Патологическая физиология теоретический курс = Pathological physiology theoretical course. Учебное пособие

Tasks

1.The horse was diagnosed with croupous pneumonia. The main symptoms are: constant fever, dyspnea, cough, loss of appetite, neutrophilic leukocytosis, anemia. What phenomena in this disease should be attributed to damage, what – to the compensa- tory-adaptive mechanisms?

2.When intradermal tuberculin was injected in one cow, a large, hot and painful swelling appeared at the site of injection of the drug in a day. Name the type of inflammation that arose in response to a phlogogenic agent in the first and second animals. Explain the difference in the mechanism of development of the two forms of observed inflammatory processes.

3.During an autopsy of a emaciate cow corpse, pulmonary tuberculosis with multiple foci and lesion of other parenchymal organs was detected. It was established that during life, the introduction of tuberculin into the animal did not cause hyperergic inflammation. Why did the sick animal not react to a specific stimulus? What is the name for inflammation with poorly expressed signs? What are the causes of such an organism reaction to a pathogenic agent?

4.A horse, taken to the veterinary clinic, was observed a strong limp on the left thoracic limb. During the examination, purulent pododermatitis (inflammation of the basis of the hoof skin) was detected. After the opening of the purulent cavity, the lameness became barely noticeable. How to explain the mechanism of comparatively rapid disappearance of lameness in an animal?

TOPIC 9.

FEVER

Self-training and knowledge control tasks

1. Fever. Definition. 2. Ethiology of fever. 3. Stages of fever. 4. Patogenesis of fever. 5. Condition of basic functions of the

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body with fever. 6. Disorders of carbohydrate, lipid, protein metabolism during fever. 7. The role of the nervous and endocrine systems in the pathogenesis of a febrile reaction. 8. Types of temperature curves. 9. Classification of fever according to the degree of temperature increase. 10. Features feverish reaction in farm animals of different species. 11. Value of fever for the body. 12. General idea of pyrotherapy.

Tasks

1.An experimental pig in the marginal vein of the ear was administered a pyrogenal solution in the maximum pyrogenic zone. When the animal was examined, the body temperature exceeded the initial temperature by 0.7°C, respiration was frequent (42 respiratory movements per minute), superficial. Tachycardia was noted (86 cardiac contractions in 1 min). The skin temperature exceeded the initial temperature by 1.3°C. What stage of fever was in the experimental animal? What are the specific features of the reaction to pyrogenic stimuli in pigs?

2.From the temperature graph of a sick, fevered horse it follows that the rectal temperature in the morning and in the evenings varies within the range of 0.6-0.8 °C. What type of feverish curve does the sick animal have? For what diseases is it characteristic?

3.It is known that parenteral administration of chicken live anthrax culture does not cause them a disease. The supercooling of experimental hens in cold water promotes the development of the disease. How to explain this phenomenon? What is the biological significance of a febrile reaction?

4.Increase of body temperature in farm animals is recorded in the presence of infected wounds, with necrosis of tissues, after supercooling, with increased insolation, under the influence of external overheating, in infectious diseases, as a result of overwork, with allergies, injections of turpentine, adrenaline, phenamine, Al- pha-dinitrophenol, psychogenic stress, burn and radiation diseases,

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tumors, internal hemorrhages, in the postoperative period. In which of these cases is the rise in body temperature to be attributed to a febrile reaction?

TOPIC 10.

PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY OF TYPICAL

METABOLIC DISORDERS

Self-training and knowledge control tasks

1. Classification of acid-base balance disorders. 2. Compensated acidosis and alkalosis. 3. Acidosis (alkalosis) decompensated. 4. Mechanism of development of gas acidosis or alkalosis. 5. Patogenesis of metabolic (negative) acidosis or alkalosis. 6. The causes of the disorder of carbohydrate metabolism. 7. Violation of digestibility of carbohydrates in the digestive tract. 8. Hyperglycemia and its types. 9. Diabetes mellitus. 10. Hypoglycemic shock. 11. Cells and tissues, most sensitive to lack of sugar in the blood. 12. The mechanism of the development of emotional hyperglycemia. 13. Dehydration of the body. 14. Patological processes in the gastrointestinal tract in young animals, accompanied by dehydration. 15. Edema and dropsy. 16. Mechanism of development of toxic edema. 17. The role of primary delay of electrolytes in the development of edema. 18. The compo-

(hypokalemia) and hyperpotassemia (hyperkalemia). 22. Role of calcium in the body. 23. Disorders of mineral metabolism in case of parathyroid gland failure.

