Лексико-грамматические трудности перевода с английского языка на русский. Учебно-методическое пособие
.pdf6.Then I applied for this job and hoped there would be a fairly small field of applicants because it was only advertised internally. Elizabeth Phillips, the headmistress, has written to parents saying that the money will be used specifically to pay teachers’ salaries.
7.Interestingly, the political traditions come lower down his list.
8.Professionally she is at the lucrative top of the tree, uniquely able to invite clients to consultations inside her Downing Street Home. Domestically, at 47, she has 4 fine children, the youngest of whom is almost two, and a good marriage. Astonishingly, she referred to ‘we in the British government ‘taking measures to improve the Afgan women’s lot.
9.The actor was more than fashionably late for the party.
10.Gerard Lemos warns that the markers of difference among the schoolchildren he was interviewing are increasingly around culture, not race.
Упражнение 15. Перевод конструкций с with
Предлог with является достаточно частотным в английском языке. Конструкции с with обладают значительной смысловой самостоятельностью и часто могут быть приравнены к самостоятельному предложению, что и отражается в переводе на русский язык. Для того чтобы избежать калькирования в переводе, необходимо точно установить тип отношений между отрезком, вводимым with, и остальным предложением. Эти отношения могут быть причинно-следственными, объ- ектно-субъектными, временны́ми и т. д.
1.Yet yesterday EBay was selling almost 200 pairs of Wimbledon tickets, including 10 for the men's final, with some priced at £1,800, while dozens of online firms such as Sold Out Event Tickets and London Ticket Shop were advertising many more.
2.Temperatures are predicted to rise to 33C (91F) in London with many Britons expected to seek relief from the mini heatwave at beaches and parks.
3.With the increasing opportunities for education and career success that the twentieth century brought women, we might expect that the daughter’s need for the father would diminish.
4.The awards began with host comic Steve Martin joking about the glamour at this year's event, and making jokes at the expense of several stars at the ceremony, including Jack Nicholson and Nicole Kidman.
5.With developments in technology, they can keep in contact with the office.
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6.However, most of Britain was bathed in sunshine, with Yorkshire
soaring to 27C, Birmingham 28C (82.4F) and Aberdeenshire reaching 24 ○C (75.2F).
7.When I arrived here fifty-four years ago I found it hard to reconcile my impression of the English en masse — quiet, insular, clannish; resistant to foreigners; proud of the idiosyncrasy and age of their institutions; devoted to titles, distinctions, ceremonials and fancy dress — with the fact that their ancestors had launched themselves head-on at the world, and had managed to spread all over it not just their language and their skills, but also a notion of themselves as uniquely brave and incorruptible, and therefore uniquely gifted to rule over others.
8.The hunting tactic was almost wholly confined to a small group of females and their daughters among the Shark Bay population, with just a single male (dolphin) showing the same behavior.
9.The Oscars had been toned down due to the Iraq conflict, with scaled-down red carpet entrances amid the ceremony's tightest security.
10.Sunday's sombre Oscars ceremony was a departure from the traditional glitzy event, with special measures taken as a result of the conflict in Iraq.
11.A growing number of councils have already voted to become GMfree areas, with those in the south west of England taking the lead.
12.With a price tag of nearly £600 for the jacket and skirt, there is little chance that any of us will ever possess it.
13.With some creative thinking, the most unpromising activities might be susceptible to improvement.
14.The awards began with host comic Steve Martin joking about the glamour at this year's event, and making jokes at the expense of several stars at the ceremony, including Jack Nicholson and Nicole Kidman.
15.With developments in technology, they can keep in contact with the office.»
Упражнение 16. Генерализация значения
Замена более узкого значения слова на его гипероним осуществляется при отсутствии соответствующей лексемы более широкого значения в ПЯ; при необходимости снять неприемлемую в ПЯ метафоризацию лексемы ОЯ или нивелировать культурологические различия и т. д.
1.The truth loves nothing more than to stand naked.
2.Yet far more will be done than would be if those voices that kept saying «30,000 children die every day» had not won the public argument.
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3.The old-fashioned reasons why men should not spend more than a fiver on a haircut were as ill-judged as the new reasons why they should.
4.The idea that original sin was left behind in the Old World weds the Christian story of origin to a national Creed.
5.Modern women rigorously edit and categorise their friends, allocating them specific roles in their lives, picking and mixing to create their own tailor-made support networks, geared to providing them with exactly what they need to stay afloat.
Упражнение 17. Конкретизации значения
В английском языке существует значительное количество частотных слов с общим широким значением, которое должно конкретизироваться при переводе. Особую роль при применении конкретизации играет контекст.
Thing
1.On every page that they opened there was a thing about Barings.
2.His recent Fifth Symphony drew an admiring ovation because every laconic paragraph had a tough, palpably musical sense. Nobody doubted that it was the real thing.
