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Патологическая физиология теоретический курс = Pathological physiology theoretical course. Учебное пособие

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PATHOLOGICAL

PHYSIOLOGY:

THEORETICAL COURSE

ПАТОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ:

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС

Учебное пособие

Москва Российский университет дружбы народов

2018

УДК 616-092(075.8)	Утверждено
ББК 52.5	РИС Ученого совета
К90	Российского университета
	дружбы народов

Рецензенты:

профессор кафедры анатомии и хирургии факультета ветеринарной медицины и технологии животноводства ВГАУ имени императора Петра I, доктор ветеринарных наук, заслуженный деятель науки РФ,

профессор С.М. Сулейманов;

профессор кафедры диагностики болезней и терапии животных МГАВМиБ имени К.И. Скрябина, доктор ветеринарных наук,

профессор Л.А. Гнездилова

Коллектив авторов:

Е.В. Куликов, Ю.А. Ватников, В.И. Паршина, В.М. Бяхова

Куликов, Е. В.

К90 Патологическая физиология : теоретический курс = Pathological physiology : theoretical course : учебное пособие / Е. В. Куликов,

Ю. А. Ватников, В. И. Паршина, В. М. Бяхова. – Москва : РУДН, 2018. – 91 с.

ISBN 978-5-209-08472-3

В учебном пособии рассматриваются общие и частные вопросы патологической физиологии у животных, в том числе учение о болезнях (нозология), причинах (этиология), механизмах развития (патогенез), течении, прогнозе.

Пособие предназначено для студентов специальностей «Ветеринария» и «Ветеринарно-санитарная экспертиза», а также аспирантов и ветеринарных врачей.

The manual covers	general and special issues of pathological physiology in
ani-mals, including the	study of diseases (nosology), causes (etiology),

mechanisms of development (pathogenesis), course, prognosis.

The manual is intended for students of specialties "Veterinary Medicine" and "Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise", as well as postgraduate students and veterinarians.

ISBN 978-5-209-08472-3

CONTENT

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................	5
The Purpose And Objectives Of Studying The Discipline...........................	5
Requirements To The Level Of Acquisition Of Discipline Content ...........	5
Contents Of The Discipline ............................................................................	7
Laboratory Sessions......................................................................................	10
Topic 1. Subject, Tasks And Methods Of Pathological
Physiology. The Importance Of The Experiment
In Pathophysiological Researches.....................................................	11
Topic 2. Pathogenic Action Of High And Low Temperature
On The Animal Organism: Local And General Damages ................	18
Topic 3. Effect Of Electric Current On Organism Of Animals.
Electrotrams......................................................................................	22
Topic 4. Deleterious Action Of Chemical And Biological Agents
On The Organism. Intoxication ........................................................	24
Topic 5. Pathogenic Action On The Organism Of Animals Of Decreased
Atmospheric Pressure. Significance Of The Reactivity
Of The Organism In The Development Of Pathological Processes ....	27
Topic 6. Immune Reactivity Of The Organism And
Its Value In Pathology. Cellular Phenomena
In Immunity Responses. Phagocytosis .............................................	29
Topic 7. Humoral Immunity Mechanisms: Role Of Specific
And Non-Specific Factors In Immune Reactions Of The Organism...	32
Topic 8. Allergy. Pathogenesis Of Anaphylactic
Shock. The Phenomenon Of Arthus .................................................	35
Topic 9. Disorders Of Peripheral Circulation:
Hyperemia, Ischemia, Thrombosis. Embolism.................................	37
Topic 10. Hemorrhage, Its Causes And Classification.
Mechanisms Of Compensation With Blood Loss.............................	42
Topic 11. Inflammation. Local And General Damages
In The Organism During Inflammatory Processes. Disorders
Of Circulation In Inflammation Area ...............................................	44

Topic 12. Changes Of Metabolism In Tissues With Inflammation. Exudation. Composition And Properties Of The Purulous Expade .. 48

Topic 13. Fever. It’s Types (Written Test) ..............................................	52
Topic 14. Hydrocarbon Exchange Abnormalities. Diabetes
And Hypoglycemic Coma: Pathogenesis, Major Manifestations
And Experimental Therapy...............................................................	53
Topic 15. Edema, Causes And Mechanisms
Of Its Development. Toxic Pulmonary Edema.................................	58
APPENDIX. Tasks For Self-Training, Knowledge Control
And Tasksin Pathophysiology (By S.I. Liutinskiy, V.S. Stepin, 2001)......	59
Topic 1. General Nosology......................................................................	59
Topic 2. General Etiology .......................................................................	61
Topic 3. General Pathogenesis ................................................................	62
Topic 4. Action Of Pathological Factors On The Animal Organism.......	63
Topic 5. Cellular Pathological Physiology ..............................................	65
Theme 6. Reactivity Of The Organism, Its Role In Pathology ...............	66
Topic 7. Pathological Physiology Of Peripheral
Circulation And Microcirculation.....................................................	68
Topic 8. Inflammation .............................................................................	70
Topic 9. Fever..........................................................................................	71
Topic 10. Pathological Physiology Of Typical Metabolic Disorders ......	73
Topic 11. Pathological Physiology Of The Blood System ......................	75
Theme 12. Pathological Physiology Of Blood Circulation System.........	78
Topic 13. Pathological Physiology Of Immune System..........................	79
Topic 14. Pathological Physiology Of External Respiration. Hypoxia ...	81
Topic 15. Pathological Physiology Of Digestion ....................................	82
Topic 16. Pathological Physiology Of Liver ...........................................	84
Topic 17. Pathological Physiology Of Kidneys.......................................	86
Topic 18. Pathological Physiology Of The Endocrine System................	88
Topic 19. Pathological Physiology Of The Nervous System ..................	89
BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................	91