Tasks

1. The boy brought to the veterinary clinic two pigeons with the same type of disease in February. Birds stood, legs wide

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apart, wings down, periodically there were cramps with a head tilt. The boy said that recently he fed his pigeons with rice. What disease does a pigeon have? How can they be cured, how to prevent the disease in the future?

2.During the clinical examination of the herd of cows, three animals were identified with clinical signs of ketosis: they refused concentrated fodders, reluctantly ate hay, constipation gave way to diarrhea, the rhythm of ruminant periods was disrupted, rumen motor activity was weakened, milk production decreased, yellowness of the mucous membranes was well pronounced. By blood tests sis acute ketonemia and a hypoglycemia have been established. Explain the mechanism of the disease. What are the measures to prevent primary ketosis?

3.In a laboratory analysis of blood, milk and urine from highly productive cows, a low level of copper, zinc, cobalt, manganese and iodine was found. What kind of disability can be assumed in these animals, if the corresponding mineral fertilizing is not introduced into the diet?

4.In high-yielding cow found an increase in the level of ketone bodies in the blood to 12 mg%. What research is required to determine the type of acid-base balance disturbances?

5.From a horse 10-15 liters of gastric juice were collected for industrial needs in 3 days. To what disturbance of acid-base balance can this result?

6.The calf has debilitating diarrhea. What disorder of watersalt metabolism can develop in this case?

7.In a horse with decompensated tricuspid valve insufficiency, venous congestion arose and edema appeared in the lower parts of the pelvic and thoracic extremities, the abdominal area, and the dewlap. What are the names of such edemas and what is the mechanism of their development?

8.Effects on the skin of poisonous substances, bites of insects, poisonous snakes lead to the development of edema. What is the name of such edema, what is the mechanism of its development?

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9.The dog, suffering from diabetes, mistakenly injected a large dose of insulin. A coma developed. What are its mechanisms and necessary remedy?

10.Glucose was found in the urine of a horse. What test should be done additionally to establish the mechanism of glucosuria?

TOPIC 11.

PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY

OF THE BLOOD SYSTEM

Self-training and knowledge control tasks

1. Function of blood and its possible disorders. 2. Changing the volume of circulating blood. 3. Blood transfusion shock. 4. Anemia. Definition. 5. Classification of anemia by color index. 6. Classification of anemia in the pathogenesis and functional activity of myeloid tissue and the type of erythropoiesis. 7. Iron and protein-deficiency anemia. 8. Anemias caused by deficiency of external and internal anti-anemia factor. 9. Patological forms of erythrocytes. 10. Disorders of functions and compensatory mechanisms in acute posthemorrhagic anemia. 11. Dependence of erythropoiesis on the state of rumen microflora of ruminant animals. 12. Leukocytosis. Definition, types. 13. Neutrophilous leukocytosis. 14. Concept of nuclear shift in neutrophilia, its diagnostic value. 15. Eosinophilia. 16. Lymphocytosis. 17. Leukopenia. 18. Agranulocytosis. 19. Leukemia. 20. Ethiology of leukemia (contemporary theories). 21. Ethiology and pathogenesis of leukemia in cattle. 22. Classification of leukemia. 23. Microscopic picture of peripheral blood in acute leukemia. 24. The state of immunological reactivity in leukemia. 25. Leukemoid response. 26. Thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis. 27. Inhibition of blood clotting. 28. Hypercoagulation of blood, its mechanisms. 29. Hemolysis of red blood cells, its signs and consequences.

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30. Change in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). 31. Changing the biochemical composition of the blood. 32. The causes and consequences of the formation of methemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin in the blood of farm animals.

Tasks

1.After severe pathological births with force extraction of the fetus from the birth canal, the cow showed the following symptoms: respiratory rate 51 in 1 min, the animal breathes heavily, with an open mouth, pulse 94 strokes per 1 minute of weak filling, visible mucous membranes pale, body temperature 36.7 °C. What kind of anemia developed in an animal? What is the prognosis?

