книги / Минерально-сырьевые ресурсы Пермского края

(the valley of the Lek river in the area of Ossintsevo and Korsaki villages).

Significant accumulations of grey silt fango sui­ table for fango therapy exist in old ponds. The ponds are the following: Chyormoz and Polazna (Dobryanka district), Ochyor and Pavlovsk (Ochyor dis­ trict), Nytva (Nytva district), Tiss and Suksun (Suksun district). In the later black fango are widely

developed along with the grey type, with the total amount of 2 ml m3.

Thus, Perm Krai is quite rich in fango concentra­ tions. Unfortunately almost all of them are not ex­ plored, so their use leaves much to be desired. To­ day only fangoes of the Suksun pond (which is the main curative factor of the «Klyuchi» resort) and Kisloye lake are used directly according to their purpose.

Iodine-bromide brines. First large manifestations of iodine-bromide brines have been explored at the course of oil prospecting in the areas of UpperChussovaya Gorodki settlement and Krasnokamsk town. Today the State Balance of reserves has regis­ tered only Krasnokamsk iodine-bromide water de­ posit. The content of the excavated components (J and Br) in all water-bearing complexes exceeds the standard. The deposit is huge and actually has not got any legal registered borders. 10 sections are distinguished in its area, and the reserves of two places have been approved.

Overiata place with an area of about 150 km2 is situated in Kirov district of Perm city (estuary of the Lasva river). Its exploitation has started in 1942 with­ out preliminary prospecting based on the database got at the exploration of Krasnokamsk oil deposit. Water mineralization is 265—270 g/dm3, bromine content is 680—800 mg/1, iodine is 8—10 mg/1. In 1960 the water reserves of the place were ap­ proved by the State Reserves Committee (SSC) and the A+B + Ci categories reserves amount to 30.1 thou m3/day. The reserves of Overiata place are exploited by JSC «Iodobrom».

Grigorievskaya place is situated in Nytva district

(the railway station Grigorievskaya). Bromine con­ tent in the brines is 826 mg/1, of iodine is 10.5 mg/1. Commercial waters reserves of the place were ap­ proved by SSC in 1961 amount to 21.5 thou m3/day and have been registered in the State Reserve.

Chloride-sodium brines. From ancient times natural springs of salt waters and brines with a dril­ ling of brine-lifting wells have been used on the ter­ ritory of Perm Krai (the Upper-Kama Salt Deposit area) (see a section «The history of the subsurface exploitation of Perm Krai»). Today chloride-sodium brines are extracted in rather big volumes and main­ ly used at the operating Power-and-Heating Plant of Solikamsk-Berezniki industrial centre to prevent scum formation on boilers' walls.

Brines with the mineralization to 320 g/1 are spread in the lower above-salt strata of the UpperKama Salt Deposit. Brines are extracted under pres­ sure: head height is 120—150 m, a level is set at in 10—30 m lower than the day surface. But there are many known self-flowing wells. Wells that opened these brines have the discharge of 1.5—4.2 1/s, and specific discharge of 0.05—0.21/s. The reserves have not been estimated because the exact brines’ area has not been determined.

Practically any industry has wastes stored in dif­ ferent special forms, such as heaps, waste-dumps, ashand slime-repositories and gathering ponds. The amount of wastes is dependent on production type, of which the largest are mining, mining-en­ riching, metallurgy, power engineering and the var­ ious chemical industries. For example, during the production of potash fertilizers, about 75% of solid matter of the initial ore go to waste. To produce

one ton of copper it is necessary to process about 100 tn of rock mass. At mining output with each thousand ton of coal 250—300 tn of dead rock is also brought to the surface. If the same amount of coal is burnt, it produces 150—500 tn of ash and slime. Perm Krai has extensive industrial com­ plexes (including mining and processing), and this causes large amounts of accumulation of solid trade wastes; about 1 mid tn.

