Чтение литературы по специальности на английском языке. Теория и практика информационной обработки текста. Учебное пособие для студентов факультета эк

Задание 6

6.1.К каждому сообщению на английском языке подберите вариант реферативного перевода (см. ниже).

6.2.Озаглавьте каждое сообщение.

1. The Bank of England has warned in a report that while inflation has been low recently, this may be short-lived.

In a report to the Treasury, it said factors which had kept inflation low over the past decade, such as cheap imports, might be eroding. The report follows recent data showing January inflation was below forecasts. It also follows recent hints from the Bank that interest rates may need to be raised once again to bring inflation under control. The Bank left interest rates on hold earlier this month at 5.25%, after raising them three times since August. Meanwhile, figures from the Office for National Statistics released last week showed inflation rates eased more than expected in January, after hitting an 11-year high in the previous month. The Consumer Prices Index fell to 2.7% from 3%, while the Retail Price Index also fell to 4.2% from 4.4%.

Monday’s report said ‘policymakers may... decide to raise interest rates and undershoot the inflation target in the near-term’. Low cost imports and a more flexible labour market have been beneficial to the UK economy in keeping inflation in check. But cheaper imported goods have made UK products relatively expensive. The current account – which includes goods and services – needed to be narrowed by depreciating the exchange rate to improve exports, said the report. While the currency markets reacted immediately to the report – with sterling hitting a six-week low of 67.56 pence against the euro – some said the reaction had been exaggerated. David Page, an economist with Investec said the report seemed to be referring to the longer-term perspective and the immediate foreign exchange markets seemed to be reacting ‘a little bit aggressively’.

Story from BBC NEWS: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/business/6376093.stm

21

2. Mr Brown said vaccinating now was ‘the right thing to do’.

Chancellor Gordon Brown has launched a £2.1 bn bond scheme aimed at saving 10 million children in the developing world from deadly diseases. The bond scheme effectively allows cash due to be spent on vaccinations over the next decade to be used now. Mr Brown said he hoped it would fund 500 million immunizations in 10 years. The chancellor, who is to be joined by religious leaders at the launch, said: ‘There is no better case for advancing money than vaccination’. The diseases targeted will include tuberculosis, diphtheria and tetanus. Under the international finance facility scheme, revenue from bonds will become available earlier than would have be the case with normal aid budgets.

Mr Brown told the BBC: ‘We want to spend the money now. If you can vaccinate 100% of children, then we avoid the risk of disease and contagion. If you can only vaccinate 10% of the children one year and 10% the next year and 10% in future years then you have still got a huge risk of disease’. Mr Brown said he hoped to persuade countries including the US, Brazil, China and South Africa to join the scheme, which sees the bonds sold on behalf of the World Bank. He suggested that the US administration did not have the ‘political will’ to commit itself to this form of aid over the long term. The bulk of the money will come from the UK aid budget and Microsoft founder Bill Gates’ charity. Mr Brown denied that he had opted for this complicated form of funding to keep additional aid spending off the government’s books. Conservative international development spokesman Andrew Mitchell welcomed the scheme, but said ‘we must keep a very close eye on exactly how these funds are spent, and how effective they are’. Pope Benedict XVI’s envoy, Cardinal Renato Raffaele, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, are supporting the International Finance Facility for Immunisation. It also has the backing of Chief Rabbi Dr Jonathan Sacks, Iqbal Khan of the Muslim Forum, Ramesh Khalidi of the Hindu Forum, and Indrajit Singh of the Sikh Council of Britain.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6123850.stm

22

3. US shares have fallen in Wednesday trading due to ongoing concerns about the possibility of higher interest rates to combat inflation.

The declines come after Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke said overnight that US inflation remained ‘somewhat elevated’. US investor unease was further fuelled by the European Central Bank raising its interest rates on Wednesday. The Dow Jones index was down 147 points to 13,449 by mid afternoon in New York.

The Fed next meets to consider US interest rates on 27–28 June. While most analysts expect rates to remain at 5,25% this time – where they have been for the past year – there is now some concern that the Fed may raise rates further towards the end of the year. Worries about inflation were given a further boost by revised government figures showing wages rising faster than expected. The new figures showed that US labor costs rose by 1,8% in the first quarter of this year, up from the initial estimate of 0,6%. ‘The market hit a speed bump yesterday in the form of rising interest rates, and for the time being, it appears as if it will struggle to get back in high gear,’ said analyst Patrick O’Hare of Briefing.com. News that the European Central Bank had increased rates by one quarter of a percentage point to 4% also came as broker Morgan Stanley said it thought that European stocks could fall by as much as 14% over the next six months. Despite the interest rates concerns, Mr Bernanke says the US economy is continuing to expand and will enjoy moderate growth this year. Meanwhile the US government has lowered its forecast for US economic growth, from 2,9% to 2,3% for the year from 1 October 2006. The Dow Jones index has recently hit a series of all-time highs.