2.In February Horses tore up the bag with the sodium chloride powder carelessly stored and ate several hundred grams of it. What changes in blood composition will occur in this animal? How to warn it?

3.In a 1.5-month-old calf, diarrhea was observed for 6 days. What form of hypovolemia does he suffer?

4.During the examination of a herd of cows in one animal

during a hematological tests, the following blood picture was found: the erythrocyte content was 5.4 T/l (5.4x1012/l), hemoglo-

bin 5.8 mmol/l (94 g/l); Hematocrit – 0.38 l/l; ESR – 18.5 mm/24h; the content of leukocytes is 216 g/l (216 • 109/l); Leucogram: basophilic granulocytes – 0.5%, eosinophilic granulocytes – 2.5, stab neutrophil granulocytes – 3, segmented neutrophilic granulocytes – 5.5, lymphocytes – 87, monocytes – 1.5%. What is the pathology of the cow's blood system?

5.In the first and second stages of fever, induced by auto-

claved staphylococcus culture, the number of leukocytes in the experimental pig was 2.7-3.4 g/l (2.7-3.4 x 109/l), and the leukogram had the following species: basophilic granulocytes – 0.5%, eosinophilic granulocytes – 4.5, stab neutrophil granulocytes – 2, segmented neutrophilic granulocytes – 11.5, lympho-

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cytes – 75.5, monocytes – 6%. How to identify the detected changes in blood composition and how to explain their mechanism?

6.At the hematological examination of a sick dog at the age of one year (clinical signs – poor appetite, lethargy, exhaustion, increased fatigue), the following leukocyte formula was derived: basophilic granulocytes – 0.5%, eosinophilic granulocytes – 12, stab neutrophil granulocytes – 4, segmented neutrophilic granulo-

cytes – 44, lymphocytes – 36, monocytes – 3.5%. The total number of leukocytes is 11.4 g/l (11.4 x 109/l), red blood cells 4.7 T/l (4.7 x 1012/l). Calculate the leukocyte profile, determine the character of hematological changes, make an assumption about the cause of blood system disorders.

7.What changes are found in the leukogram in acute purulent inflammation and chronic course of the infectious process (tuberculosis)?

8.As a result of a hematological examination of a horse in a hospital cure for a burn disease, the following results were obtained: erythrocyte content – 7.2 T/l; Hb – 7.6 mmol/l (122 g/l); color index – 1,1; hematocrit 0.41 l/l; the content of leukocytes is

13.1g/l; leukogram: basophilic granulocytes – 0%, eosinophilic granulocytes – 3, myelocytes – 2, metamyelocytes (young) – 2, stab neutrophil granulocytes – 7, segmented neutrophilic granulocytes – 56; lymphocytes – 22, monocytes – 8%. What is the evidence of this test?

9.In a selective hematological examination of a herd of cows with the reduction of milk yields in a ration with given large amount of silage and concentrates but a small amount of hay, the results of the blood test were as follows: the white blood cell content was 6.8-7.7 g/l, the erythrocyte was 3, 2-4,7 T/l; hemoglobin

– 4,2-4,6 mmol/l (67-74 g/l); ESR – 0.5-0.7 mm/h; the color index is 1.3-1.6. When microscopic smears were detected hyperchromic erythrocytes, megaloblasts, poikilocytes, megalocytes with Jolly bodies. What is the pathology of the blood system in a herd of cows? What are the possible causes and genesis of its occurrence?

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10.A cow with signs of hemoglobinuria was delivered to the veterinary clinic. What pathology of blood can be assumed in a sick animal? How to verify the validity of the assumption?

11.The horse has a deep stab wound, complicated by purulent coccal infection. What changes can be found in the leukogram when hematological examination of the animal?

THEME 12.

PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY

OF BLOOD CIRCULATION SYSTEM

Self-training and knowledge control tasks

1. Insufficient blood circulation. 2. Genesis of clinical manifestations of circulatory insufficiency (tachycardia, dyspnea, venous hyperemia, cyanosis, edema, decreased productivity of farm animals). 3. Insufficient blood circulation of cardiac origin. 4. Tonic and myogenic dilation of the heart. 5. Physiological and pathological hypertrophy of the cardiac muscle. 6. Heart diseases: circulatory disorders and their compensation. 7. Myocarditis. 8. Heart tamponade. 9. Violation of the function of the automatism of the heart. 10. Violation of the function of the excitability of the heart (extrasystole). 11. Violation of the function of conduction of the heart (blockade of conducting paths). 12. Violation of the function of cardiac contractility. 13. Violations of the coronary circulation. 14. Myocardial infarction. 15. Changing electrocardiograms for violation of the basic functions of the heart (arrhythmias). 16. Pericarditis. 17. Violations of hemodynamics in the absence of left and right ventricles. 18. Insufficiency of blood circulation of vascular origin. 19. Increased blood pressure (hypertension). 20. Atherosclerosis. 21. Hypertonic disease. 22. Arterial blood pressure fall (hypotension). 23. Shock, its types, pathogenesis. 24. Collapse. Change in hemodynamics. 25. Syncope.

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Tasks

1.During the examination of the herd of cows, the veterinarian paid attention to a positive venous pulse in one of the animals (heart rate 92, respiration rate 29 per 1 min). The cow often lagged behind the herd, its dairy productivity was lowered. What heart disorder is characterized by a positive vein pulse? What circulatory disorders occur when this defect is decompensated?

2.When analyzing an electrocardiogram taken from a horse at the age of 12, it was found that two QRST complexes have only one R wave. After a muscular load, the P wave appears only through 3-4 ventricular complexes. Disorder of what function of the heart is found in a horse? What is the localization of the pathological process in the conduction system of the heart, based on ECG analysis data?

3.The experimental rabbit was injected of 0.2 ml of turpentine in the wall of the left ventricle. What pathology of the heart is modeled? What changes will occur on the electrocardiographic curve?

4.Cow developed acute tympany of rumen. A puncture of the abdominal wall and rumen by a trocar was made. The gases accumulated in the forestomach were quickly withdrawn. However, soon the animal fell, attempts to raise the cow lead to nothing. It showed increased brachycardia, periodic respiration, seizures. The animal was forcedly killed. What happened to the cow? What mistake was made in the treatment of primary disease?

TOPIC 13.

PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

Self-training and knowledge control tasks

1. General idea of the pathophysiology of the immune system. 2. Concept of specific and nonspecific protection factors. 3.

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Primary and secondary immunodeficiency states. 4. Insufficiency of the T-system. 5. Methods of revealing the insufficiency of the T-system. 6. Insufficiency of the B-system. 7. Methods of revealing the insufficiency of the B-system. 8. Modeling of insufficiency of cellular and humoral links of immunity. 9. Immunological tolerance, its role in pathology. 10. General idea about the wasting disease (homologous disease). 11. Autoimmune pathology caused by antigens, antibodies and immunogenesis organs. 12. Autoimmune diseases and autoimmune processes.

Tasks

1.An analysis of immunological indices revealed that the coefficient of differentiation of T-lymphocytes in a sick animal is significantly reduced in comparison with the control figures. How to treat this phenomenon, what actions should the attending physician take?

2.Puppy of Siberian Laika was vaccinated against the plague at the age of 2.5 months. After 15 days, the animal showed signs of a plague infection: fever, depression, a acute decrease in appetite, mucopurulent conjunctivitis, rickets, cough, catarrhal gastroenteritis, diarrhea. How can one explain the possible ineffectiveness of vaccine?

3.It is established that in biogeochemical zones with high man-caused contamination (ionizing radiation, salts of heavy metals in the habitat, emissions of toxic compounds by industrial enterprises, etc.), autoantibodies are significantly increased. What explanations can be given to the observed phenomenon?

4.In the first days after birth lambs have contracted oocysts coccidia and sporocysts sarcosporidia from their mothers. What consequences for the immune system and the state of the whole organism of animals can be expected in such cases?

5.A part of chickens in the early periods of postnatal ontogeny, has signs of physical insufficiency – hypotrophy, combined with thymic hypofunction. What measures can be taken to normalize the life of such birds?

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