Many types o t trade wastes are raw m aterial in­ different branches of the economy. For exam ple, the halite wastes of the JSC ^Uralkalij* and JSC <-SVIVJ- nite» enterprises are used for the production

hole solutions, in power engineering, the m u ­ nicipal economy, and the waste brines are used in sodium production.

One can derive 20 different types of products from metallurgical slimes, including construction materi­ als, stone casting, slag wool, mineral and m ic­ ro-fertilizers, metal road etc. Besides metallurgical production slimes have a big content of iron, vana­ dium, copper, aluminum, scandium, rare-earth ele­ ments and other metals in.

Ash-slime wastes have been used for liming of sour soils, production of construction materials, ce­ ment, inert fillers, slag wool, construction elements, road surfacing.

At the JSC «AVISMA» and JSC «Solikamsky Magnievy Zavod» polygons, about 500 thou tn of electrolytes and slime-electrolyte mixture are stocked everyyear. Today these wastes are being used to pro­ duce «Kama-M» preparation. It is a fine, «anti-icy roads» preparation that has large advantages to tradi­ tional sandy-gravel mixtures and salt. Every year, over 300 thou tn of those wastes are utilized.

Galvanic slimes are valuable addition to ceramic masses to produce bricks. Dunite dumps ofthe Urals (including Perm Prikamyie) can be used for soil fer­ tilizing, colour extracting and moulding sands.

In many Krai districts, in the course of oil reco­ very accompanied waters and brines are extracted which are enriched besides iodine and bromine with copper, strontium, gold, vanadium and other me­ tals. In certain conditions (emergencies, oil leaka­ ges, good rock permeability of the section's upper part), small technogenous oil accumulations can be

t at oil-well pump installations. At places where oil is processed in large amounts under simi- i i conditions the oil-products are accumulated over лчэ hrsi water-bearing horizon.

Thus I • ade wastes often form technogenous deposits, i.e. accumulations of mineral substances, rock niasses, fluids and their mixtures. They con­ tain useful components which are actually wastes and losses of mining, enriching and processing in­ dustl i e s placed in artificial and natural collectors.

Exploitation of technogenous deposits has sev­ eral advantages over that of natural (native) depo­ sits, including:

—a constant restocking of wastes;

—a possibility of purposefully forming of con­ centrations and ways of useful components presence in wastes;

—after being excavated a commercial mineral has been already crushed;

—a possibility of using fewer numbers of mobile and inexpensive mining equipment;

—the lower costs of geological revision-estima­ tion jobs which is much less than the standard pros­ pecting techniques;

—lower demands for the technical training of per­ sonnel;

—the technogenous deposits are situated in are­ as with a developed infrastructure.

Besides the direct economic effect, the explo­ ration of technogenous deposits leads to the return of the areas withdrawn from the active use before, improvement of the sanitary ecological situation of a district and organization of new working places.

Perm Krai technogenous deposits are exploited and have been poorly studied. Technogenous depo­ sits have been described only for solid wastes.

Potash production wastes. The production of potash fertilizers in Perm Krai is concentrated in Berezniki-Solikamsk industrial center and the raw material supply of this production is the Upper-Kama Salt Deposit. The wastes sepa­ ration of salts are stocked in halite dumps and slime repositories. The total amount of wastes is 426 ml tn.

On the territory of the potash industry, 270 ml tn of halite dumps exist. The height of the dumps is

sometimes over 50 m. Over 90% of wastes are rep­ resented by halite grains, the rest are clayey, carbo­ nate and sulphate materials.

The slime repositories are a settling tank with wastes (argillo-salty slimes) of hallurgy (crystalli­ zation) and flotation ore separation. Now, the total slime quantity is about 150 ml tn. Slimes consist of solid and liquid (brines) phases. The solid phase of the slime consists of halite, clay mi­ nerals, carbonates (dolomite), sulphates (gyp-

Wastes o f

Wastes o f co a l-m inin g hi Jus try. The coal mi­ ning in the Kizel coal-mining field was accompanied bv the formation of waste dumps consisting ot tragments of argühte, sandstone, limestone with some coal inclusion. The total volume is about 24 ml m\ Some dumps (depending on their coal content) burn, changing their composition. Based on that fact, they can be divided into constant dumps and burnt ones.

