Лексико-грамматические трудности перевода с английского языка на русский. Учебно-методическое пособие
.pdf5.Even lad mags such as Loaded, supposedly aimed at boys who couldn't care less, are heavy with adverts for designer wear which suggest that they do in fact care rather a lot.
6.« Things had, said Tony Blair, «changed dramatically since I was a child. It [has become] far more part of the man's job as well as the woman's to look after the children.»
7.It suggests that genuine antiques (the antiques sold in salerooms, not warehouses) are running short, and scarcity is driving prices beyond what even yuppies will pay.
8.And remember to give milk and crackers afterwards.
9.Home can be in more than one country
10.Interestingly, the political traditions come lower down his list.
Упражнение 4. Преобразования частей речи
Данная широко распространенная трансформация вызвана необходимостью привести текст ПЯ в соответствие с нормами узуса ПЯ. Так, предикатные структуры зачастую требуют номинализации и наоборот: номинативные должны быть выражены глагольными формами; прилагательные — существительными и т. д. Структурные преобразования такого типа обычно требуют дополнительных трансформаций, добавления либо опущения некоторых элементов текста оригинала.
1.The implication behind the question was that it was somehow unfair for the employers of fathers to be expected to give dads time off just because their partners had had babies.
2.As though some employers had effectively contracted for loss of baby time when hiring women, but that those who took on men had done so in the reasonable expectation of getting 25 solid, unbroken years out of them.
3.This would include, he explained, the non-replacement of those who retired and of «women going to have babies».
4.The trip is a routine courtesy for any leader taking over the presidency. But Mr Blair may face a rough ride from those Euro MPs who blame his intransigence for the current crisis.
5.After years of being stuck on the tarmac, «Blair Force One» is finally being cleared for take-off.
6.The chosen couples were selected on the basis of the solidity of their marriages, rather than their vulnerability, so that the viewer is faced with nothing more shocking than the exhausting daily grind of give and take, nag and evade, attack and retreat, that is the average marriage in action.
21
7.Our mothers were never so self-indulgent, but then nor were they attempting to live the multi-tasker's existence, which requires you to be pert, milky and motherly, sharp as a knife, and as efficient as Bill Gates's PA.
8.No one said it was going to be easy and that's because difficult is what keeps us going.
9.Any good fountain pen is a pleasure to hold because if it's not, if it lacks a satisfactory balance, it is not a good fountain pen.
10.«A good hard spanking is sometimes necessary.»
11.It also reflects our sense that we don't make things beautifully or solidly any more (well, perhaps petrol pumps we do).
12.We don't even know if the food is any good. It seems an excessively showy, very nearly butler-ish display of reticence on everyone's part.
13.Europe's green groups, while politically stronger, are also starting to lose their way intellectually
14.BBC2 is devoting a series to the architectural salvage business. It goes out at prime time on Thursday nights and is highly watchable.
15.Girls are displaying far more aggression to one another, not just because telephoning and texting has added immediacy to gossiping and bitching, but because there's also apeing of male behaviour — physical threats, settling disputes by threats, revenge for disrespect and, at the extreme end, girls copying male gangs. In the 60s this style would have been a joke.
Упражнение 5. Конверсия
Конверсия представляет собой приём перевода, при котором одно и то же слово может быть употреблено в качестве различных частей речи, а следовательно, может выступать в разных функциях. По своей природе это преобразование очень близко описанному выше (упр. 4). В явлении конверсии наиболее ярко отражено преобладание синтаксиса над морфологией. В английском языке по сравнению с русским не наблюдается чёткого разграничении между формами глагола и существительного. Конверсия в английском языке содействует образности речи и предоставляет определённую семантическую свободу
1.«We have to hold something in common, there has to be a glue for people to want to contribute to the wellbeing of others. I'm certainly glad Chicago didn't have a huge sweep of awards.
2.«That film was widely hailed as a 'shoo-in' (definite winner) for the prize, or at least for a nomination. It was a very skilful piece of film-making
3.Since the Columbia disaster in February, NASA has put a freeze on shuttle flights
22
4.Environmental groups have urged councils to commit to non-geneti- cally modified food in the run-up to the elections on May 1.
5.More than 1,000 items pertaining to the Iraqi leader are for sale, including now-worthless banknotes featuring his moustachioed face and a fork supposedly from one of his many palaces. But a chunk of his statue torn down in Baghdad is no longer up for grabs
6.If given the go-ahead, GM crops risk contaminating local food, farmland and wildlife and threaten the viability of organic food
7.President George W. Bush voiced his support for a new programme of building nuclear power plants in the US.
8.The UK’s largest gas supplier’s first-half trading update was broadly positive.
9.The number of operating units at Generaal Electric will be cut from 11 to 6 in the group’s biggest shake-up since 2001.
