книги / Минерально-сырьевые ресурсы Пермского края

The territory of Perm Krai includes the north-east part of the Volga-Urals oil-bearing province. Within its boundaries we can distinguish four (4) oil-gas­ bearing districts, on the territory of which approxi­ mately 30 zones of gas-oil-accumulation have been discovered or are supposed to be discovered. More than 900 pools of liquid hydrocarbons (HCs) have been found in Paleozoic cut. A variety of types of oil and gas traps are characteristic of the region. The regularity of oil distribution and gas presence in the largest part of the productive section is predeter­ mined by the existence of the inter-formatio- nal Kama-Kinel System of flexures (KKSF). Ten oil- gas-bearing complexes (OGCs) have been distin­ guished in the sedimentary jacket.

Riphean carbonate-terrigenous OGC (having oil- gas-bearing potential) is represented by dolomites with interlayers of agrillites and red-colour sand­ stone. In the south of the region sandstone of Serafimovsky series have abundant oil manifestations. Gas manifestations have been found in deposits of Kaltassinsky suite of the Riphean on Bedryazhsky area. We suppose that a significant mass of HCs had broken to the lower horizons of the Vendian complex as a result of the covers weakness.

Vendian terrigenous OGC (having oil-gas-bear­ ing potential) is built of interleaving of thin, strati­ fied feldspar-quartz aleurolites, argillites, clayish shales and more rarely fine-grained sandstone. The most intensive oil manifestations belong to sand­ stone strata in the lower part of the complex (hori­ zons V6 and V5). Four non-commercial oil pools have been discovered in the Vendian deposits in the east of the Upper-Kama Depression (UKD). More than 20 oil and bitumen manifestations have been loca­ ted in the cuts of deep wells in the southern districts of Perm Krai. Oils that are present in the Vendian deposits in the east of UKD are mainly heavy ones, with low content of sulfur and paraffin, highly resi­ nous and with low yield of benzol.

The hydrocarbon composition has a high frac­ tion of naphthens and a considerable cyclic recur­ rence.

Devonian terrigenous OGC is well developed everywhere. It contains about 5.1% of Initial Total Resources (ITR) of oil in Perm Krai, about 5% of dissolved and 5.5% of free gas. The complex is rep­ resented by the deposits of Upper-Amsky sub-stage, Eifell and Zhivet stages and lower-Fransky sub­ stage. The sections of the complex are of three types: cavity, board (lateral) and arched. Argillites of Kynovsky and clay limestone of Sargaevsky horizon serve as the complex cover. They are 30— 40 m thick everywhere.

The area of the oil presence in the complex coin­ cides with the development of oil generation zones. Almost all found oil pools are situated in the south­ ern districts. Three aleurolite-sandstone beds D0, D, and D2 have oil in the amount sufficient for commer­ cial development. By now 57 productive oil pools have been discovered in the Devonian terrigenous strata. The deposits ofthe terrigenous Devonian can be classified into four types: stratified arched, struc­ tural-lithological, lithologically screened (on mono­ clines), in sandstone lenses among hard rocks. The density of oils in the complex varies from 0.815 to 0.920 g/cm3. The oil are aromatic-methane and also methane-aromatic and naphthene-methane. The dis­ solved gases are heavy, combination gases with the nitrogen content in low (in the south-east) or transi­ tional (up to 40% further north from the KKSP board) and high concentrations of methane (40— 60%). Shalimsky, Kalininsky, Moskudensky and Kuedino-Chernushinsky zones of oil-gas accumu­ lation have the highest potential.

Upper-Devonian-Turneysky carbonate OGC covers the stratigraphic interval from Sargaevsky ho­ rizon to Kizel horizon. It is well developed every­ where and is one of the main OGC of the region. It contains 11.8% of total geological resources of liquid HCs, about 23% of resources of dissolved gas, 9.1% of free gas and approximately 8% of conden­ sate. In the complex section on the platform part of the territory there are 78% of pools belonging to the Turneysky stage, 17% —to the Famensky stage and 5% —to the Fransky stage. In the Pre-Ural flexure

we have îoimd 50% pools belonging to the Famen- skv stage and 39% — to the Turneysky stage and 11% — to the Franskv stage.