In the waste material of the constant content dumps, a native sulpher, carbides (moissanite), sul­ phide (pyrite, marcasite), oxides and hydroxides (quartz, corundum, hematite, magnetite, hydrogoethite and other), carbonates (calcite, arago­ nite, siderite), sulphates (jarosite, alunite, gypsum, barite, melanterite and other) and silicates (kaolinite, mullite, sericite, illite, chlorites, feldspars and other) are present. The sulpher concentration of sul­ phides in dumps ranges from 3 to 8% in dumps of different ages. The reaction of the water suspension of rocks is strong acid (pH =1.9—2.6), while in dumps that are 50 years old the pH=3.2.

The «Kospash-27» deposit is situated on the tri­ butary territory of Kizel town, 6 km to the east of Kizel railway station. The deposit is technogenous and represents waste dumps of the pyrite-bearing rocks of a coal mine. The mean content of pyrite is 3.1 %, but the content of sulpher in concentrate is 30%. The registered reserves of the B+Cj+Cz category sulpher are 111 thou tn.

Burnt dumps are composed of slaggy, high-ash formations (products of coal mining and coal bur­ ning). The characteristic reaction is a pyrite oxida­ tion with a formation of sulphates and sulphuric acid. Heat release and spontaneous combustion of dumps accompanies oxidation reactions. During combus­ tion, when the temperature exceeds 1000°C, proc­ esses close to endogenic ones develop. The com­ bustion of the dumps continues for several years. New minerals appear in the process of rock melting (sulphides, chlorides, plagioclase, pyroxene, oli­ vine). The materials of burnt dumps can be used as fills for roads and road surfacing.

Chromite is mined and quarried at Saranovsky ore field (Gornozavodsk district). In the course the mi­ ning and enrichment (separation) process, dump (quarry complexes) and alluvial (slime repository) facies have been formed.

enterprises

Dump complexes are constructed with the main intrusive of removal rocks from clumpy to rock de- hris-Lindwastc dimensions. The rocks are hard, and by their physical-mechanical properties can be used lor road construction. After special estimations, they can be recommended for a production of mine­ ral fillers in concrete and for producing astringents. Separate fractions are used as «bath» and limb stones as well as to create landscape compositions.

Alluvial dumps in a slime repository are a pro­ duct of crushing and separation. According to granu­ lometric composition, the predominant types con­ sist of rock debris-landwaste and sandy-silt. Large portion of chromites is present among rock debrislandwaste particles (60—90%), serpentinite and car­ bonates represent sandy-silty fractions. Increased concentrations of platinoids (platinum metals) have been detected in chromites content. Practical extrac­ tion of platinoids is possible by deep crushing fol­ lowed by briquetting of chromites.

Mining of gold and diamonds, concentrated in Krasnovishersk and Gornozavodsk districts as well as on the subordinate territory of Alexandrovsk town, is accompanied by the formation of dumps. The total amount of those technogenous forma­ tions is about 100 ml tn. There are three separated facies — dump, alluvial and dump-alluvial.

The material of dump (bulky) facies contains sometimes a small amount of gold. But anomaly high concentrations of that precious metal have been de­ tected in intermediate product of one of the diamond plants.

Alluvial facies (separation tailings) are more diamondiferous. There is a positive practical result of cephalic part of alluvial facies processing on the pla­ cer of Poludenka river, where gold-diggers with small-scale mechanization techniques produced several kilograms of gold.

In some cases dump-alluvial facies (drag mine take) have a constant increased concentration of gold. A range of gold grain size is rather wide (from fines to 1 mm), but the predominant one is 0.50— 0.08 mm. Actually drag dumps of Poludenka river placer are a technogenous gold field.