10.Environmental groups have urged councils to commit to non-ge- netically modified food in the run-up to the elections on May 1..
Упражнение 6. Синтаксическое усложнение
Иногда переводчику необходимо объединить синтаксические структуры, тесно связанные смыслом между собой. Для этого выявляются логические связи, «запрятанные» в лаконичных английских конструкциях, с целью распространить их, развернуть в придаточные предложения и эксплицировать в ПЯ.
1.The sweltering weekend is predicted to get even hotter as Britons bask in what forecasters believe will be the hottest day of the year so far.
2.The old-fashioned reasons why men should not spend more than a fiver on a haircut were as ill-judged as the new reasons why they should.
3.But here's a conundrum. We have, in living memory, been a society with narrower differentials, greater social solidarity and conformity, lower divorce and separation rates, lower mobility and much more widespread religious practice. It was called the 50s.
4.Most of everything cultural that is worthwhile — film, TV, music, theatre, literature, newspapers — is nowadays pressure-cooked in cities for city dwellers
5.We all work too hard to get more money in order to compete with each other, because we find falling behind in the social status that only money provides too painful.
6.Both organisations give help and advice to pregnant women seeking abortions, as well as providing sex-education material to schools, parents and youth organizations.
23
7.The environmental movement's foundational concepts, its method for framing legislative proposals, and its very institutions are outmoded
8.Europe's green groups, while politically stronger, are also starting to lose their way intellectually.
9.Questions of identity are not just abstract concepts, but act as organising principles for a gamut of domestic and foreign policies, from levels of taxation to community cohesion and Europe
10.One of many projects funded by a big Economic and Social Research Council programme on identities, to be launched next month, is looking at Englishness in predominantly white housing estates in Plymouth and Bristol
Упражнение 7. Членение предложений
Русский, будучи языком синтетическим, более детален в описании по сравнению с английским. Там, где в английском языке можно передать смысловое содержание одной фразой, русский язык требует два ли более высказывания. Разрешением данной ситуации при переводе является приём членения предложений. Членение предложений бывает внешним и внутренним. Внутреннее членение представляет собой замену простого предложения сложноподчинённым/-сочинен- ным; при внешнем членении одно высказывание преобразовывается в два или более.
1.These «better the devil you know» revelations are encouraging on one level but the fact that staying together can prove less painful than divorce says more about the stresses of separating than the strength of marriage as an institution.
2.The prospect of swapping the house for a couple of basement flats, of him having to look after the children every other weekend on his own, of working on new relationships without upsetting friends and family, is currently keeping several couples I can think of as safe as houses.
3.And so friendship has become like a second career, at the same time requiring the sort of emotional investment that used to be reserved for lovers and relatives.
4.You could say that this was inevitable. It was certainly an uncharacteristic oversight by capitalism to allow the notion that real men don't go shopping to prevail for as long as it did, for the profits to be made from male narcissism would spark a gleam in even Bill Gates's eye — but they clearly represent more than business waking up to a gap in the market
24
5.Among the events organised for the week is a pilot of something called «Shopping Girlfriend», which means that a man who doesn't have a girlfriend can ring up an Austin Reed store and order a «Shopping Girlfriend» to go round the shop with him, advising on what he should wear.
6.The fragrant-implied threat is that if you do not buy this entirely bogus anti-wrinkle cream you will be left behind in the great race of feminity
—and these are the terms on which the female beauty industry has operated, with great success, for several centuries.
7.The solution, argue many elders of the sect, is to step back from day- to-day politics and policies and «energise» ordinary punters with talk of global-warming calamities and a radical «vision of the future commensurate with the magnitude of the crisis».
8.Former Hollywood actress and former wife of the famous American actor Marlon Brando, Anna Kashfi is living on the poverty line, all the money gone into the thin air, along with the luxurious life and family happiness.
9.They did not even pretend to like the lad, and their generosity towards him showed itself chiefly in providing him with lavish supplies of pocket money and allowing him to go his own way.
10.Not only is there a delightful buzz of shared goodness to be had from such exchanges, the whole subject presents irresistible challenges to inventive ethical consumers, whom one can almost imagine competing — if this were not a distinctly unethical sort of activity — to come up with the most creative proposal for footprint-lightening.
Упражнение 8. Объединение предложений
Трансформация, противоположная по направленности описанной выше (упр. 7). Ни та ни другая не являются безусловно обязательными при переводе, однако применение обеих трансформаций объясняется различием в степени детализации описания. Так, английский язык обладает ресурсами для более детального членения временно́го отрезка, тогда как его абсолютные конструкции разворачиваются в русском в целые предложения, и наоборот: русские отглагольные существительные способны выразить значение целого высказыванияв английском.
1.Mr Brown, speaking on ITV's Dimbleby programme, said: «There were two ways of looking at the issue. Either setting targets to reduce carbon emissions or examining alternative energy sources and improving energy efficiency.