3.There’s only one Tina Turner, and she’ll be doing her thing in London this summer at Wembley Stadium, which is sure to be sold out.
4.«There's nothing worse than being with people that haven't taken any time or put any thought into how they present themselves to you. It's a respect thing.
5.Beginners tend to fade when things start to hot up.
Flexible
1.The relationship works because Johnson is flexible.
2.About two-thirds of BT’s 103,000 employees work flexible hours.
3.Waters believes that people allowed to work flexibly are more productive and have a higher retention rate.
4.Flexible working can help you to achieve a good work-life balance, but it’s up to you to make a good case to your employers.
5.Flexible arrangements work for small companies — at Victoria Wall there are 11 staff and flexible working is accepted.
Упражнение 18. Глагол to be
Глагол to be, формируя составные именные и глагольные сказуемые, обретает конкретное значение в каждой отдельной ситуации. Это лишь один пример широкозначного глагола в английском языке,
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но он показателен в плане радикальности требуемых переосмыслений и перестроений предложения, особенно в комбинации с другими гиперонимами. Для перевода нижеприведенных предложений необходима спецификация значения, и не только глагола to be, иногда замена или опущение.
1.His voice was dripping with sarcasm.
2.There was a nervous edge to his voice.
3.Her voice was flat, with no question or hope in it.
4.What's with this guy?' demanded an American voice in the row in front.
5.His voice was husky with grief.
6.His jaw was set, but his voice sounded thin and unsure.
7.When he spoke his voice was jumpy.
8.Her voice is child-like, with a West Country lilt.
9.Her voice was full of melody.
10.There was mounting concern in her voice.
11.According to Johnson, however, you have to be very organised and focused.
12.She is also curvaceous, so accentuating her shape looks good.
13.Booing Michael Moore was unbelievable.
14.My face was hot, and the taste of him and of the raindrops was in my mouth.
15.Blanket wrap skirts with leather riding boots are hot news for legs this season.
Упражнение 19. Стилистические трудности: передача образности, устойчивых высказываний, инверсии, игры слов, окказиональных образований
1.Last month I had my first shag do — an inspired solution to the tiresome obligation of stag and hen dos, which nobody ever wants to go on any more, but can't think of how to get out of. A shag do is a combined stag and hen party, and I would recommend it to anyone.
2.But there is growing evidence to suggest that its time may have finally come, for fashion magazines for men have ballooned in circulation and titles, and this year men spent £557m on toiletries, almost three times the figure in 1985.
3.The heroin (of the movie) exists for her husband and children, is a natural-born nest-maker, and is therefore crying out for extra chicks to feed and coo over.
4.This insecurity is the elephant in the room in the identity debate.
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5.It cannot be unrelated to the fact that masculinity is said to be in crisis, and that men, having been judged to be faulty, are being urged to take a leaf out of the girls' book, specifically their beauty manual.
6.And while no corporate leader was closer to the Bush operation than Enron Corp.’s former CEO, K.L. Lay, the Democrats have been unable to exploit the Enron scandal because too many fingers have been in the same corporate cookie jars and too many Democrats were complicit in the corrupted regulatory climate.
7.But never mind the walk, for the moment, some people don't even talk the talk.
8.Do as you would be done to; pot, kettle, black.
9.On a night when we can be reminded of the better things in life, somebody always has to put their oar in.
10.Chicago is a good movie, but doesn't hold a candle to ‘The Two Towers’.
11.Sckimpily dressed britons rub shoulders with women head to toe in abayas — the traditional dress — and the mosques call locals to prayer at dawn as the clubs start emptying.
12.We’re all aware that Dubai is a ‘’dry’ state, but people assume police turn a blind eye to the tourists drinking and taking drugs.
13.«And Mr. Paul Mc-you-know-yourself-who did his best to ruin the group», — said John.
14.Some things are meant to be together — fish and chips, knives and forks, home phones and mobiles.
15.Alan Bradley, from Westminster where two academies are planned, said: «Academies are the Trojan horse aimed at the citadel and the heart of comprehensive education.»
III. ПАРАЛЛЕЛЬНЫЕ ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ САМОКОНТРОЛЯ
Предлагаемые задания для самоконтроля представляют собой параллельные тексты — английские оригиналы и переводы, выполненные профессиональными переводчиками. Перевод является ключом для студента, работающего самостоятельно. Кроме того, параллельные тексты обеспечивают широкое поле деятельности, предполагая выполнение целого ряда заданий:
• самостоятельно перевести текст с английского на русский и сверить перевод с ключом;
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•выделить отрезки текста, подлежащие преобразованиям в ПЯ, и отыскать решения в тексте ПЯ;
•предложить свои решения и обосновать их;
•провести целостный контрастивный анализ текста;
•дать оценку переводу.