Specialized mining enterprises realize a secon­ dary processing of these dumps. Besides the main mineral products dumps can be used as construction materials.

Perm Krai native inhabitants started to use mine­ ral resources from the ancient times. The earliest ar­ chaeological data registering the use of raw materi­ als date back to the early-Paleolithic (200—100 thou years ago). At that epoch quartzite was used to pro­ duce tools. Inthelate-Paleolithic (30—12thou years ago BC) the ancient inhabitants of Prikamyie region started to excavate and use flinty slates, more ra­ rely —mountain crystal, jasper for tools production. Copper metallurgy started to develop in the epoch of the «early metal» (III—II thou BC). In the se­ cond millennium BC the Gary-Borsky metallurgical hearth was formed, covering the mouth area of the Chussovaya river and middle part of the Kama river. The main base for copper mining was small fields of the cuprous sandstone.

At the beginning of the first millennium BC the Prikamyie tribes learnt the technology of iron ores processing. Iron was extracted from small but rather widely spread marsh ores. It was used to produce knifes, axes, hoes, ploughs, spearheads and other tools for work and hunting.

Mining was started to develop with the expansion of Russians into Perm Krai, and the oldest branch of the Urals industry — salt production was organized, though the local people had started to extract salt out of brines in the pre-historic time long before the ap­ pearance of Russian settlers. In the 15—17th centu­ ries the salt production area was persistently widened. In the 15th century at first the salt was pro­ duced on Borovaya river, then in the lower reaches of the Ussolka river where town of Solikamsk was founded; in Orel, Cherdyn uyezd (old Russian ad­ ministrative division corresponding today's district), Novo-Ussolye, on the Lenva river, in the area of Dedyukhin village. At the end of the 17th century salt production industry of Prikamyie produced the main part of salt in the country and had the all-Russian significance. Over 200 salt-works were operated here, the annuaj salt extraction amounted up to 7 ml poods (old Russian measure of weight = 16.38 kg), i.e. 12 thou tn.

In the 16—17th centuries the prospecting of ore deposits was initiated in Perm region. In Prikamyie area ore-prospectors from peasants and tradespeo­ ple appeared, later on — from the population in the areas of mining and metallurgical industry who played an important role in the development of sub­ surface use of Perm Krai. The earliest of all known discoverers of ore deposits in Prikamyie area was connected with the name of Yakov Litvinov, one of the residents of Stroganov lands. In 1617 he ex­ plored copper ore on the Grigorov Mountain near Solikamsk and on the banks of the Yaiva river. The other person who made a notable contribution in the copper ore prospecting in this area was the wellknown ore-seeker Alexander Tumashev. In 1634 the Pyskor state plant — the first plant of the ore-smel­ ting industry of Russia, was founded on the basis of Grigorov field.

At the beginning of the 18th century the exploita­ tion of the Kungur copper ore field was started. In 1720 the ore prospecting was organised in the area of Middle Kama near the place of discharge of the Chussovaya river. The set of state copper-smelting plants was organised here including Yegoshikha plant (1723), Nizhny Yugovskoy (1735) and Verkhny Yugovskoy (1740), Motovilikha (1738) and others. In the 18th century 29 copper-smelting plants all in all worked in Prikamyie on the basis of the Permian copper sandstones.

From the 17th century in Prikamyie iron ore pros­ pecting was organized and at the end of the 18lh — beginning of the 19th century 24 cast-iron and iron foundries worked within its territory. Bog iron ore deposits with an iron content up to 30—40% were mostly developed. Later at the end of 1850s iron ore was discovered in the north of Prikamyie area in Cherdyn uyezd.