INTRODUCTION

The educational discipline "Pathological physiology" is a fundamental theoretical discipline occupying a central place in the system of higher veterinary education. It studies experimentally the mechanisms that ensure the health and resistance of animals to pathogenic factors, the adaptability of organisms to conditions of existence.

THE PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES

OF STUDYING THE DISCIPLINE

The purpose of studying the discipline is to form aoutlook of the veterinarian, to develop logical thinking in the analysis of structural changes in the affected organism, taking into account the etiology and pathogenesis.

Tasks:

To teach students to understand the issues of general pathological physiology, which describes typical, general pathological, adaptive and compensatory processes characteristic of diseases;

To teach students to understand the issues of private pathological physiology, which studies the etiology, pathogenesis of diseases in individual organs (organopathology) and the organism as a whole;

To teach skills in experimenting the pathology of different body systems. To compare experimental and clinical data.

REQUIREMENTS TO THE LEVEL

OF ACQUISITION OF DISCIPLINE CONTENT

As a result of studying the discipline, the student must: To know: concepts of nosology and etiology of diseases,

pathogenesis of typical pathological processes and features of their manifestation in various animal species; the concept of im-

munity and the mechanism of immune response in animals; the main patterns of heredity and variability in pathology.

To be able to: correctly explain the processes occurring in the body, from the biophysical point of view; assess chemical reactions; to apply computer technology in one’s activities; identify species by anatomical features; correctly explain the processes occurring in the body, from the point of view of general biology and ecology; use the knowledge of pathophysiology in assessing the condition of the animal.

To have: knowledge of the basic physical, chemical and biological laws and their use in veterinary medicine; skills of working with laboratory equipment; methods of assessing the topography of organs and body systems; skills in the study of physiological constants of functions, methods of observation and experiment; knowledge of the mechanisms of disease development.

CONTENTS OF THE DISCIPLINE

As a discipline, pathophysiology contains 3 sections (underlined):

№	Title of discipline section	Section content
1	Generalnosology	Concept of a disease, etiology and pathogenesis. The effect of environmental
		factors.

1.1.	Nosology	Stages and periods of development of the disease, its outcomes and death. The-
		terminalstates.

1.2.	General etiology	Factors, conditions and causes affecting the animal organism, analysis of existing
		areas in pathophysiology.

1.3.	General pathogenesis	Cause-effect relationship, mechanisms of disease development and principles of
		pathogenetic treatment of animals.

1.4.	The effec	Classification of environmental factors, their mechanism of work and causing
	to fenvironmental factors	damages.

2.	Typical pathological	Cytology. Changes and development in cells. Hypobiotic processes: atrophy,
	processes	dystrophy, necrosis, apoptosis, hypoplasia;Hyperbioticproceses: hypertrophy,
		hyperplasia, regeneration, tumors, etc.
		hyperplasia, regeneration, tumors, etc.

2.1.	Cell'spathophysiology	Ultrastructure of cells. Cell membranes pathology, its receptors, cytoplasm and
		organelles. Types and forms of pathology of the nucleus and its organelles. Pa-
		thology of the cell cytoskeleton, cell junctions and intercellular substance.

2.2.	Organism'sreactivity	Reactivity types: species reactivity, individual reactivity. The role of the nervous
		and endocrine systems in reactivity. Barrier adjustment. Phagocytosis. Influence
		of age, sex, breed on reactivity.

2.3.	Immunesystem	Immunological reactivity. Immunodeficiency conditions. Infectious and non-
	pathophysiology	infectious immunity. Reaction of biological incompatibility of tissues. Allergy,
		its types and mechanism of development. Anaphylaxis.

2.4.	Failure	Arterial and venous hyperemia. Ischemia. Stasis. Thrombosis. Hemorrhage,
	of peripheralcirculation.	bleeding. Embolism. Infarction.Circulationfailure.

2.5.	Thermoregulation pathology	The nature of adaptive and compensatory processes, their manifestation and role
		in the pathogenesis and outcome of fever.