The deposits of shallow-sea and deep-sea shelves represent the complex section. Districts ot shallow sea paleo-shelf are represented by three types ot sections: coastal-lagoonal, lagoonal and reef. The oil and gas are present mostly in the reef type of section, which is developed in a narrow stripe along the boundaries of shallow-sea and deep-sea shelves. The Turneysko-Kozhimsky carbonate terrigenous fluid-trap, 20 and more meters thick, serves as the regional cover of the complex.

All the area along the section of the complex is oil-gas-bearing but with different intensity. By the present moment 118 oil pools have been found here. The commercial oil accumulations are present mainly in the zones of KKSP development. The most frequent place of their location is the up­ per part of OGC under the regional cover, and the oil pools there belong to stratified-massif and mas­ sif types.

Bythe composition ofthe enclosing rocks and the structure of reservoir the pools can be classified into two big groups. Pools of the first group, including 78% of all pools, belong to limestone of the Turneysky age. They are confined to the envelopingstructures of reefogeneous-constructions ortectogenous pre-fracture uplifts in the south-east of Perm Krai. Collectors occupy from 15 to 40% of the total thickness. Penetrable zones are grouped into beds Ti, T2, T3. Thanks to such structure of the reservoir the pools often acquire stratified massif character.

The porosity of the Turneysky limestone de­ grades in the eastward direction from 15—17 to 5%, the penetrability is rarely more than 0.25 pm2. The oil-bearing level is usually 10—20 m, up to 50 m in rare cases. The second group consists of oil pools in the body of the late-Devonian reefs, where only the upper part of the massif is usually saturated with oil in the range of 30—40 m. Small oil pools in the Turney deposits have been found on the Devonian barrier ridge of reefs along the eastern boundary of the shallow-sea shelf. The oil-bearing capacity of the complex is much higher in the parts of the deepsea paleo-shelf. Many Devonian reefs of high am­ plitude in the inner part of KKSP also contain pools of hydrocarbons. The regional area of zones of accumulation in the complex entirely or partially co­ incides with the centers of generation.

The complex has oils of different properties. Pools of light oils and condensates with density of less than 0.80 g/cm3 are characteristic for the West-

Urals Zone of Folding (WUZF) and the districts ad­ jacent to it from the West. Oils with densities from 0.80 to 0.84 g/cm 3are characteristic for the central regions of Sylva Depression (SD) and the eastern edgv of the platform. Oils in the southern oil depo­ sits of Penn Krai have the density of more than 0.88 g/cnT. Low sulfur, medium-sulfur and resi­ nous naphthene-methane types of oils are present in (he Eastern regions. In the West sulfur and high- sulfur oils, resinous oils of aromatic-methane and methane-aromatic types prevail. In the south-west outlying parts of the region high sulfur, highly re­ sinous oils dominate. Nitrogen concentration in dis­ solved gases is increasing and methane concentra­ tion is decreasing from the East to the West. Oil ga­ ses of the south-east board of the KKSP and deep­ water paleo-shelf have relatively rich concentrations of hydrogen sulphide (up to 6%).

Deposits in boards and inner zones of the KKSP on the places, where the late-Devonian reef-gene­ rated constructions are well-developed, are the most promising.

Lower-medium -Vizeysky terragenerated OGC is well-developed everywhere and has the largest dis­ covered stores and predicted resources of HCs. It contains 47.3% of oil OSR, 10.8% of free gas re­ sources, 31% of dissolved gas resources, 15% of condensate and also approximately 36% of all depo­ sits of Paleozoic, this complex belongs to the main OGC of the region. The complex covers the straigraphic interval from Kosvinsky to Tulsky horizon. Its thickness is increasing from the north-west to the south-east from 0 to 80 m. A sharp increase of the thickness up to 120—140 m is found in the zones adjacent to the axis of the KKSP. In the complex sec­ tion six main types of sections are distinguished: arched reduced, arched full, bed, board, cavity pre­ board and cavity pre-axis.

In the lower-medium-Vizeysky OGC on the ter­ ritory of Perm Krai oil and gas presence has been de­ termined in all tectonic regions in the range from Radayevsky to Tulsky deposits. 412 HCs accumula­ tions of industrial significance have been discovered, including the largest oil deposits in the region: Ya- rino-Kamennolozhsky, Batyrbaisky, Kokuisky, Kras- noyarsko-Kuedinsky, Moskudensky, Baklanovsky and others.