The history of gold recovery in Prikamyie area had started in 1820 when the gold-prospector serf Prosvirin prospected the auriferous sands in the valley of the Poludenka river. Seven placers with a mean content of metal from 0.5 to 2.3 g/m 2 were exploited

in 1825. In the middle of the 19th century first evi­ dence about the presence of gold in loose deposits of the upper reaches of the Vilva and Vizhay rivers appeared. In the upper reaches of the Vilva river the small settlements for gold-prospectors were con­ structed.

By 1877 the gold recovery from the placers was nearly stopped, but in 1893 it was revived when the gold ore field of the Quartz Mountain was disco­ vered and the exploitation of the placers of the Poludenka, Severnaya, Tiskos and Liniovka rivers, which ran from its slopes, was started again. By 1910 about 400 poods of gold were recovered from those pla­ cers. In 1910—1925 the exploitation of the aurife­ rous placers was actually stopped again. In 1926 in­ troducing of the privileges for the gold-prospectors had encouraged the revival of the gold placers de­ velopment. In 1929—1930 the placer of the Malaya Shaldinka river was exhausted by gold digging me­ thod. A big amount of native metals with the mass up to 100 g were recovered here (about 19% of the total mass of the recovered metal).

Gold prospecting led to the discovery of platinum, which was recovered along with the gold at Krestovozdvizhensk gold-fields from 1831. In 1890 the platinum recovery was started at the Rostess wood­ land on the Mai. Kosva river (Solikamsk uyezd) and from 1906 — at Yaiva woodland.

The first diamond in Russia and the Urals was discovered in 1829 at Krestovozdvizhensk gold­ fields. But only at the end of 1930 the planned sys­ tematic diamond explorations were organised in the region of Prikamyie. The placers of gems were detected in the upper and middle reaches of the Koiva river. In 1954 the diamond deposits were pro­ spected on the Shchugor river, the tributary of the Vishera river, in 1964—1965 the deposits of SeveroKolchim and Bolshe-Kolchim fields (Krasnovishersk district) were discovered.

Hard coal in the Urals was discovered by the ore-prospector serves Lazarevykh in 1774 or even earlier. Later this area of the coal mining was called Kizel field; its coal was mined from 1797 when the first mine adit «Zaprudnaya» was worked. Then several other deposits were explored there. But the coal mining output started to grow sharply only from the end of 1870 when the Urals Mining and Metallurgical Railway and its Lunievskaya branch­

line were put into the operation. The peak of coal mining production in Kizel field was reached in 1960 (12 ml tn). The worsening of mining-geolo­ gical conditions caused the following reduction of coal mining. At the end of 90s of the last centu­ ry the mines of the basin were closed as unprofi­ table.

In 1889 Saranovsky chromite deposit was disco­ vered and exploited at the woodlands of Biser and Pashija plants.

First experiences to use peat as a fuel date to the edge of the 18— 19th centuries. The peat industry as a branch started to develop from the end of 30s of the last century. The peat extraction has significantly grown in the years of the Great Patriotic war, then it was reduced. From the end of 1960 agriculture be­ came the main consumer of peat.

The construction materials like gypsums and an­ hydrides, limestones, gravel, sands, clays occupy the significant place in the resources of Perm Krai. In 1880 in the area of Bogomolovo village a selenite was discovered, which was called by craftsmen the «Urals gem». Due to its decorative properties and the fact that it is easy to process a selenite became the main material for the production of artistic articles. In the 20th century Kungur town and many settlements of Orda district have become the centres of selenite artistic processing.

In 1925 professor P. I. Preobrazhensky disco­ vered the Upper-Kama Deposit of potash salts. The first potash mine was set on its basis in 1927; and in 1933 the first plant of the home potash industry — the Solikamsk potash complex, was put into opera­ tion. In 1950—1970 other four potash complexes were built.