2.He was a well set-up, normal, high-spirited fellow, with a ready smile and a hearty laugh. He was well suited to drawing-room comedy.
25
3.It is a strange union of the formal and informal. Most of all, it is a true partnership.
4.Soon half the world will live in cities. That means better jobs, personal freedom and increasingly exotic pets.
5.Save the Tiger. But clog, harass, and penalise the urban automobile into extinction. It doesn't belong there.
Упражнение 9. Артикль
Перевод артикля представляет трудность уже потому, что в русском языке данная часть речи отсутствует. Основным условием для принятия правильного решения по переводу артикля является анализ тема-рематических отношений внутри предложения.
1.A man I know has a simple solution to the problem of what to wear.
2.Hikers in the Los Angeles forest which surrounds the city were alarmed over the last few weeks by reports of a full-grown tiger roaming their trails. The rangers did the American thing, loaded their cannon, and shot the beast.
3.If ever one wanted proof that religion is dead in this country, the vast quantity of church furniture on sale in the reclaimer's warehouse confirms that we are a seriously rich and wholly godless people.
4.It now seems to me that the England I came upon, and which I believe to be sinking out of sight, was bound together by a set of assumptions held so deeply that the English themselves were largely unconscious of them.
5.They are drawn from «The Death of Environmentalism», an influential essay published recently by two greens with impeccable credentials.
6.A definition in cultural terms excludes as many as it includes.
7.An ambulance was said to have been waiting outside
8.A suit is the last thing she would wear to work.
9.The £577,000 left in the budget after teachers’ salaries was not enough to pay for books, equipment, and heating and lighting bills,
10.No wonder the off-screen Grant, the perceptive grown-up, speaks with increasing contempt of screen icon Grant.
Упражнение 10. Перевод определения
В данном упражнении представлены предложения, содержащие различные виды определений в препозитивной и постпозитивной позиции. Для английского языка в целом характерно наличие детерминатива перед существительным. Английский язык стремится к лаконизму, компрессии, что характерно для языков аналитического
26
строя. Это является одной из причин употребления существительного (группы существительных) в функции определения. При переводе необходимо установить тип отношений между определением и определяемым, который и обусловит выбор стратегии. Так, в словосочетании female MPs выражен пол определяемого слова, а в female clothes определение описывает принадлежность (или типичность признака). В русском языке эти отношения выражены различными типами управления.
1.Britain's official food safety watchdog — which prides itself on its «openness» — is embroiled in a row over the blanking-out of large sections of a document relating to a banned GM maize illegally imported into the country.
2.We have friends who are our surrogate family, but who we can rarely face seeing because they have three children under five, a no-smoking- in-the-house policy, and have started to talk in Daily Mail headlines.
3.The middle-aged corporate bod who comes home, takes off the suit and goes to play with his model railway — or, these days, his PlayStation
—is regarded as a mild-mannered rebel who has kept a precious part of his life pure and unsullied by humdrum adult drudgery.
4.Ticket touts, who specialise in obtaining 'hard-to-get' seats for fans desperate to attend sold-out events, love the summer's big sporting and musical occasions too.
5.First-time winner Brody, who played a Polish pianist who survived the Holocaust, beat four previous Oscar winners.
6.And aside from Michael Moore's excellent anti-war acceptance speech, the rest of Hollywood was uncharacteristically subdued — even the normally outspoken activist Sarandon Miles Smojo, Canada.
7.This shows up clearly in the new research on female bullying and girls' relationships.
8.Our members have reported that many school toilets are in a poor and often smelly condition.
9.Not only did she have the pressure of working on a fast-moving, news-driven morning show after the decidedly more relaxed late-night programme she used to present, but she also had to endure tabloid scrutiny of the breakdown of her marriage to the Radio 5 executive Mark Sandell, involving a fellow presenter, Victoria Derbyshire.
10.Angry heads, many from the North, confronted Charles Clarke, the Education Secretary, last month to complain that they were making staff redundant in the face of six-figure deficits.
27
Упражнение 11. Атрибутивные группы
Многочленные атрибутивные группы и группы с латентной предикацией в английском языке органично вписываются в его лаконичную аналитическую структуру. В переводе недопустимо калькировать эту не характерную для русского языка структуру: она разворачивается в придаточные или даже самостоятельные предложения либо разбивается на пре- и постпозитивные определительные группы. Чтение такой структуры в оригинале начинается с определяемого слова, и установление логических отношений внутри ее происходит справа налево.
1.It’s a convenient, simple to use once-daily therapy which offers effective relief of acute symptoms but with a significant reduction of side-effects.
2.Their house was even more elaborate than I expected, a cheerful read-and-white Georgian colonial mansion, overlooking the bay.
3.In today’s what-have-you-done-for-me-lately environment, nothing is more valuable than innovative ideas.
