Theoretical grammar in practical use. Учебное пособие

Международный консорциум «Электронный университет»

Московский государственный университет экономики, статистики и информатики

Евразийский открытый институт

Овчинникова И.М. Котерева Н.Н. Ярославская И.И.

Под редакцией зав. каф., д.ф.н., проф. Хромова С.С.

THEORETICAL GRAMMAR

IN PRACTICAL USE

кафедра ЛИНГВИСТИКИ И МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНЫХ КОММУНИКАЦИЙ

Москва, 2007 г.

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Целью данного пособия является формирование у студентов грамматических и лексических компетенций. Для их формиро- вания в пособии широко используется перевод предложений из различных разделов грамматики, а также перевод речевых си- туаций.

Учебное пособие рекомендуется для студентов факультета лингвистики и межкультурных коммуникаций.

Пособие состоит из IV разделов:

I раздел дает теоретические знания по использованию анг- лийской грамматики.

II раздел включает в себя тесты на различные грамматические модели и поможет студентам лучше в них ориентироваться.

III раздел содержит 20 речевых ситуаций различных по тема- тике и стилистике, что позволит студентам не только улучшить грамматические компетенции, но и расширить словарный запас. Перед каждой ситуацией даны слова и выражения на англий- ском языкe с переводом на русский, которые необходимо упот- ребить при переводе. Это способствует их лучшему запоми- нанию.

IV раздел связан с переводом предложений. Раздел состоит из двух вариантов перевода: 1 вариант начинается переводом про- стых предложений, но постепенно их грамматическая и лексиче- ская сложность увеличивается; 2 вариант включает в себя более сложные и длинные предложения.

Поскольку каждый раздел относительно независим, работу можно начать с любого из них, в зависимости от уровня подго- товки студента.

Данное пособие окажет значительную помощь не только в подготовке к экзамену по грамматике, но также в развитии ком- петенции разговорной практики, так как перед каждой ситуаци- ей ставится задача пересказа.

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PART I

THEORETICAL GRAMMAR

The tenses and modal verbs to be used while translating:

1. The Present Indefinite

When it serves to express recurrent or permanent actions in the present. The use of the present Indefinite is often associated with such adverbial modifiers of frequency: often, seldom, sometimes, always, ever, never, every year (week, month, day, usually, once (twice), on Monday and the like.

When it expresses actions with durative verbs. They generally indicate continuous, uninterrupted processes, which naturally include the present moment.

2. The Present Continious.

It is used with dynamic verbs in the cases to express an action going on at the present moment or at the present period. The precise time limits of the action are not known, its beginning and its end are not specified.

It’s also used to express actions generally characterizing the person denoted by the subject, bringing out the person's typical traits and of course to give the saying an emotionally coloured tone.

3. The Present Perfect.

It’s used to express an accomplished action which is viewed from the moment of speaking as part of the present situation. Attention in this case is centered on the action itself. The circumstances under which the action occured appear unimportant and immaterial at the moment and need not be mentioned.

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4. The Past Indefinite.

The Past Indefinite is commonly used to express a past action. It may be found in present-time contexts as well as in past-time contexts.

Remember, that the time of the action is often indicated.

It may also be found with such adverbial modifiers of time as this evening, tonight, last week, etc. Keep on mind that it may be used instead of the Past Con. with certain durative verbs - to sit, to stand, to lie, to hang, to shine, to speak, etc.

5. The Past Continious.

The conditions of its use are the same as the conditions of the Present Continious, only the action takes place in the past and the verb to be is used in the past form.

6. The Past Perfect.

It falls within the time sphere of the past and is mainly found in narration. However as will be seen it may be used in some of its meanings in presenttime contexts as well. It serves to express an action accomplished before a given past moment and viewed back from that past moment. It may be a single point action, an action of some duration or a recurrent action. We often use Past Perfect in narration, when a string of consecutive actions is broken up because it becomes necessary to refer back to a previously accomplished action.

7. The Past Perfect Continious.

It serves to express an action which began before a given past moment and continued into it or up to it or affects the past situation in some way. Remember: In negative sentences the Past Perfect Cont. is not common and is usually changed for the Past Perfect.

8. The Future Indefinite .

It is found only in present-time contexts. It is by far the most common of all the finite forms referring an action to the future. Although it’s widely used in English, it's somewhat restricted in

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its application owing to a number of reasons which will be dealt with single point action, an action occupying a whole period of time in the future, a succession of actions or some recurrent action in the future, some permanent future actions generally characterizing the person denoted by the subject of the sentence.

9. The Future Continious

It expresses an action in progress at a definite future moment. The precise time limits of the action are not specified and the future moment at which the action takes place is usually indicated by an adverbial modifier or is clear from the context or situation. It is also used to express an action which the speaker expects to take place in the future in the natural course of events with or without time indications.

10. Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are defective since they lack many forms characteristic of regular verbs.

Can has the following meanings - ability, capability, possibility due to the circumstances, permission, uncertainty, doubt, improbability.

May expresses - supposition implying uncertainty, possibility due to circumstances, permission, disapproval or reproach.

Must has the following meanings - obligation, prohibition, emphatic advice, supposition implying probability.

to have to - a modal verb, which is not defective. Has all the necessary forms as well as the verbals. Serves to express obligation or necessity imposed by circumstances.

To be to - has the following meanings - a previously arranged plan or obligation from the arrangement, orders and instructions, something that is destined to happen, possibility.

should - is used with reference to the present or future...

It has the following meanings - obligation, in a rhetorical questions beginning with why, in set phrases, etc.

ought to - refers an action to the future and has the following meanings - obligation, supposition implying strong probability.

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PART II

15 English Tests

5. ... two men in business always agree, one of them is unneces-

6. ...compensate the loss of his daughter’s work, the father was

7. Kings have... ancient times taxed their people

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