Story from BBC NEWS: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/business/6727709.stm

1. Канцлер казначейства Великобритании, господин Браун, разработал 2-миллиардный план по выпуску государственных облигаций, направленный на спасение 10 миллионов детей, проживающих в развивающихся странах, от смертельных болезней. Он надеется, что это позволит выполнить 500 миллио-

23

нов вакцинаций в десятилетний период. Основной принцип выработанной схемы в том, что она начнет работать прямо сейчас. Задержка не только экономически невыгодна, но и смертельно опасна. План канцлера получил широкую поддержку среди религиозных деятелей по всему миру. Браун надеется, что идею поддержат и другие страны, включая Бразилию, США, Китай, ЮАР. Поддержку Брауну оказал американский миллиардер Билл Гейтс. Можно с уверенностью констатировать, что благие начинания Великобритании воплотятся в жизнь.

2.В докладе британского казначейства говорится, что низкая инфляция в Великобритании, которая наблюдается за последний квартал, обусловлена прежде всего дешевым импортом продукции. Как говорится в докладах, инфляция в январе была ниже прогнозируемой. Вместе с тем, понижение показателя покупательной способности (3-2,7%) и индекса розничной цены (4,4-4,2%) не внушает оптимизма. Текущий бюджет должен быть сокращен путем понижения валютного курса и усиления национального экспорта.

3.Котировки американских акций упали в среду в связи со слухами о возможном повышении процентных ставок. Это произошло после заявления председателя Федеральной резервной системы США Бена Бернанка. Предполагаемое повышение процентных ставок должно по прогнозам аналитиков обуздать инфляцию, которая сейчас находится в США на достаточно высоком уровне. Также поспособствовали беспокойству американских инвесторов слухи из Европы: Европейский центральный банк повысил в среду свои процентные ставки на четверть процента. Несмотря на беспокойство на американском рынке, господин Бернанк считает, что американская экономика развивается и в этом году ожидается умеренный рост по основным показателям. Все может быть, учитывая тот факт, что индекс Доу-Джонса находится на рекордно высокой отметке. Как бы то ни было, американское правительство снизило прогноз экономического развития страны с 2,9% до 2,3%.

24

Задание 7

7.1.По названию текста сделайте предположение о его содержании. Напишите 8–10 слов, которые, по вашему мнению, встретятся вам в тексте.

7.2.Прочитайте текст. Соответствует ли его содержание вашему предположению? Сколько слов из вашего списка вы нашли в тексте?

7.3.Найдите в тексте вводные слова и выражения. Какие из них ориентированы на предшествующий контекст, а какие – на последующий?

Bull or Bear Market

A typical dictionary definition for stock is the capital raised by a corporation through the issue of shares entitling holders to an ownership interest; “he owns a controlling share of the company’s stock”.

Stocks are usually explained to be a collection of shares in a company, and are also referred to as stock shares. A stock is a certificate (sheet of paper) declaring you own a small fraction of that company (corporation). To explain further let’s look at some of the reasons for why a company might want to issue stock. A company issues a stock so that it might use the money from a stock offering to buy equipment, hire people, advertise, or expand facilities. Basically, stocks help companies grow.

Trading in stocks on the stock market is typically driven by speculation, based on company news and performance factors. There are two ways to try and find the market value of a stock. Stock value is determined using some type of cash flow, sales or earnings analysis. This form of stock valuation is based on historic ratios and statistics and aims to assign market value to a stock based on measurable attributes. Another way a stock market can be explained is to ask one to look at how much investor is willing to pay for a particular share of stock and by how much other investors are willing to sell a stock for. In other words, it explains the market’s supply and demand. This form of stock valuation is very hard to understand or predict, and it often drives the short-term stock market trends.

25

Most people who have been investing in or following the stock market for some time are probably well familiar with the terms bear and bull market. What does it really mean?

A bull market refers to a market that is on the rise. It is indicated by a sustained increase in stock market share prices. In such times, investors are convinced that the uptrend will continue in the long term. Typically, the country’s economy is strong and employment levels are high. A bull market is a rising market. On the other hand, a bear market is one that is in decline. In bear market stock share prices are continuously dropping, resulting in downward trend that investors believe will continue in the long-run, which, in turn, perpetuates the spiral. During a bear market, the economy will typically slow down and unemployment will rise as companies begin laying-off workers Generally speaking, since the market is determined by investing parties’ attitudes, these terms also denote how investors feel about the market and the ensuing trend.

There are several characteristics that are particular to whether a market is a bull or a bear overall. In a bull market, there is strong demand and weak supply for stocks. As a result of this, stock prices will rise as competition will drive the prices up. The opposite holds true for the bear market. There is a strong relationship between the market and overall economic conditions. Since the companies whose stocks are trading on the exchanges are the participants of the greater economy, the stock market and the economy are strongly connected. A bear market is associated with a weak economy as most companies are unable to record huge profits because consumers are not spending nearly enough – this decline in profits, of course, directly affects the way the market valuates stocks. In a bull market, the reverse occurs as people have more money to spend and are willing to spend it, which, in turn, drives and strengthens the economy.