In 1929 in the course of potash salt prospecting professor P. I. Preobrazhensky discovered the first oil deposit in the Urals in the area of Verkhnechussovskiye (Upper-Chussovaya) Gorodki (nowChussovoy district). In 1934 the commercial operation of Krasnokamsk oil deposit was started. In 1938—1939 another two deposits —Severokamsky (NorthernKama) and Polazna fields were found. On the terri­ tory of Perm Krai 78 hydrocarbon deposits were ex­ plored at the end of 1920 —the beginning of 1970. Among the largest ones one should name Kamennolozhsky, Ossinsky, Pavlovsky, Batyrbayevsky and Chernushka deposits.

The following three main documents: Russian Federation (RF) Law «On Mineral Resources» pub­ lished in 1992 with the amendments of 1995, 2000. 2001, 2003, 2004; RF Law «On the Agreements on Production Sharing» of 1995 with the amendments of 1998; and RF Law «On the Precious Metals and Gems» of 1999 are the conception basis of the legal regulations of the subsurface use in Russia. The con­ ception was based on the idea that to grant a right to use the subsurface wealth in the market conditions is realised on a commercial basis by granting special permissions (licenses). And sometimes, in special cases, by making agreements between the owner of the subsurface wealth and its users. So, in the given laws the relations of subsurface use have been fixed as enterpreneur relations by their nature.

Another important source of standards fixed by the RF Law «On Mineral Resources» was the Decree of the RF President from August 20, 1991 «On strengthening of the economic basis of the RSFSR sovereignty». The Decree determines that prospec­ ting and exploitation of the deposits must be per­ formed with special permissions (licenses). This clause of the Decree became the legislative basis to fix an appropriate standard in the Law «On Mineral Resources» of 1992.

RF Civil Code (CC) is one more important legisla­ tion source in the sphere of subsurface use that clas­ sified the parcels of mineral resources as real estate. Actually this state of RF CC was the reason to insert the amendments of 1995 into the RF Law «On Mine­ ral Resources» of 1992. The important component of the legislation on mineral resources is «Regula­ tions of Order of Granting Licenses for Subsurface Use» approved by the Resolution of the RF Supreme Soviet in 1992, which determines the order of gran­ ting licenses (giving special permissions) for the right of subsurface use.

To provide the reproduction of natural resour­ ces, its rational use and the subsurface wealth pro­ tection in the interests of present and future gene­ rations of the peoples of Russia is the main goal of the state regulation of the subsurface use relations. State regulation of subsurface use relations is reali­ sed through management, granting licenses, regis­ tration and control.

For the state regulation and management of the subsurface use relations the special authorised body was organised in the structure of the executive or­

gans oi power. Today it is the Federal Agency on the Subsurface Use (Rosnedra), subordinate to the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russian Federa­ tion, and actually is the part of its structure. Rosned­ ra is a body that realises rights in the sphere of regu­ lation of the subsurface use relations, it organises its territorial bodies in the subjects of Federation to implement its power. To realise their authorities in the sphere of the subsurface use the subjects of Fede­ ration have the right to establish their own manage­ ment bodies. In Perm Krai the Main Department of Nature Management represents this power.

Within the RF territory the subsurface wealth is the state property. The law prohibits its turn over and alienation, it can be handed over for use on some definite terms. The law fixes aims (types) of use in the final wording so they can not be interpreted in the broader sense. Altogether there are six types of use determined by the law, the main of which is geo­ logical exploration of subsurface wealth; prospec­ ting and production of mineral resources; the buil­ ding and exploitation of the underground construc­ tions not connected with the output of mineral re­ sources. The produced mineral resources and other resources are the property of those who mined them, if nothing otherwise is not stated in the license con­ ditions.

The subsurface users can be any subjects of en­ trepreneur (business) activity, i.e. juridical and natu­ ral persons including foreign ones. The time period of the subsurface use is set in the license in each par­ ticular case, it can be either fixed or unlimited. The grounds to obtain the right of the subsurface user are determined in the Law «On Mineral Resources». As a common rule, the resolution of the authorities named in the Law is such a ground. The decisions are made on 14 grounds named in the Law, and their number is finite and can not be increased. One of them is the resolution based on the results of tender or auction for the right of use of every particular par­ cel of the subsurface wealth. The Law regulates the order of organising and conducting such type of ten­ ders or auctions.