Текст 1
King’s death
An angry wind stirred up ghostly dust devils as King Tut was taken from his resting place in the ancient Egyptian cemetery known as the Valley of the Kings. Dark-bellied clouds had scudded across the desert sky all day and now were veiling the stars in casket gray. It was 6 p.m. on January 5, 2005. In a few moments the world's most famous mummy would glide headfirst into a CT scanner brought here to probe the lingering medical mysteries of this little understood young ruler who died more than 3,300 years ago.
All afternoon the usual line of tourists from around the world had descended into the cramped, rock-cut tomb some 26 feet (eight meters) underground to pay their respects. They gazed at the murals on the walls of the burial chamber and peered at Tut's gilded face, the most striking feature of his mummy-shaped outer coffin lid. Some visitors read from guidebooks in a whisper. Others stood silently, perhaps pondering Tut's untimely death in his late teens, or wondering with a shiver if the pharaoh's curse—death or misfortune falling upon those who disturbed him—was really true.
When the valley closed to the public at dusk, Egyptologists in jeans and laborers in long robes and turbans got to work. Shouting directions and encouragements over the roar of fresh air being pumped into the tomb, they quickly attached ropes to the head and foot of the coffin lid and lifted it out of the sarcophagus. After a pause to reposition the ropes, they slowly pulled up a plain wooden box. Inside, cradled by cotton batting and yellowed muslin, lay the mortal remains of King Tutankhamun: a serene face with a scarred left cheek, a barrel chest, skeletal arms and legs, all blackened by resins poured on during his burial rites.
«The mummy is in very bad condition because of what Carter did in the 1920s,» said Zahi Hawass, secretary general of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities, as he leaned over the body for a long first look. Carter— Howard Carter, that is—was the British archaeologist who in 1922 discov-
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ered Tut's tomb after years of futile searching. Its contents, though hastily ransacked in antiquity, were surprisingly complete. They remain the richest royal collection ever found and have become part of the pharaoh's legend. Stunning artifacts in gold, their eternal brilliance meant to guarantee resurrection, caused a sensation at the time of the discovery—and still get the most attention. But Tut was also buried with everyday things he'd want in the afterlife: board games, a bronze razor, linen undergarments, cases of food and wine.
After months of carefully recording the pharaoh's funerary treasures, Carter began investigating his three nested coffins. Opening the first, he found a shroud adorned with garlands of willow and olive leaves, wild celery, lotus petals, and cornflowers, the faded evidence of a burial in March or April. When he finally reached the mummy, though, he ran into trouble. The ritual resins had hardened, cementing Tut to the bottom of his solid gold coffin. «No amount of legitimate force could move them,» Carter wrote later. «What was to be done?»
Смерть фараона
Ветер с яростью вздымал песок; темные тучи, словно саваном, покрыли беззвездное небо. Мумию Тутанхамона вынесли из гробницы, где она покоилась в Долине царей, древнем египетском некрополе. Через несколько минут самую известную в мире мумию должны были поместить в томограф, чтобы попытаться раскрыть тайну смерти этого загадочного юного правителя, скончавшегося около 3300 лет назад.
Уже с полудня приехавшие из разных стран туристы толпились у гробницы. Они спускались в тесный, вырубленный в скале на глубине около восьми метров склеп, рассматривали росписи на стенах погребальной камеры, с удивлением вглядывались в изображение Тутанхамона — самую поразительную деталь золотой крышки антропоморфного гроба (то есть сделанного в форме человеческого тела). Некоторые шепотом читали путеводители. Другие стояли молча, возможно, думая о загадочной смерти Тутанхамона или со страхом размышляя, существует ли на самом деле проклятие фараона, якобы насылающего смерть и несчастья на тех, кто посмеет нарушить его покой.
В сумерках, когда вход для посетителей был закрыт, египтологи и рабочие в длинных одеждах и тюрбанах приступили к делу. Они сняли крышку внутреннего гроба, затем медленно подняли деревянный ящик. В нем лежали покрытые пожелтевшим полотном останки фа-
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раона Тутанхамона. Спокойное выражение лица, шрам на левой щеке; выпуклая грудная клетка, кости рук и ног, туго обтянутые кожей, — всё чёрное от смолистого вещества, которым пропитывали тело при бальзамировании.
«Мумия в очень плохом состоянии по вине Картера, который извлек её из гроба в 1920-х годах», — сказал, наклонившись, чтобы лучше рассмотреть её, Захи Хавасс, генеральный секретарь Высшего совета по древностям Египта. Говард Картер — британский археолог, обнаруживший в 1922 году после многих лет безуспешных поисков гробницу Тутанхамона. Воры побывали в ней столетия назад, но не успели разграбить. Это и по сей день одно из богатейших нетронутых царских захоронений, множество найденных в нём памятников искусства Древнего Египта, сделанных из золота, до сих пор вызывает всеобщее восхищение. В гробнице также были обнаружены и предметы повседневного обихода, которые могли понадобиться фараону в загробном мире: бронзовая бритва, льняное нательное белье, настольные игры, пища и вино.