Collectors are the beds of sandstone and aleurolites divided by dense argillites. Five basic beds-col­ lectors are distinguished: Мд — in Radaevsky, Б62 and Б61 — in Bobrikovsky, Тл1 and Тл12 in Tulsky deposits. Penetrable beds are characterized by litho­ logical homogeneity. The Tulsky terra-generated

Vereysky terrigenous-carbonate OGC is well de­ veloped everywhere. It contains about 6% o i IT R s of oil and 15% of ITR of gas. The complex section is represented by limestone, argillites, rare thin inter­ layers of dolomites and aleurolites. The complex thickness is gradually increasing from the west to the east from 18—38 to 78 m.

Oil-bearing capacity of Vereysky OGC is less sig­ nificant as compared to lower-lying complexes. 64 deposits have been found in it, including 46 oil pools, 12gas-oil pools, 2gas pools and 4 gas-conden­ sate pools. Five penetrable beds have been distin­ guished: B,, B2, B3, B4 and B5. The beds B,, B3, B4are industrial gas-bearing. Vereysky deposits belong to stratified arched. In southern areas they have gas caps at Kokuisky, Batyrbaisky, Pavlovsky and Kuedinsky fields.

Districts in the southern part of Perm Krai and SD are considered to be highly promising territories of the complex area. The resources density on these ter­ ritories is from 5.9—6.5 to 23.0—56.2 thou tn/km 2. The promising areas cover Upper-Kama and Maior- sko-Kassibsky zones of oil accumulation, Sylvensky Depression (SD) and the eastern part of SD. The density ofpredicted resources is 2.4—3.8thou t/km2.

Kashirsko-GzhelskyOGCcontains 2.7% of ITRs of oil, 3.5% of dissolved gas and 8% of free gas. The complex is represented by Kashirsky, Podolsky, Myachkovsky horizons of the Moskovsky stage and the upper division of the coal system. 39 deposits have been discovered in it, including 25 oil pools, 4 gas-oil pools and 10 gas pools. Productive beds (K|, Ко, Пд, Мч and C3) consist of limestone and do­ lomites with interlayers of marl.

Geochemical features of oils have been studied mainly in pools of Kashirsky horizon. We have de­ termined the tendency that the further from the PreUral flexure the more heavy the oils are — from 0.83 to 0.93 g/cm3. As for the hydrocarbon composition, the oils are totally similar to the oils of Vereysky oil­ gas-bearing complex. The found gas caps and gas deposits vary in gas composition very much. The promising lands within the area of Kashirsko-Gzhel- sky deposits coincide in location with the promising zones of Vereysky OGC.

Lower-Ката Carbonate OGC within Perm Krai is represented by all stages of lower division of the Permian system. The section of lower-Permian de­ posits concentrate 3% of oil ITRs and 20% of free gas ITRs.

Sub-meridian orientation of facial zones is cha­ racteristic for the complex. The reef type of section, which is spread along a rather wide stripe of the plat­

fo rm edge, has the best perspectives of oil-gas-bear­ in g c a p a c ity . Artinsky reefs are made of massive iim e s! o n es and dolomites. Inter-reef facies is rep re - seiU ed by clay-detritus limestone and marl. The d pos ts are 250—300 m thick.

ЛЬ tectonic districts of the lower-Permian car­ bon air complex on the territory of Perm Krai are oil­ gas-bearing but with different intensity: from bicuminousity and weak oil manifestations to industrial tributaries of oil.

Seventeen (17) commercial deposits of oil have been found in the complex, including fifteen (15) oil deposits, one gas-oil deposit and one gas deposit. Twenty-four (24) non-commercial accumulations of oil and gas have been distinguished.

The section contains a large number of non-pene- trable, relatively persistent packages, able to func­ tion as covers for the HCs accumulations inside the complex.