The Law «On Mineral Resources» also regulates the content of a license and license integral parts. License without fail must contain the conditions con­ nected with payments for subsurface use and the conditions of execution of standards and require­ ments on the subsurface use preservation and en­

vironmental protection, industrial safety, and also some data concerning the subsurface user and the parcel granted to use, set by the Law.

Special attention should be given to the subsur­ face use relations, based on the agreements on the production sharing (APS). These relations can be qualified as contractual. Actually the APD agreement registers the exceptional right given to an investor by the state to prospect, esti mate, explore and exploit a deposit at a specific parcel of the subsurface wealth on a lucrative basis and for a fixed period of time. All risks and expenses of prospecting are born by the in­ vestor (contractor) before the moment when the commercial discovery will be made and the exploi­ tation of the deposit will be started. The unique fea­ ture of the law on APS is the fact, and that is very important, that it allows to establish the individual terms of taxation for each single deposit depending on its productivity and specific conditions of deve­ lopment.

In Perm Krai the adaptation of the relations of the subsurface use to the market conditions had started much earlier than the Federal Law «On Mineral Re­ sources» was passed. Perm region Executive Com­ mittee approved the «Regulations of Order of Gran­ ting the Parcels for Subsurface Use in Perm Region» as early as 1991. Key points of the Regulation ap­ peared to be identical to many standards registered in RF Law «On Mineral Resources» that was ap­ proved a year later. Life has shown that the idea of developing the local regulations before hand was jus­ tified. In 1992 by the moment of ratifying the Law «On Mineral Resources» all subjects of the subsur­

face use relations were ready to its implementation in the shortest time. The system of subsurface use licensing was implemented in the shortest time and a set of required normative-legal documents was ap­ proved in Perm Krai. In Perm Krai on January 1,2005 the number of operating licenses for the subsurface use right was 856, the number of enterprises — sub­ surface users was 580.

Over ten year’s practice has shown the signifi­ cant defects and problems of present legislation on subsurface use. These defects are both of theoreti­ cal and practical types, widely discussed in press, scientific public circles and among the subsurface users. Summing up the results of those discussions we can name two criticised positions of the active legislation. They are the following:

—the license-administrative method of the sub­ surface use management based on the authoritative act does not meet the demands of economy libera­ lisation. The relations of subsurface use are not the authoritative ones, but the relations of the parts possessing equal rights, so they must be legalised with the appropriate agreement in the sphere of the civil legislation. The fact that the relations have ap­ peared on the basis of the authoritative decision of the state bodies does not make them the administ­ rative;

—the present system of payable subsurface use has rigid and especially fiscal character. The pay­ ments for subsurface use (output tax) raise the out­ put cost, so the majority of the subsurface users ex­ ploiting low profitable deposits are non-competi­ tive.

At present time in the world about 60 mid tn of mineral resources are annually produced from the subsurface wealth that amounts about 10tn per capi­ ta. However in the developed countries the level of mineral resources consumption is by several times higher than the mean index. So, the annual level of mineral resources consumption per capita comes to 40 tn in the most developed country of the world — in the USA. It is a known fact that the USA with a population of 5% of the Earth’s population consume 40% of all the produced energetic resources of the world. The intensive growth of mineral resources consumption was characteristic for that country at

the early stages of the industrialisation (before 70s of the last century), which was follower by its gradu­ al decreasing with the production technologies effi­ ciency increasing.

In the last century many countries of the world have exhausted their mineral resources and at the same time the rates of exploitation of the identified resources were increased. Taking into account the forecasted growth of the Earth’s population by 80 million people per year, the volumes of the mining output must grow by 700—800 ml tn also. This fact conditions the requirement to develop the national strategy of mineral resources exploita­

tion, which provides the stable development of the economy and the independence of the country in mineral resources.

