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Fundamentals Of Wireless Communication

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548

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Index

ad hoc network 5

additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) 29, 30, 166, 241

channel capacity 167 capacity-achieving AWGN channel

codes 170, 171

packing spheres 168–72, 168, 169 channel resources 172

bandwidth reuse in cellular systems 175–8, 178

continuous-time AWGN channel 172 power and bandwidth 173–5

downlink channel 235–6, 236

general case of superposition coding achieves capacity 238–40, 239

symmetric case of two capacity-achieving schemes 236–8

formal derivation of capacity 526, 527–9 infinite bandwidth 345–6

uplink channel 240–1

capacity via successive interference cancellation (SIC) 229–32,

229, 230

compared with conventional CDMA 232, 233

compared with orthogonal multiple access 232–4, 234

general K-user uplink capacity 234–5 advanced mobile phone service (AMPS) 4 aggregate interference 141

aggregate interference level 130 CDMA uplink 133

Alamouti scheme for transmit diversity 73–4, 191–4, 192

analog memoryless channels 526–7 angular domain representation of signals

311–13, 313 angular bases 313–14

angular domain transformation as DFT 314

degrees of freedom 318–22, 318 diversity 322–3, 323

MIMO channels 315–16, 316 statistical modeling 317, 317

antenna diversity 71

multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels 77–82, 78

receive diversity 71–3, 72 transmit and receive diversity 72 transmit diversity 72, 73

Alamouti scheme 73–4 determinant criterion for space-time

code design 74–7 antennas

arrays with only a line-of-sight path 299–300

directional 121, 122

dumb antennas for opportunistic beamforming 263–6, 264, 265

dumb, smart and smarter 268–70,

269, 270 fast fading 266–8 slow fading 266

geographically separated antennas receive antennas 305–6, 305 resolvability in angular domain 301–5,

303, 304, 305

transmit antennas 300–1, 300 multiple antennas in cellular networks

473–4

downlink with multiple receive antennas 479, 482

downlink with multiple transmit antennas 479, 482

inter-cell interference management 474–6

554

555

Index

MIMO uplink 478–9

uplink with multiple receive antennas 476–8, 481

uniform linear antenna arrays 296 approximate universality 398, 400

code properties 404–5, 405 array gain 72

ArrayComm systems 479–81

asymmetric fading downlink channels 251

bandwidth reuse in cellular systems 175–8, 178

bandwidth-limited systems 174, 174 baseband equivalent model for wireless

channels 22–5, 23, 24 discrete-time model 25–8, 27, 28, 29

beam width 304

beamforming configuration 266 beamforming patterns 303, 304, 305 Bernoulli coin-flipped sequence 133 binary antipodal signaling 50 binary entropy 518–19

binary entropy function 519, 519 binary erasure channels 517, 517

capacity 524–5, 524

binary phase-shift-keying (BPSK) 50, 60 coherent detection 53, 54

degrees of freedom 56–9 differential BPSK 58, 60 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 56

binary symmetric channels 517, 517 capacity 524, 524

block fading 199, 200 Bluetooth 5

burstiness averaging 141, 143

capacity-achieving AWGN channel codes 170

capacity of wireless channels 166, 214 see also multiuser capacity

AWGN channel capacity 167 capacity-achieving AWGN channel

codes 170, 171

packing spheres 168–72, 168, 169 repetition coding 167–8

AWGN channel resources 172 bandwidth reuse in cellular systems

175–8, 178

continuous-time AWGN channel 172 power and bandwidth 173–5

fading channels 186–7, 213–14 fast fading 199–203, 216

frequency-selective fading channels 213 rate adaptation in IS-856 209–13, 210 receive diversity 189–90

