Правовая терминология в контексте международного права (английский язык для студентов юридических вузов и факультетов). Учебное пособие

subjectedtoevengreaterrisksonthestreets,”saidAnthonyLake,UNICEF Executive Director. “On the Day of the African Child – and every day – we must do all we can to address the reasons why so many children are separated from their families, and invest in new efforts to protect them, no matter where they live.”

Widespreadpoverty,conflicts,HIV/AIDS,climatechangeandviolence in the home are forcing more and more children to live and work on the streets, exposed to harm and exploitation, UNICEF said. Many others end up in less visible exploitative situations, working in households, on farms, in mines or even in armed groups.

Insub-SaharanAfrica,about50millionchildrenhavelostoneorboth parents, almost 15 million of them due to AIDS. Some are forced to grow up on their own, with limited or no support from adult caretakers. SubSaharan Africa has the highest rates of child labour in the world with morethanonethirdofchildrenaged5to14engagedinthehardestforms of labour, UNICEF said.

“The issue of children working and living on the streets in African towns and cities isonly thevisible face oflarge-scale violations ofrights,” said Agnès Kabore Ouattara, Chairperson of the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child.

“It is a consequence of socio-economic factors such as poverty, demographic explosion, rural-urban migration, political crises, as well as inter-personal problems such as violence and rejection at home in dysfunctional families.”

TheDayoftheAfricanChildcommemoratesa1976marchinSoweto, South Africa, when thousands of local children demonstrated against the inferior quality of their education and demanded the right to be taught in their own language. Hundreds of boys and girls were shot and in the two weeks of protests that followed more than 100 people were killed.

Noting that this year’s theme is “All Together for Urgent Actions inFavourofStreetChildren,”MartaSantosPais,theSpecialRepresentative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, said in a press statement: “Let us take action and make a real difference in the life of children living and working in the streets.”

“Let us promote, in all African countries, the adoption of legislation banning all forms of violence against children, and abolishing any status offences and criminalization of survival behaviour, such as begging, truancy or vagrancy,” she said. “Let us make widely available and well publicized, safe, child sensitive and confidential counselling, reporting

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and complaint mechanisms toaddress incidents of violence, to reach out and support child victims in the streets.

“Let us develop robust and well-resourced child protection systems, supporting families in their critical child rearing role, and fighting impunity for the harm children may suffer.”

F.

UN migrants’ rights official hails new pact  

21 June 2021 protecting domestic workers

The head of a United Nations expert committee on migrants’ rights today welcomed the recent adoption by the International Labour Organization (ILO) of an international convention designed to protect the rights of domestic workers, millions of whom are migrants.

“Migrant domestic workers are at heightened risk of certain forms of exploitation and abuse, due to the vulnerability, isolation and dependence in which most find themselves,” said Abdelhamid El Jamri, head of UN Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families.

“Womenmigrantdomesticworkers,inparticular,faceadditionalrisks related to their gender, including gender-based violence,” Mr. El Jamri said. “These risks and vulnerabilities are further aggravated for migrant domesticworkerswhoareinanirregularsituation,notleastbecausethey may fear deportation if they contact State authorities to seek protection from an abusive employer.”

“Speedy ratification and further implementation of the ILO Convention will improve the respect for the rights of migrant domestic workers,” Mr. El Jamri said.

TheInternationalConventiononDomesticWorkersstatesthatdomestic workers around the world who care for families and households, must have the same basic labour rights asthose recognized for other workers: reasonable hours of work, weekly rest for at least 24 consecutive hours, a limit on payment in-kind, clear information on theterms and conditions ofemployment, aswell asrespect for fundamental principles and rights at work,includingfreedomofassociationandtherighttocollectivebargaining. Themigrants’rightscommitteeismadeupofunpaid,independentexperts whoreporttotheHumanRightsCouncilinGeneva.

Gulnara Shahinian, the UN Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, also called for a speedy ratification, in a similar message issued yesterday.

