By 5 o’clock we shall have been working for 3 hours. 6. How long have you been going in for sports? 7. How long had you been taking this medicine?

ЗАДАНИЕ 53. Составьте вопросы по данному образцу:

Pattern: How long … (to work at one’s pronunciation). How long have you been working at your pronunciation?

to suffer from headaches to work at your report to live in this district

to conduct this research How long … to tell the whole story

to consult a doctor to examine a patient to make an operation to write a case history

ЗАДАНИЕ 54. Поставьте инфинитив в Present Progressive и сделайте соответствующие изменения:

1. How long … she (to wait) for me? 2. You say he (to work) at the hospital as a surgeon for two years. 3. How long … you (to work) by the end of this year? 4. Are you writing a report? How long … you (to write) and when will you have finished it ? 5. She (to work) at her report since 9 o’clock. 6. He remembers that he (to walk) about the city but where, or why, or how. 7. Ask him what he (to do).

103

ЗАДАНИЕ 55. Закончите это письмо, поставив сказуемое в нужную форму Present Perfect или Present Perfect Continuous.

Dear Paul, I’m very glad to hear that you are enjoying yourself in England. Things at home are getting on as usual. Sam ___ (work) very hard. Sue _____ (just/pass) her exam in Anatomy. Jane _____

(not/write) for weeks, probably because of her exams. She _____

(study) very hard to pass it successfully. Mr. Brown, our teacher, you must remember him, _____ (fall) ill recently. He ____ (visit) the doctor four times this month. Hope he will be O. K. very soon. Mrs. Brown ____ (not/open) her new shop yet. The decorators _____

(paint) it for a couple of weeks.

I deeply hope you enjoy your stay in England. Write soon.

Love, Mum.

ЗАДАНИЕ 57. Образуйте форму в пассивном залоге от сле-

104

ЗАДАНИЕ 58. Переведите предложения и объясните употребление пассивного залога:

1. The usual questions about his name, age, nationality and social position were put and answered. 2. When she came in, the reports were being discussed. 3. Whom was Moscow University founded by? 4. Moscow University was founded by Lomonosov. 5. He understood that he was being watched. 6. This man is very much talked about. 7. She is very foolish and is often laughed at.

ЗАДАНИЕ 59. Составьте общие вопросы и отрицательные предложения:

1. The report was delivered in English. 2. He has been expelled from the University. 3. He was offered the post of head of the chair. 4. The modern hospital is being built not far from our house. 5. This work will have been done by that time. 6. The doctor was sent for half an hour ago. 7. The articles will be translated tomorrow.

ЗАДАНИЕ 60. Замените активный залог на пассивный:

1. Students attended the lecture on the respiratory system. 2. The lecture disappointed us very much. 3. Bacteria gain entry to the lungs via the airways. 4. She has broken her arm. 5. They will take these drugs tomorrow. 6. We were discussing a new method of treatment when came in. 7. People speak English in many countries of the world.

ЗАДАНИЕ 61. Постройте отрицательные предложения:

1. Common causes of heart disease are listed in Figure 1. 2. Chronic cases with the flu have been described in the journal. 3. His face was pitted with smallpox scars. 4. Science is unlimited. Try! Be patient. 5. Few patients had been infected with cowpox. 6. In ten minutes I was taken to hospital. 7. Dinner is being made.

ЗАДАНИЕ 62. Поставьте сказуемое в соответствующую форму и переведите предложения:

1. A lot of new houses (построено) в Оренбурге. 2. When (написано) this letter? The letter (было написано) this morning. 3. By

105

whom (будет переведена) this article into English? The article (переведена) already. 4. This question (обсуждался) when we came in. 5. Where are the students? The students (экзаменуются) now in the next room. 6. By the time they came, the work (была закончена). 7. The injection (делают) now.

ЗАДАНИЕ 63. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Нам рассказали об этой болезни вчера. 2. Ему уже написали отчет (report). 3. Ей дали две таблетки, чтобы принять их утром. 4. Ребенка сейчас выписывают из больницы. 5. Мне показали новый медицинский словарь. 6. Нам в академии преподают английский язык. 7. О СПИДе много говорят.

