Патологическая физиология теоретический курс = Pathological physiology theoretical course. Учебное пособие

TOPIC 14.

PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY OF EXTERNAL

RESPIRATION. HYPOXIA

Self-training and knowledge control tasks

1. The concept of external respiration and its disorders. 2. Factors causing hyperventilation of the lungs. 4. Changes in the content of O2 and CO2 in the blood during hypoventilation of the lungs. 5. The form of changes in ventilation of the lungs with violation of patency of one bronchus, unilateral pneumothorax, emphysema and pneumonia. 6. Pathological processes that damage the diffusion of gases through the alveolar-capillary membranes. 7. What is the term "dyspnea"? 8. Types of dyspnea in animals. 9. Types of periodic breathing. 10. Cough and its pathophysiological significance. 11. Asphyxiation, acute asphyxiation. 12. What is pneumothorax and its types? 13. Destruction of O2 and CO2 transport by blood. 14. Hypoxia and classification of hypoxia. 15. Violation of the functions of the central nervous system, respiration, circulation and metabolism during hypoxia.

Tasks

1.The foal is injured on the right side. Air freely enters through the wound hole into the pleural cavity during inspiration, and during exhalation it freely leaves. What is the name of this pathology? What are its consequences?

2.Decrease of blood pressure is accompanied by shortness of breath. What mechanism ensures the appearance of this compensatory reaction?

3.The sick cat stopped urinating. There was a periodic respiration. What type of periodic respiration does the animal have? What is the mechanism of its development?

4.Croupous pneumonia is accompanied by rapid breathing. Why is it more frequent in this pathology and why is it superficial?

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5.The poisoning of a group of pigs with nitrates has been documented. What respiratory disorders will occur in affected animals? What is their mechanism?

6.During bilateral inflammation of the lungs in the calf, saturation of the arterial blood with oxygen is decreased. What is the name of this condition and what is its mechanism in this case?

7.In the case of a petechial fever breathing appeared in the horse was characterized by alternating periods of respiratory movements with pauses (apnea). In this case, after a pause, respiratory movements gradually become deeper and more frequent, reach a maximum, and then gradually decrease and pass into a respiratory pause. The last lasted for 0.5-0.75 minutes. What is the name of this type of pathological respiration and what is its mechanism?

8.When the animal is poisoned with benzene, hypoxia develops. What type of hypoxia is this and what is its mechanism?

9.The foreign body entered the respiratory tract of the calf, the respiratory movements became rare, with difficulty in inhaling. Where did the foreign body stay – in the trachea or in one of the bronchi and what is the mechanism of breathing disorder?

10.The horse received a serious breathing disorder in the clinic. The right thoracic wall was damaged. Air came in the hole with noise when inhaled, and when exhaled, the air did not leave the hole. The veterinarian immediately treated the wound and closed it. Was the doctor right? And what is disease? What consequences can be?

TOPIC 15.

PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION

Self-training and knowledge control tasks

1. Forms of disorders of appetite and thirst. 2. The consequences of bulimia and anorexia. 3. Forms of indigestion in the

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oral cavity. 4. Pathological processes, making it difficult to chew food. 5. Influence of hypersalivation on digestion. 6. Reasons and consequences of swallowing disorders. 7. Reasons and consequences of violation of the patency of the esophagus. 8. Types of gastric secretion disorders. 9. Changes in the evacuation of contents from the stomach during hypersecretion and hyperciditas. 10. Mechanism of accelerating the evacuation of contents from the stomach into the duodenum with achilias. 11. The mechanism of vomiting and its importance for the body. 12. Causes, pathogenesis and manifestations of digestive disorders in ruminants in ruminants. 13. Disturbances in digestion in the intestine when the pancreatic and bile juice is not paired. 14. Reasons and mechanisms of violation of parietal digestion in the intestine. 15. Disorders of digestion and absorption in the intestine with a quick intestinal transit. 16. Causes and pathogenesis of intestinal obstruction. 17. Intestinal auto-intoxication.

Tasks

1.In the analysis of the contents of the forestomaches in eight cows, selectively taken from the dairy herd, the following ratio of volatile fatty acids was found: acetic acid 57±2.4%, propionic acid 18±1.6%, butyric acid 25±0.8%. What is the similar ratio of volatile fatty acids in forestomaches? What could be the consequences of such a condition, can they be warned and how?

2.The appearance of an unusual, perverted appetite was noticed in work horses in the stables: they gnawed wooden troughs, ate stucco, bark of trees and other inedible fodder. What is the name of this pathology and how to prevent it?

3.In the household for feeding newborn calves buckets are used, from it they are taught to drink colostrum, milk, a substitute of whole milk. Suckle feeder do not apply. What consequences can be expected with such feeding of young animals? What are the advantages of using suckle feeder for calves?

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4.In pigs in the period of intensive fattening, as well as in 6- 12-week-old pigs in large industrial complexes, erosions and ulcers of the gastric mucosa are often detected. What causes can lead to the occurrence of peptic ulcer disease? How can you explain the mechanism of its development?