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G.

Panama: UN expert calls for dialogue   7 Februarybetween2022 Government and indigenous people

An independent United Nations expert on indigenous rights called todayontheGovernmentofPanamaandthecountry’sindigenousgroups to establish a dialogue process to stop the recent tensions and violence from escalating after recent protests.

“I urge the Government of Panama and the Ngäbe-Buglé, Emberá and Wounaan peoples to initiate a dialogue process as soon as possible with the purpose of finding a peaceful solution to this conflict situation,” said Special Rapporteur on indigenous rights James Anaya, referring to the recent clashes between indigenous representatives and the Panamanian police.

Last week, members of the indigenous group Ngäbe-Buglé occupied variouspointsofthePan-AmericanHighwaytoprotestagainstminingand hydroelectricactivitiesintheirlands.Duringtheproteststheyquarrelled with police, resulting in the death of one indigenous person and many others being detained and injured.

Mr.AnayacalledontheGovernmentto“adoptthenecessarymeasures to guarantee the safety of those participating in the protests and avoid circumstances that put their lives and integrity at risk.” He also urged for an investigation into the death of the indigenous protester so that those responsible can be brought to justice. Meanwhile, representatives of the Emberá and Wounaan groups publicly denounced the lack oflegalizationfortheirlands,andsaidtheywouldstarttheirownprotest movements in solidarity with the Ngäbe-Buglé people.

InareportdeliveredtotheUNHumanRightsCouncilinJulylastyear, Mr.Anayahadwarnedthatbigdevelopmentprojectsandtheexploitation of natural resources were becoming one of the most significant sources of abuse of indigenous’ rights worldwide.

H.

Fake medicines kill almost 500,000  

1 Februarysub-2023Saharan Africans a year: UNODC report

A lack of access to healthcare and medicines has been fuelling ahost ofopportunistsaimedatfillingthegaps,thereportTraffickinginMedical ProductsintheSahelshows.But,thissupplyandanimbalanceindemand, has triggered deadly results.

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InBittersub-pillSaharanoftraffickingAfrica,asmanyas267,000deathsperyeararelinked to falsified and substandard antimalarial medicines, the transnational organized crime threat assessment found.In addition, up to 169,271 are linked to falsified and substandard antibiotics used to treat severe pneumonia in children.

Trafficking these products is also taking a direct economic toll on affected countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that caring for people who have used falsified or substandard medical products for malaria treatment in sub-Saharan Africa costs between $12 million to $44.7 million every year.

International605tonsseizedoperationssawmorethan605tonsofmedicalproducts seizedinWestAfrica,betweenJanuary2017andDecember2021.Typically, these products travel through mainstream international trade channels, mainly by sea. Diverted from the legal supply chain, the products often comefrommajorexportingcountriestotheSahelregion,includingChina, Belgium, France and India. Others are manufactured in neighbouring States. Once in West Africa, smugglers move medical products by bus, carsandtruckstotheSahel,followingexistingtraffickingroutes,toavoid border controls.

TerroristMyriadtraffickersgroups and non-State armed groups are commonly associated with medical product trafficking in the Sahel, but, their involvement is limited. These groups levy “taxes” in areas they control or they abuse the drugs themselves.News reports on drug use for nonmedicinal purposes among terrorist groups, have documented an AlQaidaaffiliateinCôted’IvoireandformerBokoHaramrecruitsinNigeria, using or attempting to buy the opioid-like clonazepam (rivotril) since at least2016.Atthesametime,theUNODCreportstatesthatinvestigations have uncovered a variety of actors involved in the illicit medical product trade. Traffickers include pharmaceutical company employees, public officials, law enforcement officers, health agency workers and street vendors.