ЗАДАНИЕ 64. Замените активный залог на пассивный:

1. Experienced surgeons make difficult operations. 2. Who invented the mobile phone? 3. They are building a new hospital in our town. 4. Many people told me about the accident. 5. We have cleaned our room. 6. I shall send you all these new books. 7. The teacher informed us about the change of the timetable.

ЗАДАНИЕ 65. Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Если необходимо, пользуйтесь словарем.

1. Important disparities have been found between the recommendations made by experts in review articles and textbooks, and the recommendations that could have been done on the basis of systemic reviews. 2. A decline in the rate of gastric cancerrelated deaths has been observed during the last twenty years. 3. Mass screening programs for gastric and cervical cancer have been conducted as part of national policy. 4. The etiological infectious agent has been directly demonstrated in pancreatic tissue obtained surgically. 5. Acute pancreatitis was observed with viruses, bacteria, and parasites. 6. The retrovirus has been isolated from various body fluids. 7. Host defense mechanisms have been altered by burns, neoplasms, metabolic disorders, irritation, foreign bodies, etc.

106

ЗАДАНИЕ 66. Прочитайте и переведите.

1.Two tests for detection of antibody to HIV are widely used.

2.A number of strategies are being developed to induce protective immunity in persons not infected with HIV. 3. Certain patients are predisposed to staphylococcal infections: newborns, nursing mothers, and patients with influenza and others. 4. Cases have also been reported in association with influenza. 5. These organisms have been isolated from wounds and from blood. 6. Noncholera Vibrio infections have been treated with a wide range of antibiotics.

7.Drugs that depress sympathetic nervous activity are widely used to treat primary hypertension.

ЗАДАНИЕ 67: Переведите и проанализируйте следующие предложения.

1.We are being waited for you now. 2. He was told to come earlier.

3.I am taken the temperature 2 times a day. 4. He will be sent to the hospital in 3 days. 5. The patient was asked about his present complaints. 6. The attack of pain was followed by vomiting. 7. I shall be discharged from the hospital in a week. 8. He is being examined.

9.The treatment will have been changed as there is no effect.

10.He had been shown analysis before he began examining the patient. 11. The functions of his right lower extremity have already been restored. 12. He is told that he will be operated on in 2 weeks.

13.He has just been administered penicillin injections. 14. New methods of the treatment were being discussed for 3 hours. 15. The operation was being performed at that time yesterday. 16. I am being treated with a new drug now. 17. The work had been completed by that time. 18. The blood transfusion had been made by the evening.

19.The medical article has been translated by the end of the week.

20.A new hospital will have been built by the end of the year.

ЗАДАНИЕ 68: Переведите следующие предложения.

1. The conclusion hasn’t been made yet. 2. His report was followed by a long discussion. 3. The patient has just been transferred to the surgical department. 4. The interesting findings have been

107

published recently. 5. The sick woman hasn’t been helped yet. 6. He was prescribed intramuscular injections yesterday. 7. She is being prepared for the operation now. 8. No changes have been observed in the heart. 9. No exact conclusion had been made after the examination of the patient. 10. He has just accomplished the observation. 11. He has never investigated this phenomenon. 12. He has already proved this fact. 13. The investigation has been completed lately.

THE PARTICIPLES ЗАДАНИЕ 69. Переведите следующее:

a reading boy, playing children, an examining doctor, an operating surgeon, an attending doctor, developing countries, a dying patient.

ЗАДАНИЕ 70. Переведите и проанализируйте функции причастий:

1. (When) translating the text, students came across certain difficulties. 2. The girl, translating the article at the desk, turned round and asked for help. 3. Cooking dinner, she forgot to put salt into the soup. 4. Giving that explanation, he was sure it was convincing. 5. Reading he found himself growing interested with every page. 6. Playing he fell and hurt his leg. 7. Going home, she met her friends.