5.In the herd of cows in individual specimens, a constant outflow of saliva from the oral cavity is seen. How can you call such a form of salivation, and in what diseases does it occur?

6.In a sick horse, free and bound hydrochloric acid wasn’t found in the gastric juice. What is the name of this condition, and how does it affect the evacuation of contents from the stomach?

7.Aggressive dog showed inedible objects (fragments of plastic products) in a section in the stomach. What is the name of this form of eating disorders; in what diseases does it occur?

8.The cows have an atony of rumen. The doctor advised the trainee to examine the reticulum and abomasum. What functional connection is there between these stomach chambers?

9.The dog with constipation showed a significant increase in the content of free hydrochloric acid and total acidity in gastric juice. What is the functional relationship between these symptoms? How will the evacuation of stomach contents change in the duodenum with such secretion of gastric juice?

TOPIC 16.

PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY OF LIVER

Self-training and knowledge control tasks

1. Methods of studying the failure of liver function. 2. The general etiology of liver damage. 3. Hepatitis. 4. Fatty degeneration of the liver (hepatosis). 5. Lipotropic factors that prevent fatty liver infiltration. 6. Hypertrophic and atrophic cirrhosis of the liver. 7. Disorders of the metabolism of carbohydrates, pro-

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teins, lipids, minerals and water with liver failure. 8. Disorders of vitamin metabolism in liver damage. 9. Portable hypertension. 10. Jaundice. 11. Features of pigment metabolism in mechanical, parenchymal and hemolytic jaundice. 12. Cholelithiasis. 13. Disturbances in digestion with achiolia. 14. A hepatic coma.

Tasks

1.In a sick dog ascites was found. What disease of the liver is complicated by ascites? What is the mechanism of the appearance of a large amount of transudate in the abdominal cavity? What is the prognosis of the disease?

2.The dog in the experimental conditions operatively created an anastomosis between the posterior hollow and portal veins, the last one above the anastomosis was bandaged. The postoperative condition of the animal was good, the dog was fed oatmeal porridge for more than a month. After the inclusion in the diet of meat, the dog quickly died. Explain the pathogenesis and cause of death of the experimental animal. What conclusions can be drawn from the experiment?

3.Having arrived on call to the farm, the veterinarian discovered three sick cows with similar signs: increased temperature, hemoglobinuria, reduced feed intake, visible mucous membranes of icteric, with petechial hemorrhage. Name the type of jaundice in sick cows. What is the mechanism of coloring the tissues in yellow in this case?

4.In a sick cat, intense staining of the mucous membranes and skin in yellow, and fecal matter discoloration are revealed. What disorders of digestion characterize the aholic syndrome? What is the state of hemostasis with mechanical jaundice and what causes it can cause?

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TOPIC 17.

PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY OF KIDNEYS

Self-training and knowledge control tasks

1. What two groups of factors can cause a disturbance of the excretory function of the kidneys? 2. What is meant by extrarenal causes of renal dysfunction? 3. What kidney damage leads to a disruption in their function? 4. How does the kidney function change by damage of the kidney glomeruli? 5. What disorders of renal function lead to renal tubular damage? 6. What quantitative changes in diuresis develop when the general and organ (renal) circulation is disturbed? 7. What changes in the chemical composition of urine indicate a pathology of the kidneys? 8. What are the mechanisms of proteinuria, glycosuria? 9. In what cases can erythrocytes and hemoglobin appear in the urine? 10. What structural elements of the kidneys are affected by cylinderuria? 11. What is the mechanism of arterial hypertension in kidney damage, in particular with glomerulonephritis?

Tasks

1.In July a cow with signs of hemoglobinuria and high (40.6 °C) body temperature was delivered to the veterinary clinic. The animal refused to eat, the milk productivity was significantly reduced. What is the possible cause of hemoglobin in the urine of a sick animal?

2.The veterinarian came on call to the sick colt. Upon examination, he found out that the animal periodically rests and gets up, looks at the stomach, often becomes in a pose for urination, but urine does not stand out. Foal refused water and feed, sweating was abundant, breathing slow, impulsive, rare pulse, weak filling, 23 strokes in 1 min. What is the most likely cause of urinary retention in a colt? What consequences can there be?

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3.An emaciate dog was delivered to the veterinary clinic. From an anamnesis it was established that the animal had an increased appetite, constantly felt thirsty, suffered from polyuria. In laboratory analysis of blood and urine, glucosuria and hyperglycemia were detected. What disease of the endocrine system is accompanied by the described symptoms? How to explain the pathogenesis of polyuria?

4.The cases of death of minks from urolithiasis have sharply increased in the animal husbandry farm. What defects in the feeding of animals with cellular contents could lead to this situation?

5.A cow, who suffered foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), in the urine found protein and blood, hypertension is established. What form of renal pathology do these signs indicate?

6.The hydronephrosis, which developed as a result of a blockage of the right ureter with a stone, was detected in a ram producer. What are the causes and pathogenesis of this disease?

7.The dog, which entered the veterinary clinic, performed polyuria. What tests need to be done to clarify the etiology and pathogenesis of this phenomenon?