4.The uniquely valuable talents of a businessman are immeasurably higher than those of a rank-and-file-blue-or-white-collar-worker.
5.New resource-saving and non-polluting technologies have been discovered.
6.A forward-looking international scientific-and-technological policy would enable us to establish partnership.
7.The supporters of the join-at-all-costs-movement failed to explain that.
8.During the last month’s Paris shows for ready-to-wear fall clothing, director Robert Altman appeared with such stars as Sophia Loren and Julia Roberts to shoot scenes for his new film.
9.He was acquitted the all-black jury.
10.I was fed up with the day-of-the-child program when different fathers turned up to catch a glimpse of their children.
11.My sense of their relationships came from a few family get-to- gether remembrances.
12.It seems I lost myself when I lost this where-you-come-from feeling.
13.She was standing by the door with the more-time-to-myself expression on her face and seemed rather decisive.
14.Superficially these are sexually relaxed, anything goes, times.
15.A poll last week revealed that 47 % of British 18-to-30-year-olds favour the return of the cane (for those under 18).
28
Упражнение 12. Добавление
Иногда нормы русского языка требуют от переводчика добавления одной или несколько лексических единиц в связи с тем, что лаконичные английские структуры требуют детализации в русском языке, такие, например, как эллиптические придаточные; глаголы, которые могут употребляться без дополнения, но выступать в русском как глаголы сильного управления, и т. д.
1.The Russians signed up to the Kyoto treaty on climate change last year so allowing it to come into force — but they remain the world's third largest polluters.
2.On the same programme a few months ago, I heard the Conservative front-bencher David Davis explain how his party would get rid of most of the civil service by natural wastage.
3.Every cobbled street that is paved over, every old pillar box that is rooted up, every Victorian gin-palace which is gutted, jokily renamed («The Gherkin and Condom») and thematised along some multinational brewers' notion of ye olde English pubworld represents not progress, but amnesia.
4.Today environmentalism is just another special interest.
5.They claim that environmental groups are politically adrift and dreadfully out of touch.
6.They're «part of the same tribe: the doers and the believers».
7.He might have added that the visionaries have their own playground patois, all but incomprehensible to outsiders.
8.Paid maternity leave will be extended from six to nine months, the statutory right to request flexible working from employers will be extended to parents of all children of school age and also to those who look after sick or disabled relatives.
9.Traditionally, you slacked for eight terms and worked like stink through the ninth, «revising» for the nightmare of finals week. Now you are examined from your first undergraduate essay onward.
10.When Layard writes that, «One secret of happiness is to ignore comparisons with people who are more successful than you are: always compare downwards, not upwards», one wonders who he thinks this has been a secret from.
Упражнение 13. Опущение
В противоположность предыдущей, эта трансформация борется с тенденцией в английском языке уточнять пространственные и временные указатели, повторять предикацию в придаточном предложении с помощью вспомогательного глагола.
29
1.Sir Richard says he doesn't much care what he investigates, as long as his name is heard at regular intervals.
2.It seems to me that far too many liberals believe that once you've ticked the Brotherhood Of Man box on your spiritual census, this gives you the right to be as big a bastard as you choose to be in your private life.
3.Maybe, in New Labour circles, this sort of thing passes for high style.
4.And yet, as Hyman points out, doing his bit to build bridges before the election, school teachers and visionaries do have some things in common.
5.Because England has dominated Britain, it has never had to explain itself in the way that Scottish or Welsh identity has had to, or that black people and Muslims are continually being asked to do.
6.It may be a cliché, but it's true — the build-up to Christmas is so much more pleasurable than the actual day itself.
7.What makes me happy, though? A combination of birdsong in the early morning, a child's smile, mere absence of pain, that kind of thing.
8.One secret of happiness is to ignore comparisons with people who are more successful than you are.
9.Then there won't be the same catch-up pressure and we will all have time for other things.
10.Every once in a while, whenever the outfit he has on is looking the worse for wear, he walks into the nearest branch of Next.
Упражнение14. Переводобстоятельства, выраженногонаречием
Особенность перевода этого вида обстоятельства образа действия обусловлена тем, что место наречий в английском языке не фиксировано. Оно может стоять в начале, середине и конце предложения, до и после сказуемого. Как и характерная для английского языка препозитивная атрибуция, такие обстоятельства отражают стремление к лаконизму и на русский язык зачастую переводятся распространенными оборотами.
1.Technically, alcohol served in hotel bars can be consumed only by guests staying at the hotel.
2.Incidentally, I support the action he spoke out against.
3.This issue is quite delightfully simple.
4.He also points out that excessive job and home mobility threatens security and that, depressingly, happiness forfeited affects us twice as much as happiness gained.
5.And aside from Michael Moore's excellent anti-war acceptance speech, the rest of Hollywood was uncharacteristically subdued.
30