In the section we have distinguished penetrable zones, corresponding to productive and potentially productive beds. In the Asselsky deposits we have distinguished bed Ac, bed C M in the Sakmarsky and bed Kr in Kungur deposits. In the Asselsky deposits commercial deposits have not been found. Eight in­ dustrial deposits have been discovered in the Sak­ marsky bed. Deposits of massive and structurallithological types are confined to the roof of the Sak­ marsky stage. In the Artinsky stage commercial oil deposits are confined to reef limestone. Five depo­ sits have been discovered, one of them is a gas-oil pool. Non-commercial accumulations of HCs have been found in the Artinsky deposits in the ЗУЗС. CB. CAB and in the platform part of the region. Gas indi­ cations of the Artinsky deposits have been registered on the Yergachinsky, Tsepelsky, Magovsky, UpperYaivinsky, Molyobsky, Yurkansky areas. These de­ posits are characterized by a large amount of bitu­ men manifestations. Kungur deposits have weak and abundant oil manifestations practically in all dis­ tricts. Salt-bearing stratum serves as a reliable co­ ver for the Lower-Kama deposits and all lower-lying OGCs as well.

The oils of the complex belong to naphthenemethane type. Oils of the platform are usually very heavy (0.92—0.99 g/cm3), high-sulfur (3.2—5.1%), highly resinous (25—36%), low-paraffinous, with an increased fraction of asphaltenes and low yield of light fractions. The density of oils on the terri­ tory of the Urals flexure is 0.85—0.88 g/cm3, oil in the district of ПСУ about ~0.80 g/cm3. The tenden­ cy of density decreasing from the west to the east, identified for the lower-lying OGCs, is present here

as well. In the north w /10, and to a lesser deg­ ree — in the south ЧЧС oils are very peculiar: heavy and very heavy (O.806- 0.950 g/cm3), highlysulfurous (2.2—4.4%; resinous (8—19% of resin asphaltene component1;} with the high content of benzol fractions ( m a in ly more than 40%) belon­ ging to methane-aromatic type. In the central and south districts of SiD the oil density is decreasing to 0.85 and for condensate to 0.75 g/cm3. From the west boundary of the flexure to the east and from

the north of SD to the south of SID the composi­ tion of the dissolved gases is changing: the fraction of methane is increasing and the fraction of nitro­ gen is decreasing.

Promising lands of the complex are confined ex­ clusively to depressions and separating them saddles in the Pre-Ural flexure. The density of the resour­ ces is changing from 4.0 to 9.1 thou tn/km2. The oil­ gas-bearing potential of the OGC within the platform parts is estimated as much less.

Resources of coal are concentrated in the WestUrals and Kama coal basins of Perm Krai.

West-Ural coal basin stretches in the sub-meri­ dian direction from the middle part of the river Pechyora (in the north) all over the whole Perm Krai up to the latitude of Ekaterinburg (in the south). It includes four coal-bearing districts (from the north to the south): Shchugor-Vuktylsky (outside the ter­ ritory of Perm Krai), Vishera, Kizel and Chussovoy.

Vishera coal-bearing district is situated in the Vishera river basin and has a folding structure. The district covers the territory of 220 km from the Unya river to the Yaiva river. The northern part of it has not been studied actually. The thickness of coal­ bearing formation is not large: 30—60 m, rarely 100 m. Coal-bearing capacity is rather low: two-three coal beds with the thickness not more than 0.25— 0.35 m each. Coal deposits may be discovered only in the northern part of the region.

Kizelovsky coal-bearing district (coal basin) is 150 km long land 25 km wide, stretching from the town of Alexandrovsk (in the north) to the town of Lysva (in the south). It has been well-studied and has complex folding overlapping structure. Coal-bea­ ring capacity is associated with the Vizeysky terrige­ nous deposits. Workable, most persistent beds are 9th, 11th and 13th beds. Kizelovsky coals belong to the group of humic, dull and semi-dull durains. The coal brands are Г, ГЖО, ГЖ and Ж. Coals have increased ash content (28.6—35.9%), supfur content (5—8%) and the light components yield (35.9—46.5%). The heating capacity is 5300—8200 cal/kg.

The maximum coal production (12 ml tn) in the basin was reached in 1959, which was followed by its gradual decrease caused bythe exhaustion ofthe main commercial reserves, by the increase of the mining depth and complication of geological-mining condi­ tions. The process of mines closing started from the year 1993 and was completed in 2000. The remaining

coal reserves on 11 mines have been registered bythe State Balance of Geological Reserves as categories A+B+C|+C2 in the amount of 222.6 ml tn. With the mean annual production of mining enterprises of 1384 thou tn the remaining reserves could last for 104years. At the same time the high cost of Kizelovsky coal production makes them uncompetitive as com­ pared to the exported coals of Kuznetsky basin, which means that industrial development of Kizelovsky coal basin is not expedient in the near future.