8.The veterinary clinic received a cow with edema of the eyelids and a dewlap at normal body temperature. Urine examination revealed protein and urinary cylinders. What renal pathology is characterized by these swelling and on what need to examine the blood for confirmation?

9.A cow, which entered the veterinary clinic, performed polyuria. Urine of low density (1.005) with traces of protein. Body temperature is within normal limits, blood pressure is increased, pulse is increased. What chronic renal pathology is characterized by these signs and what is the pathogenesis of this disease?

10.A dog (bitch) entered the veterinary clinic with signs of pollakiuria. Urination in small portions, and sometimes in separate drops. After urination etc. tenesmus (urge) is observed. Urine composition without much change. On the disorder of which part of the genitourinary system these signs can indicate and what is the pathogenesis of the disease?

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TOPIC 18.

PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY

OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Self-training and knowledge control tasks

1.Ethiology and general pathogenesis of endocrinopathies.

2.Concept of hyperfunction, hypofunction and dysfunction of the endocrine glands. 3. Mechanism of violations of the interaction between the nervous and endocrine systems. 4. Hypofunction of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. 5. Growth disorders of pituitary origin. 6. Causes and consequences of insufficiency of formation of gonadotropic hormones of the pituitary gland. 7. Causes and consequences of insufficient allocation of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland of antidiuretic hormone.

8.Insufficiency of the function of the cortex of the adrenal glands. 9. Hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. 10. Endemic goiter. 11. Hypoparathyroidism. 12. Disorders of hormonal function of the pancreas. 13. Disorders of the hormonal function of the male gonads. 14. Disorders of hormonal function of female gonads in farm animals. 15. The effect of sterilization of agricultural animals on their productivity. 16. Disorders of the function of the thymus (thymus gland) due to aplasia. 17. General adaptation syndrome. The theory of G. Selie about stress.

Tasks

1.Heifer of two years has good fatness, constantly is in a state of sexual hunting, but is not impregnated. What pathology of the endocrine system can be suspected in an animal?

2.The thymus gland is removed from the newborn chickens. What are the consequences of such an operation? How can they be adjusted?

3.By any stress on the body, a triad characteristic for the adaptation syndrome arises: an involution of the thymic-lymphatic

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system, hypertrophy of the cortical substance of the adrenal glands, ulcerous lesions of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum. How to explain the mechanism of the appearance of erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines under the action of stress factors? Can G. Selye theory be used to explain the etiology and pathogenesis of peptic ulcer in pigs, fur animals of cellular content?

4. Stress manifests as a general adaptation syndrome, consisting of three successive stages: the reaction of anxiety, resistance, exhaustion. For which of these stages is the hypertrophy of the cortical substance of the adrenal glands, the hypersecretion of adrenal hormones, the activation of anabolic processes, the intensification of glycoeogenesis? What is the biological significance of the adaptation syndrome?

TOPIC 19.

PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY

OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Self-training and knowledge control tasks

1. General etiology of disorders of nervous activity in animals. 2. Disorder of the motor function of the nervous system. 3. Ataxia, asthenia, astasia. 4. Types and causes of sensitivity disorders. 5. Pathological pain. 6. Viscerovisceral pathological reflexes. 7. Vegetative neuroses. 8. The consequences of damage to the hypothalamus. 9. Pathological dominant and parabiosis. 10. The effect of denervation of organs and tissues on their function. 11. Changes in the trophic function of the nervous system. Neurodystrophy. 12. Neuroticism. 13. Types of higher nervous activity, their significance in pathology. 14. Afterimpression, remaining in the nervous system after the action of the harmful factor. 15. The need to meet hostile reflexes as the basis for the prevention of diseases of domesticated animals.

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Tasks

1.The horse rested, lying under the hitch. A sharp strong sound frightened her. Jumping up, the animal rested its back on a metal crossbar and instantly fell. Subsequently, the horse could not rest on the hind legs, nevertheless tried to stand up, moving the front legs. How to name the pathology that a horse has? What is its mechanism?

2.After 2-6 days after transection of the trigeminal nerve, a number of changes appeared in a rabbit on the side corresponding to the mucous membrane of the nose, mouth and especially the eye. The cornea became cloudy, and later it performed ulceration, perforation, and ultimately destruction of the eye. How to explain these consequences of denervation?

3.As a result of nervous form of the plague, the dog performed rhythmic involuntary contraction of certain muscle groups – chewing and ear. What is the name of this pathology, what is its mechanism?

4.In the cerebral tissue of the cerebral cortex of a sheep, the larva of the parasite Coenuruscerebralis developed. The animal often makes circular, maneuvers or flees aimlessly, bumping into obstacles. How is this form of frustration of the motor function of the nervous system called? How to explain the mechanism of this pathology of the nervous system?

5.I.P. Pavlov distinguished four types of nervous activity: strong, balanced, lively; strong, balanced, calm; strong, unbalanced, unrestrained; weak. How to relate these types to the temperament classification proposed by Hippocrates?

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