You may ask – how should I react on those markets? In a bull market, the ideal choice for an individual investing in stock market is to take advantage of rising prices by buying early in the trend and selling his or her stock shares when they have reached their peak. Obviously, determining exactly when the bottom and the peak will occur is impossible. Because on the whole, investors have a tendency to believe that the market will rise (thus bullish), investors

26

are more likely to make profits in a bull market. As prices are on the rise, any losses should be minor and temporary. If investing during the bull market, an investor can actively and confidently invest in more equity with a higher probability of making a return.

Investing in a bear market gives higher chances of losses because stock prices are continually losing value and the end is not often in sight. Even if you do decide to invest with the hopes of an upturn, you are likely to take a loss before any turnaround occurs. Thus, most of the profitability under bear market conditions will be found in short selling or investing in safer investments such as fixed-income securities. While in bear mode, an investor may also turn to “defensive stocks,” whose performances are only minimally affected by changing trends in the market and are therefore, stable in both economic gloom and boom. These are industries such as utilities, often owned by the government and are necessities that people buy regardless of the economic condition.

27

ГЛАВА 2. СПЕЦИФИКА РАБОТЫ С ГАЗЕТНО-

ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫМИ МАТЕРИАЛАМИ

Работа с литературой по специальности предполагает использование различных видов чтения/

1.Оценочный просмотр статьи (заголовки, разделы и подразделы, таблицы, иллюстрации) для решения вопроса, имеет ли данная работа отношение к интересующей вас проблеме, и какого рода информацию можно из нее извлечь (просмотровое чтение).

2.Поиск и уточнение конкретных фактов и деталей, ссылки на которые известны по другим источникам. Быстрый просмотр статьи или нескольких статей для отыскания нужного раздела, абзаца, отдельных предложений, тщательный перевод нужных мест (поисковое чтение).

3.Общее знакомство с содержанием источника. Понимается при этом около 70% содержания текста. Это быстрый вид чтения для извлечения основной информации (ознакомительное чтение).

4.Полное понимание информации. Опора на грамматические и лексические закономерности языка для уточнения смысла (изучающее чтение).

Поисковое и ознакомительное чтение, то есть наиболее часто используемые виды чтения, основываются на знании закономерностей структуры газетных и научных публикаций и умении работать не с отдельными предложениями, а с синтаксическими единицами крупнее предложения, в частности с абзацами и группами абзацев. Кроме этого, необходимо иметь представление об особенностях языка периодических изданий и научных публикаций.

2.1.Особенности языка прессы

Язык периодических изданий обладает рядом характерных черт. Он обильно насыщен специальными терминами, связанными с политической и экономической жизнью. Здесь встречаются названия политических партий, государственных учреж-

28

дений, общественных организаций, корпораций и т.д., например:

House of Commons – Палата общин

Trade Union Congress – Конгресс тред-юнионов Security Council – Совет безопасности

Для языка периодических изданий в целом характерно частое употребление фразеологических сочетаний, носящих характер своего рода речевых штампов, например:

on the occasion of – по случаю by the decision of – по решению in reply to – в ответ на

to draw the conclusion – прийти к заключению with reference to – в связи с

in a statement of – в заявлении

to attach the importance – придавать значение

to take into consideration – принимать во внимание

Использование конструкций типа «глагол + that» при изложении чужого высказывания, комментировании заявлений политических деятелей и т.д., например:

The paper argues that this decision will seriously handicap the country’s economy.

Газета считает, что это решение нанесет серьезный ущерб экономике страны.

Употребление фразеологических сочетаний типа «глагол + существительное», например:

to have a discussion – вместо to discuss to give support – вместо to support

to give recognition – вместо to recognize

Употребление неологизмов, образованных при использовании некоторых продуктивных суффиксов, например:

-ist (Gaullist) -ite (Glasgovite) -ize (to atomize)

29

и префиксов:

anti – (anti-American campaign) pro – (pro-Arab movement) inter – (inter-European relations)

Широкое использование безличных оборотов в качестве вступительной части сообщений, например:

it is generally believed that… – по общему убеждению

it is officially announced that… – официально сообщается,

что

it is rumoured that… – ходят слухи, что it is suggested that – предполагают, что it is reported that… – сообщают, что

Частое употребление сокращений, например: M.P. = Member of Parliament

T.U.C. = Trade Union Congress TV = Television

Одной из важнейших особенностей языка прессы является, с одной стороны, стандартизация используемых в печати языковых средств, а с другой стороны, их экспрессивность, назначение которой – специально привлечь к тому или иному факту внимание читателя.

Так, например, встречаются следующие выражения: hot-potato issue – злободневный, жгучий вопрос shirt-sleeve philosophy – доморощенная философия

flaming optimism – жизнеутверждающий пафос wild-cat strike – стихийная забастовка capsule review – краткий обзор новостей credibility gap – кризис доверия.

Не зная образного компонента (переносного значения) словаиливыражения, еготруднопонять. Так, например, moonlighting – это не «лунный свет», а в газетном тексте – «левые заработки».

30