TheacklingAfricantraffickingUnion established the African Medicines Regulatory Harmonization initiative in 2009 to improve access to safe, affordable medicine. The effort is part of its Framework on Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Plan for Africa. In addition, all Sahel countries but Mauritania have ratified a treaty for the establishment of the African

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Medicines Agency. Recognizing these achievements, the UNODC report offered recommendations. Among them was to introduce or revise legislation to prevent all related offences, such as smuggling, moneylaundering and corruption.

I.

19Somalia:October 2023Insecurity worsens, civilians pay the price

Briefing Ambassadors in New York, UN Special Representative for Somalia Catriona Laing, described the country as being at a critical juncture.

“Last year, we saw the largest increase in civilian casualties since 2017.Sadly,earlydataindicateasimilartrendin2023,with1,289civilian casualties recorded so far,” she said.

The military campaign against Al-Shabaab in central Somalia faced setbacks, though the national army and allied clan militias were able to initially retake significant territory.

“In response to its own setbacks, Al-Shabaab has increased the use of 107mmrockets,particularlyinMogadishu.Ithasalsoconductedtargeted attacks on high profile Somali politicians,” Ms. Laing added.

TheWomen,SpecialPeaceRepresentative,andSecurity whoalsoheadstheUNAssistanceMission in Somalia (UNSOM) highlighted collaboration with the Government through a joint programme on women’s involvement in peacebuilding.

These include strengthening the role of women as peacemakers, capacitybuildingtoincreasethenumberofwomenparliamentariansand enhancing legal frameworks against sexual violence.

“I recently met with courageous Somali women leaders and heard of their pioneering work to ensure women play a significant role in critical areas, from politics to climate change,” Ms. Laing said.

TheHumanithumanitariancrisissituationinthecountryremainsdeeplyconcerning, withnearlyfourmillionpeoplefacinghungerandabout1.2millionpeople displaced, the UN envoy said.

The situation may deteriorate due to enhanced Deyr rains and the El Niño climate effect, leading to floods that could push hundreds of thousands more into food insecurity.

It is crucial to address the root causes of the crisis and integrate climate adaptation, Ms. Laing urged, calling for resources towards the 2023HumanitarianResponsePlan,whichremainsseverelyunderfunded.

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J.

12WMO:OctoberGlobal2023 stocktake of water resources needed

Thehydrologicalcycleisspinningoutofbalanceasaresultofclimate change and human activity, according to a new report from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) that offers an extensive assessment of global water resources.

Destructive droughts and heavy rains are causing major damage, while melting snow and glaciers heighten flood risks and endanger longterm water security, WMO said.

The UN weather agency’s State of Global Water Resources 2022 report emphasizes the need to better understand freshwater resources and urges a fundamental policy shift. It calls for enhanced monitoring, data sharing, cross-border cooperation, and increased investments to manage extreme conditions effectively.

“This WMO report offers a comprehensive, and consistent overview of water resources worldwide, highlighting the influence of climate, environmental,andsocietalchanges,”saidPetteriTaalas,WMOSecretaryGeneral.

Substantiated by field observations, satellite-based remote sensing, and numerical modelling to evaluate global water resources, the WMO State of Global Water Resources 2022 report contains in-depth data on key hydrological factors like groundwater, evaporation, streamflow, terrestrial water storage, soil moisture, cryosphere (frozen water), reservoir inflows, and hydrological disasters.

Glaciers and ice cover are retreating before our eyes. Rising

Disruptedwateracceleratedycle

temperatures have – and also disrupted – the water cycle. A warmer atmosphere holds more moisture causing much heavier

precipitation episodes and flooding. And at the opposite extreme, more evaporation, dry soils and more intense droughts, explained the WMO chiefAccording. to UN Water, currently, 3.6 billion people lack access to sufficient water at least a month per year and this is expected to increase to more than five billion by 2050.

ThoughStocktakefurtherresearchisneeded,andmoreinformationfromregions like Africa, the Middle East and Asia is required, the conclusions made based on data from 273 stations around the globe are straightforward, the Report authors believe.