Несколько месяцев ушло на составление описи найденных сокровищ, затем Картер приступил к исследованию трёх вставленных один в другой гробов. Открыв первый, он нашел погребальные покровы, украшенные гирляндами из листьев оливы и ивы, перемежающихся лепестками лотосов и васильков. Следовательно, похороны состоялись в марте или апреле. Когда же Картер наконец добрался до мумии, то столкнулся с неожиданным препятствием. Смолы, которыми пропитывали мумию во время погребения, затвердели, прикрепив её к основанию массивного золотого гроба. «Я перепробовал множество способов, но так и не смог удалить смолистое вещество, — писал Картер. — Что было делать?»
Текст 2
Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All
In September 2005, world leaders will come together at a summit in New York to review progress since the Millennium Declaration, adopted by all Member States in 2000. The Secretary-General’s report proposes an agenda to be taken up, and acted upon, at the summit. These are policy decisions and reforms that are actionable if the necessary political will can be garnered.
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Events since the Millennium Declaration demand that consensus be revitalized on key challenges and priorities and converted into collective action. The guiding light in doing so must be the needs and hopes of people everywhere. The world must advance the causes of security, development and human rights together, otherwise none will succeed. Humanity will not enjoy security without development, it will not enjoy development without security, and it will not enjoy either without respect for human rights.
In a world of inter-connected threats and opportunities, it is in each country’s self-interest that all of these challenges are addressed effectively. Hence, the cause of larger freedom can only be advanced by broad, deep and sustained global cooperation among States. The world needs strong and capable States, effective partnerships with civil society and the private sector, and agile and effective regional and global intergovernmental institutions to mobilize and coordinate collective action. The United Nations must be reshaped in ways not previously imagined, and with a boldness and speed not previously shown.
I. Freedom from want
The last 25 years have seen the most dramatic reduction in extreme poverty the world has ever experienced. Yet dozens of countries have become poorer. More than a billion people still live on less than a dollar a day. Each year, 3 million people die from HIV/AIDS and 11 million children die before reaching their fifth birthday.
Today’s is the first generation with the resources and technology to make the right to development a reality for everyone and to free the entire human race from want. There is a shared vision of development. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which range from halving extreme poverty to putting all children into primary school and stemming the spread of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, all by 2015, have become globally accepted benchmarks of broader progress, embraced by donors, developing countries, civil society and major development institutions alike.
The MDGs can be met by 2015 — but only if all involved break with business as usual and dramatically accelerate and scale up action now.
In 2005, a «global partnership for development» -- one of the MDGs reaffirmed in 2002 at the International Conference on Financing for Development at Monterrey, Mexico and the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa -- needs to be fully implemented.
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That partnership is grounded in mutual responsibility and accountability — developing countries must strengthen governance, combat corruption, promote private sector-led growth and maximize domestic resources to fund national development strategies, while developed countries must support these efforts through increased development assistance, a new devel- opment-oriented trade round and wider and deeper debt relief. The following are priority areas for action in 2005:
•National strategies: Each developing country with extreme poverty should by 2006 adopt and begin to implement a national development strategy bold enough to meet the MDG targets for 2015. Each strategy needs to take into account seven broad «clusters» of public investments and policies: gender equality, the environment, rural development, urban development, health systems, education, and science, technology and innovation.
•Financing for development: Global development assistance must be more than doubled over the next few years. This does not require new pledges from donor countries, but meeting pledges already made. Each developed country that has not already done so should establish a timetable to achieve the 0.7 % target of gross national income for official development assistance no later than 2015, starting with significant increases no later than 2006, and reaching 0.5 % by 2009. The increase should be frontloaded through an International Finance Facility, and other innovative sources of financing should be considered for the longer term. The Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria must be fully funded and the resources provided for an expanded comprehensive strategy of prevention and treatment to fight HIV/AIDS. These steps should be supplemented by immediate action to support a series of «Quick Wins» — relatively inexpensive, high-impact initiatives with the potential to generate major short-term gains and save millions of lives, such as free distribution of anti-malarial bed nets.
•Trade: The Doha round of trade negotiations should fulfil its development promise and be completed no later than 2006. As a first step, Member States should provide duty-free and quota-free market access for all exports from the Least Developed Countries.
•Debt relief: Debt sustainability should be redefined as the level of debt that allows a country to achieve the MDGs and to reach 2015 without an increase in debt ratios.
New action is also needed to ensure environmental sustainability. Scientific advances and technological innovation must be mobilized now
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