2.6.	Inflammation	The main stages of inflammation: alteration, exudation, proliferation. Inflamma-
		tion signs. Inflammation vascular changes. White blood cells (leukocytes) mi-
		gration. Phagocytosis. Inflammationoutcome. Classification.

2.7.	Hyperbiosis	Hypertrophy. Hyperplasia. Regeneration. Woundhealing, organization, encapsu-
		lation

2.8.	Tumor growth	Tumors as pathology of tissue growth, their biological characteristics and classi-
		fication. The difference between benign tumors and malignant tumors. Etiology
		and pathogenesis of tumor growth. Modern theories of the origin of tumors.

2.9.	Hypobiosis	Atrophy. Dystrophy. Necrosis. Cachexia.
2.10.	Dysmetabolism	General dysmetabolism. A defect of carbohydrate metabolism. Hypoglycemia
		and hyperglycemia. Diabetes mellitus. Defect of protein, lipid, mineral, vitamin
		exchange. Ketosis. Edemaand hydrops. Starvation.

3..	Pathological physiology	Etiology, pathogenesis and classification of organs' and systems' disorders.
	of organs and systems
	of the body

3.1.	Bloodpathophysiology	General anemia,erythropenia and erytrocytosis. Leukocytosis, leukopenia, leu-
		kemia. Changes in the chemical composition of blood.

3.2.	General circulation	Cardiac and extracardiac causes of failures. Pericardium and myocardium patholo-
	pathophysiology:	gies. Abnormal heart rhythms: tachycardia, bradycardia, extra systole, blockades,
		ciliary arrhythmia. Heart defects. Impaired regulation of vascular tone. Hyperten-
		sion. Hypertensive heart disease. Atherosclerosis. Hypotension. Collapse. Syncopal
		attack. Heart dilatation. Endocarditis, myocarditis and pericarditis. Heartdefects.
		Atherosclerosis, obliteratingendarteritis, aneurysm, varices.

3.3.	Respiration pathophysiology	Ventilatory failure. Upper respiratory disorders. Pathologies of lungs. Pleura dis-
		orders. Pneumothorax. Shortness of breath. Hypoxia types. Adaptive (Compensa-
		tory) response to hypoxia.

3.4.	Digestive pathophysiology	Appetite and thirst disorders. Salivation disorders. Esophagus disorders. Diges-
		tion, secretion and motility disorders of the stomach in ruminants. Intestinal di-
		gestion disorders. Ileus. Gastritis, enteritis and colitis. Diarrhea in neonatal. Pep-
		tic ulcer disease. Acute and chronic gastric dilatation in ruminants. Trau-
		maticreticulo-peritonitis anditscomplications.

3.5.	Liver pathophysiology	Modeling of liver pathology (liver extirpation, Ecka-Pavlov fistula). Metabolic
		disorders in functional disorders of the liver. Fatty degeneration of the liver as a
		universal reaction of the liver to damage. Hepatitis, hepatosis, cirrhosis. Jaun-
		dice.

3.6.	Renal pathophysiology	Diuresis disorders. Types, Symptoms, Causes. Nephritis, nephrosis, nephroskle-
		rosis. Kidneys' concentration ability failure. Uremia. Kidney stone disease (uro-
		lithiasis). Renal edema and enlargement. Nephrosis. Etiology, pathogenesisand-
		pathomorphology. HydronephrosisandNephritis.

3.7.	Endocrin system	Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas disorders. Gonads' disorders.
	athophysiology	Thymus and epiphysis disorders.

3.8.	Nervoussystempathophysi-	Disorders of the motor system: paralysis, paresis, hyperkinesia, ataxia. Sensation
	ology	Disorders. Autonomic nervous system failures. Higher nervous activity failures.

LABORATORY SESSIONS

Laboratory session is usually carried out in several stages. For three-hoursession, we recommend following plan and timing:

1.Preview: Determination of initial level of knowledge — 10 minutes.

2.Main activities: lecture, professor's explanation – 40

minutes.

3.Independent work of students. Discussion. — 65 min-

utes.

4.Determination of final level of knowledge — 20 min-

utes.

The section "Determining the initial level of knowledge" organizes and evaluates the out-of-class preparation of students for this lesson. The requirements to the initial level of knowledge are formulated, that is, a list of questions is given, without its mastering the student cannot begin studying the topic on a laboratory lesson. Successful work on the study of pathological physiology is possible only if the student has previously got acquainted with the theoretical and practical provisions on the issue under study. Therefore, each laboratory-practical occupation should be preceded by compulsory independent work on the topic, using textbooks, teaching aids, didactic materials. All materials necessary for self-study of students are laid out in the relevant sections of the teacher's personal office on the PFUR training portal. It is mandatory to study questions for self-training and tasks on pathological physiology.

Teacher’s explanation is an indicative action. In the explanation, the sequence of the study of sections and subjects of the discipline is indicated, it is emphasized which questions of the topic are revealed in the study of each object and the conduct of laboratory work.

The independent work of the student at the lesson and discussion of obtainedresultsis organized by performing labora-

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