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In the realm of river discharge and reservoir inflow, over 50 per cent of global catchment areas and reservoirs displayed deviations from normal conditions, of which a majority were drier than usual.

There were anomalies in soil moisture and evapotranspiration (transfer of land water into the atmosphere, either by evaporation or through plants) registered throughout 2022.

For instance, Europe experienced increased evapotranspiration and decreased soil moisture during summer. Moreover, droughts on the continent posed challenges in rivers like the Danube and Rhine and even disrupted nuclear electricity production in France due to the lack of cooling water.

Severe droughts impacted also vast regions including the United States, Horn of Africa, Middle East and La Plata Basin in South America.

InAsia,theYangtzeriverbasininChinafacedaseveredrought,while Pakistan’s Indus river basin witnessed extreme floods. The disaster resulted in at least 1,700 fatalities, with 33 million people affected and nearly eight million displaced.

Africa’s hydrological situations are contrasting too. While the Horn of Africa dealt with a severe drought affecting 21 million people’s food security,areassuchastheNigerbasinandcoastalSouthAfricasawaboveaverage discharge and major floods.

MeltingOnthiniceglaciers, like those in the Swiss Alps which have lost a tenth of their mass in just the past two years, are contributing to flood hazards and threatening long-term water security for millions, said Mr. Taalas.

“ .Glaciermelting and Unfortunately,sea level risewemayhavecontinuelostthisforglacierthemeltingcominggamethousands of years becauseofhighconcentrationsofcarbondioxide.Ingeneral,wewillhave challenges to get water for agriculture, for human beings, industry and also for hydropower production.”

WMOunderscoredthatmorethan70percentofallwaterwithdrawals are used for food production, so limited water resources have a decisive impact on food security.

In 2022, the snow cover in the Alps remained significantly below the 30-year average, affecting discharge of the major European rivers. The Andes saw declining winter snow, with the lowest amount in 2021 and some recovery in 2022, impacting water supplies in Chile and Argentina. Observations of Georgia’s glaciers revealed a doubling of melting rates over recent years.

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K.

9MentalOctoberhealth2023 care ‘barriers’ must end, urges Guterres

Threeinfourpeoplesufferingfromamentalhealthconditionreceive inadequate treatment – or none at all – UN Secretary-General António Guterres said on Monday, as he urged countries to “break down the barriers that prevent people from seeking support”.

In his message marking World Mental Health Day on Tuesday 10 October, the UN chief underlined that mental health is vital to humanity, allowing us to lead fulfilling lives and contribute positively to our communities.

One in eight people globally lives with a mental health condition, withwomenandyoungpeopleimpactedthemost. Manyfacestigmaand discrimination.

Echoing that message of support, the World Health Organization

Nogoodandapproachhumanto entalhealthwithouthumanrig ts

(WHO) the UN rights office, (OHCHR) released a joint guidance on mental health, human rights and legislation. Their guide -“Mental health, human rights and legislation: guidance and practice” - aims to support countries to reform legislation in order to end human rights abuses and increase access to quality mental health care.

Key elements of this new approach include respecting people’s dignityand“empowering”themtoleadfullandhealthylives,saidTedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General. The ambition must also betotransformmentalhealthservicesbytakingarights-basedapproach, said Volker Türk, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.

EchoingInequalitythe need for radical change, the Special Rapporteur on the right to health, Tlaleng Mofokeng, called for new and innovative models of mental health policy where holistic support was the focus, along with tackling inequality of care.

While individuals can be genetically predisposed to mental health problems, the UN-appointed independent rights expert also noted that the persecution of individuals because of their gender identity, sexual orientation, religious affiliation, class position, migration status or disability negatively affected mental health “as a result of discrimination, social exclusion, marginalization, criminalization and exploitation”.