Russia is one of few countries of the world, which is independent in the main types of mineral resour­ ces. Gross potential value of the identified reserves of mineral resources of the USSR by 2.5 time excee­ ded the reserves value of the USA. Moreover, 80% of those registered reserves of the former USSR is concentrated in Russia. Given figures show that the mineral resources complex of Russia has very high potential. In the last 15 years of economy reforma­ tion of Russia it was the mining production that has kept the fundamental significance for the economy of the country and prevent the other branches of in­ dustry from the deeper crisis.

Mineral resources complex has a great signifi­ cance for the development of Perm Krai as well. A large amount of big and small enterprises situated all over its territory run the production of mineral products. Some industrial enterprises of Perm Krai use mineral resources produced outside the region, in particular, JSC «Chussovskoy Metallurgical plant» brings iron ore from Sverdlovsk region, and JSC «AVISMA» brings the titanium concentration from Murmansk region.

At the same time some mineral resources depo­ sits are explored but not exploited in Perm Krai. At first rate it is Mazuev deposit of strontium ores — the largest in Russia. At the Upper-Kama Deposit such accompanying useful components like rubi­ dium and caesium are not extracted from carnallites. This is connected with a low demand for these me­ tals both in Russia and abroad.

The main factors of exploitation efficiency of mineral resources are the existence of geologicalcommercial types of deposits on the territory, these deposits are characterised by the profitable quantity and quality of mineral reserves for exploitation, by favourable mining-geological conditions of depo­ sits. The majority of exploited deposits of Perm Krai meet these demands and first of all the Upper-Kama Salt Deposit.

From 14 to 18% of potash fertilisers produced in the world have been produced at the plants exploi­ ting the Upper-Kama Salt Deposit in the last 2— 3 years. According to this index our country and Perm Krai, accordingly, is on the second place in the world after Canada. 4746 thou tn (in terms of K20 ) were produced here in 2003 that is by 8% higher than in 2002. Besides, the Main Saranovskoye

deposit, which is the main source of chrome iron ore of the country, is situated in Perm Krai. A share of that deposit in the balance reserves of Russia amounts to 13%. JSC «Saranovskaya shakhta (mine) «Rudnaya» produced 49% of chrome con­ centrate of Russia (96.7 thou tn) in 2003. The ana­ logous tendency of mining growth applies to oil, diamonds, gold, which are high liquid mineral re­ sources. For the types of mineral resources mostly used within the region there is no such distinctly expressed tendency of production increasing.

For a long time mineral resources were consi­ dered to be free gifts of nature, so they were not the objects of pecuniary valuation, until the time when the reserves were prospected and mined. So the history of mineral resources management was based on that idea, and in the USSR mineral resources were not even registered as the element of the na­ tional wealth and were not estimated in money equivalent. In 1992 the ratification of the Law «On Mineral Resources», which introduces the payable subsurface use, made very actual the pecuniary valuation of the mineral resources of the earth’s interior.

The economic value is the evaluation of the com­ mercial efficiency of exploitation of the mineral re­ sources objects, which takes into account the quan­ tity and quality of the mineral resources; conditions of their bedding; transport and other infrastructures; mining and processing conditions; probable prices and conditions of realisation; taxation and other pa­ rameters, influencing the commercial efficiency of the exploitation of those objects. The result of eco­ nomic value is the index of net current value of the use right of mineral resources in terms of money. It can be used to evaluate the exploitation efficiency of mineral resources deposit or parts of the subsurface wealth; to optimise the tax payments in the subsur­ face use; to evaluate money equivalent of the license granting a right to exploit a deposit; to determine the grounds of a mortgage value of a deposit, its stock price and other problems of chargeable subsurface use as well.

Federal management body of the State Mineral Resources Fund, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Russian Fede­ ration (RF MNR), approves the principles and techniques of the geological-economical and as­ sessment values for different types of mineral re­ sources.

At present there are two main procedures to as­