slow fading 187–9, 187, 215–16 time and frequency diversity 195–9

transmit diversity 191–5 transmitter side information 203–13

fading downlink channel 250

channel side information at receiver only 250–1

full channel side information 251–2 fading uplink channel 243, 250

fast fading 245–7

full channel side information 247–50 slow fading 243–4, 245

linear time-invariant Gaussian channels 179, 214–15

frequency-selective channels 181–6,

181, 184, 185

MIMO channels 332–3, 345, 373 CSI at receiver 336–8 performance gainss 338–46

multiple input single output (MISO) channels 179–80

reliable rate of communication 171 single input multiple output (SIMO)

channels 179

capacity regions 428, 429, 537–9, 539 corner points 539–40, 540

carrier frequency 34

cellular networks 3, 3, 120–3 bandwidth reuse 175–8, 178 capacity of cells 19 coverage of cells 19 frequency reuse 127–8 historical development

first generation systems 3–4 second generation systems 4 third generation systems 4

interference between adjacent cells 19 interference management 121 multiple access 121

multiple antennas 473–4 downlink with multiple receive

antennas 479, 482 downlink with multiple transmit

antennas 479

inter-cell interference management 474–6

MIMO uplink 478–9

uplink with multiple receive antennas 476–8, 481

narrowband allocations in GSM 124–5 performance 125

signal characteristics and receiver design 125–6

narrowband systems 123–4, 124, 128 network and system design 126–7 US frequency bands 11

wideband systems 128–31 CDMA downlink 145–6, 146 CDMA uplink 131–45, 132

556

Index

cellular networks (Cont.) OFDM 148–52 sectorization 153 system issues 147

chain rule for entropies 520

chain rule for mutual information 521 channel inversion 204

compared with waterfilling 209 channel modeling 290–1, 328–9

angular domain representation of signals 311–13, 313

angular bases 313–14

angular domain transformation as DFT 314

degrees of freedom 318–22, 318 diversity 322–3, 323

MIMO channels 315–16, 316 statistical modeling 317, 317

MIMO channels 295–6

antenna arrays with only a line-of-sight path 299–300

geographically separated antennas 300–6, 300, 305

line-of-sight MISO channels 298–9 line-of-sight plus one reflected path

306–9, 307, 308

line-of-sight SIMO channels 296–8, 296 MIMO fading channels 309

basic approach 309–10, 310 dependency on antenna spacing 323–7,

324, 325, 326, 327

i.i.d. Rayleigh fading model 327–8 multipath channels 311

physical modeling

free space, fixed transmit and receive antennas 12–13

free space, moving antenna 13–14 moving antenna, multiple reflectors

19–20

power decay with distance and shadowing 18–19

reflecting ground plate 17–18, 18 reflecting wall, fixed antenna 14–15,

14, 15

reflecting wall, moving antenna 15–17,

16, 17

channel side information (CSI) 207, 207 channel side information at the receiver

(CSIR) 207, 207

MIMO channels 336–8, 346 capacity 346

performance analysis 347–8 transceiver architecture 347

multiuser communications with MIMO systems

uplink with multiple receive antennas 436–7, 437

uplink with multiple transmit and receive antennas 445–7, 446

channel uncertainty 102, 110 channel estimation 105–7 non-coherent detection for DS

spread-spectrum 103–5, 104, 105 other diversity scenarios 107–8, 108

channel-dependent scheduling 258, 259 channel-state independent coding

scheme 366 chip rate 91

chip-synchronous users 132 circulant matrices 98

circular symmetric complex Gaussian random variables 29–30

circular symmetry 29, 500 Clarke’s model

clustered response models 319 flat fading 38–40, 40

clustered response models Clarke’s model 319

effect of carrier frequency 321–2, 321 total angular spread 322

general model 319–21

indoor channel measurements 320 multipath environment 320

code division multiple access (CDMA) 4, 122, 128–31, 147–8

compared with AWGN uplink channel 232, 233

downlink 145–6, 146 interference averaging and system

capacity 141–5

multiuser detection and ISI equalization 364–5, 365

system issues 147 uplink 131–2, 132

generation of pseudonoise sequences 132–3

interference statistics 133–4 IS-95 link design 136–7, 136 point-to-point link design 134–6 power control 134, 137–8