Special Rapporteurs are part of what is known as the Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council. Special Procedures is the general name of the Council’s independent fact-finding and monitoring

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mechanisms. Mandate-holders are independent human rights experts appointedbytheHumanRightsCounciltoaddresseitherspecificcountry situationsorthematicissuesinallpartsoftheworld.TheyarenotUNstaff andareindependentfromanygovernmentororganization.Theyservein their individual capacity and do not receive a salary for their work.

World Mental Health Day is an opportunity for people and communities to unite behind the theme ‘Mental health is a universal human right’ to improve knowledge, raise awareness and drive actions thatpromoteandprotecteveryone’smentalhealthasabasichumanright.

L.

Ban smoking and vaping in schools   26 September 2023worldwide urges WHO

Young people continue to be “relentlessly” targeted with tobacco and nicotine products, the World Health Organization (WHO) warned on Tuesday, in a call to ban smoking and vaping “whether sitting in class, playing games outside or waiting at the school bus stop”.

According to the UN health agency, the tobacco industry’s approach has resulted in increased use of e-cigarettes, with nine out of 10 smokers starting before the age of 18 - and some as early as 11.

“Considering that children spend nearly one-third of their waking hours in school, and much of the peer pressure they encounter occurs withintheseeducationalenvironments,schoolsplayapivotalrole,”WHO saidSchools. are in “a uniquely powerful position to play a major role in reducing the serious problem of smoking and other tobacco and nicotine use by kids”.

AlthoughTheappealsmokingofe-ci aretteshas continued to decline among European teens, WHO reported that there has been a rise in novel and emerging tobacco and nicotine products – including electronic cigarettes.

The UN agency pointed out these products have been made more affordable for young people owing to the sale of single-use cigarettes and e-cigarettes, which also typically lack health warnings.

“Ifwedon’ttakeurgentactionnow,weriskseeingthenextgeneration of tobacco and nicotine users recruited through tobacco industries’ unethicalpractices,”saidDrHansHenriKluge,RegionalDirectorforWHO European Region.

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TheNewalertguidancecomesastheWHOreleasedtwonewpublicationstocoincide with the return to school of children in many countries of the global north: “Freedom from tobacco and nicotine: guide for schools and the “Nicotine and Tobacco-Free Schools Toolkit”. The launch also coincided with warnings by regulators in different countries that companies must stop selling illegal e-cigarettes that appeal to youth by resembling school supplies, cartoon characters, and even teddy bears.

“Whether sitting in class, playing games outside or waiting at the school bus stop, we must protect young people from deadly second-hand smoke and toxic e-cigarette emissions as well as ads promoting these products,” said Dr Ruediger Krech, WHO Director of Health Promotion.

“It is deeply concerning that the tobacco industry is still targeting youngpeopleandmakesvastprofits,harmingtheirhealth”,hecontinued.

Schools must be safe spaces for young people, where they are free fromexposureto,orpressuretousenicotineproducts.Creatingasmokeand nicotine-free environment in school settings is fundamental to helping prevent young people from starting smoking”.

The WHO guides also highlight countries that have successfully implemented policies in support of tobacco and nicotine-free campuses. They include India, Indonesia, Ireland, Kyrgyzstan, Morocco, Qatar, Syria, Saudi Arabia and Ukraine.

WHO‘ holeemphasized-of-school’approacha “whole-of-school” approach to creating nicotine andtobacco-freecampuses.Inputisneededfromteachers,staff,students and parents, WHO maintained.

The UN health agency’s documents include information on how to support students wanting to quit, education campaigns, implementing policies and how to enforce them.

Advice to educators and policymakers includes:

• Banning nicotine and tobacco products on school campuses • Prohibiting the sale of products near schools

• Banning direct and indirect ads and promotion of nicotine and tobacco products near classrooms

• Refusing sponsorship or engagement with tobacco and nicotine industries, for instance for school projects.

Speaking to journalists in Geneva, WHO medical officer Dr Kerstin

Dangersoftobaccotobaccosmoke

Schotte warned that kills “eight million people every year, or one person every four seconds”.

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