ЗАДАНИЕ 71. Переведите следующее:

1.Feeling bad, I went to the University polyclinic.

2.We used to walk about Moscow admiring its architecture and ancient monuments.

ЗАДАНИЕ 72. Переведите и проанализируйте функции причастий:

1.He is preparing a paper on the health educational aspects.

2.A tobacco pandemic is currently killing about three million a year.

3.In the most economically advanced countries, like the United States, tobacco consumption has been decreasing. 4. A resolution concerning smoke free flights was adopted at the Conference.

108

5. About 20% of people experiencing symptoms do nothing about them. 6. In the eleventh patient, who had the most chronic infection, there was diffuse sclerosis involving multiple thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. 7. The visiting physician not only sees the patient, but becomes familiar with the social and sanitary conditions at home.

ЗАДАНИЕ 73. Прочитайте и переведите, проанализируйте функции Present Participle в предложениях:

1.He published a report, calling his new method «vaccination».

2.We are lucky to be living in the days of vaccination. 3. While the other boys were out playing, he was drawing various parts of the human body and naming the bones. 4. A man was suffering from an infected wound. 5. His whole body was covered with abscesses. 6. The dying man was given the first injection of penicillin. 7. He was a man who was always trying to gain knowledge. 8. Doctor laughed calling milkmaids «poor ignorant girls» because they believed that cowpox, a mild animal disease, would protect them against smallpox.

ЗАДАНИЕ 74. Найдите в следующих предложениях причастия и переведите предложения:

1. Biochemistry is the science that deals with the chemistry of living tissue. 2. He attributed disease to some symptoms as distress signals indicating the need for certain elements. 3. There is suppuration such as recurring boils or abscesses. 4. The muscles can also be affected causing numbness and spasm. 5. It is possible to have a deficiency for a long time and not notice any symptoms, resulting in serious loss of bone density. 6. Many women, and working mothers especially, suffer from levels of stress. 7. Questions were divided into four sections covering personal details (age, marital status, number of children and/or dependent relatives, job etc).

ЗАДАНИЕ 75. Проанализируйте функции причастий и переведите предложения:

1. Two-thirds of working mothers responding to the survey clearly found the efforts of coping with a job. 2. Croup is very much a viral disease usually occurring in winter and at night. 3. There is a history

109

of preceding respiratory infection, but often of short duration. 4. Heart failure is the major complication and is suggested by an increasing heart rate and an enlarging liver. 5. Drugs causing fluid retention are another problem. 6. Children living with parents who smoke are more susceptible to upper respiratory tract infections, bronchitis and pneumonia. 7. Marfan's syndrome is dominantly inherited disorder of connective tissue, involving the heart, eyes, and skeleton.

ЗАДАНИЕ 76. Замените придаточные предложения причастными оборотами:

1. The man who is standing at the door is our teacher. 2. The tree which was broken by the wind lay across the road. 3. When he opened the door, he saw an old man with a stick in his hand. 4. As she was very tired, she refused to go to the cinema. 5. When he was reading the text, he copied out all new words and expressions. 6.Eachstudenthasanopportunitytospendhistimemostsuccessfully while he is here. 7. As he is very ill, he can’t attend classes.

ЗАДАНИЕ 77. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующим пословицам:

1. A creaking door hangs long on its hinges. 2. Don’t swap horses when crossing a stream. 3. I fear Greeks even when bringing gifts. 4. Let sleeping dogs lie. 5. Rats desert a sinking ship. 6. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 7. Standing pools gather filth.

ЗАДАНИЕ 78. Дайте английские эквиваленты данным пословицам.

1. Лошадей на переправе не меняют. 2. Не буди лихо, пока лихо тихо. 3. Боюсь данайцев и дары приносящих. 4. Крысы бегут с тонущего корабля. 6. Катящийся камень мохом не обрастет. 7. Скрипящая дверь долго висит на своих петлях.

ЗАДАНИЕ 79. Переведите и объясните функции причастий: 1. His written test is far from good. 2. He went down and brought up a wooden box filled with old letters. 3. The question discussed is

110