power control in IP-95 138–9, 139 soft handoff 134, 139–41, 139

coding 59

coding gains 49, 59, 66, 67, 109–10 coherence bandwidth 15, 33, 34 coherence distance 15

coherence time 16, 31, 34 coherent combining 61

coherent detection in Rayleigh fading channels 52–6, 54

communication bandwidth 34 complex baseband equivalent 22 conditional entropy 519–20

reliable communication 521–2

557

Index

constructive wave interference 15 continuous-time AWGN channel 172 convex hull 438

Costa precoding see dirty paper precoding covariance matrix 499, 500

cyclic convolution 97 cyclic prefix operator 96, 96

convolution 97

data communications 4 D-BLAST multiplexing 368

coding across transmit antennas 371–2,

371 suboptimality 368–70 universality 411–12

decision-feedback equalizers (DFE) 90 decorrelator 80–1, 82

deep fade 55

degree-of-freedom limited systems 129 degrees of freedom 28, 110

angular domain representation of signals 318–22, 318

clustered response models 319–22 BPSK and QPSK 56–9

multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels 77–8, 78

downlink with multiple transmit antennas 448–9

delay diversity 88

delay spread 15, 31–2, 34 delay-limited capacity 209 delay-limited power allocation 209 destructive wave interference 15 detection 49, 503

Rayleigh fading channels BPSK and QPSK 56–9 coherent detection 52–6, 54 diversity 59–60

geometry of orthogonal modulation 57

non-coherent detection 50–2, 51, 54 summary of schemes 60

differential entropy 526 directional cosine 297, 304

direct-sequence (DS) spread-spectrum systems 91, 92, 101–2

non-coherent detection 103–5, 104, 105 Rake receiver 91–3, 93

performance analysis 93–5 dirty paper (Costa) precoding 457

code design 463–4, 463

multiple transmit antennas 466–8 single transmit antennas 465–6 discrete Fourier transform (DFT) 97

angular domain transformation 314 Parseval theorem 182

discrete memoryless channels 516–18,

517, 518

Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) systems 84 discrete-time baseband equivalent model for

wireless channels 25–8, 27, 28, 29 diversity 49, 109

see also antenna diversity; frequency diversity; time diversity

angular domain representation of signals 322–3, 323

Rayleigh fading channels 59–60 diversity branches 60

error probability 62 diversity gains 49, 72

diversity–multiplexing tradeoffs in MIMO channels 383–4

2 × 2 MIMO Rayleigh channel

four schemes 392–4, 392, 393, 393 optimal tradeoff 394–5

formulation 384–6

MISO Rayleigh channel 391–2

n × n MIMO i.i.d. Rayleigh channel geometric interpretation 397–8, 397 optimal tradeoff 395–6, 396

parallel Rayleigh channel 390–1, 391 scalar Rayleigh channel

optimal tradeoff 389–90

PAM and QAM 386–9, 388, 389 Doppler shift 21, 34

moving antennas 13, 14, 16 Doppler spectrum 40, 40

Doppler spread 16–17, 27, 30–1, 34 downconversion 22, 24

downlink 4, 121 duplexer 121

dynamic programming 90, 90

eigenmode of a channel (eigenchannel) 293 energy detectors 51

entropy 518 chain rule 520

differential entropy 526

epsilon ( )-outage capacity 188, 189, 191 ergodicity 201

stationary ergodic fading 534 error propagation 355

fade margin 130 fading 1

large-scale fading 10, 11 small-scale fading 10

fast fading channels 31, 34 capacity 199, 201–2, 216

derivation 199–200, 200 MIMO channels 534–6 performance comparison 202–3 scalar channels 533–4

transmitter side information 204–6, 206