Chussovaya coal basin stretches from the north to the south almost for 200 km. The coal-bearing capacity of the district is not homogeneous: only the northern part of it has coal deposits for com­ mercial development with the coal-bearing depth varying from 130—150 to 200 m. In the southern part it varies from 25 to 100 m. Only two mined beds with the coal reserves of A+B+C| categories in the amount of 26.1 ml tn have commercial signifi­ cance.

Kama coal basin with the area of 600 km2 is situa­ ted in the south-east part of the Russian plate, occu­ pying the territory of Perm Krai, Kirov, Saratov, Uliyanovsk, part of the Samara and Orenburg regions, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Mari El, Udmurtia and Chuvashia. Special coal surveying was not performed on this territory, with the exception of 13 bore holes on the territory of Udmurtia. The geology and the coal-bearing capacity of the region has been studied in a general way (roughly) on the basis of the results of the oil surveying works.

The coal-bearing stratum varying from 5—10 to 300—390 mwas formed in the early-Carbonic epoch in conditions of the river-side alluvial-lake-marsh plain and is represented by interlaying sandstone (often oil-bearing), aleurolites, argillites and coal rocks. Coal beds (15—17) are lying almost horizon­ tally, 1300—2000 m deep reaching the thickness of 10—15 and even 40 m (Viatsky area).

Coals are in overwhelming majority humic, dull, usually black (resinous liptobiolith). The mean ash content is 22%, sulfur content varies in the range of 2.4— 10.4%. The mean light fractions yield is 44%. The heating capacity is 18 330 — 34 080 cal/kg. By chemical-technological composition they are long-flaming (in Perm Krai they are mainly gas coals).

C v J; can be used to the advantage both for the re- L|uire1ii«:nîs of power industry and for low-tempera- i virc a.room nation, gasification and production of JiC|Uid fuel. The coal speculated resources of Perm Kr.fi amount to 4005 ml tn or 10.6% of all basin re­ serve., 914 înl tn of the coal rocks reserves are con­ centras ed on the commercial oil-bearing areas.

Several manifestations of combustible shales have been discovered in Perm Krai (in Dobryanka, Gornozavodsk, Lysva and other districts). This mineral resource is present in the form of thin interlayers and beds to 1 m thick in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Shales are thin-sheet, more rarely loosened, often resemble brown coal. The shales of the Kussie-Alexandrovsky manifestation have the following composition: moisture — 2.5%,

sulfur — 1.21%, light fractures — 21.28%, ash — 69.9%. The shales heating capacity is low. The body sizes and bedding conditions are unknown in most cases of manifestations, their reserves were not estimated as well. Nevertheless, some manifes­ tations were used at the end of the 19th century: Dobryanka deposit (Staryi Rudnik — Old Mine) in Dobryanka district and Syssoisky deposit in Gorno­ zavodsk district.

874 peat deposits with reserves and resources around 1.5 mid tn have been prospected on the terri­ tory of Perm Krai. The peat deposits are located with­ in four peat-marsh districts: Upper-Kama (258 de­ posits with 88% of reserves), Pre-Ural mountain district (46 deposits with 1.5% of reserves), MediumKama (212 deposits with 8.1% of reserves), southern forest-steppe district (238 deposits with 3.1% of re­ serves). The mean area of deposits is 480 hectares; useful depth is up to 9 m. The further south the more sharply deposits are decreasing in their sizes, but be­

come more numerous. Classified by the content of the original material peat may belong to telmatic (осоковым), wood-telmatic, telmatic-sphagnum, wood, hypno-telmatic, grass-telmatic and sphag­ num-reed varieties. The degree of decomposition is 15—45%, the ash content — 1.7—61.0%, humidity — 51.4—92.1 %, calorific capacity is 4500—5400 cal/kg.

The degree of peat deposits exploitation in the region is very low, the average annual peat output is not more than 309 thou tn. The produced peat is used as organic fertilizer in agriculture.

There are 240 iron ore fields of different scale, quantity and genesis within the boundaries of Perm Krai. The majority of them had the status of depo­ sits before. The iron ore reserves had been estima­ ted for a number of them and the results were regis­ tered in the State Balance until the 70s of the last cen­ tury. The objects are grouped into the following iron ore fields (districts): Kutimsky (the left bank of the Vishera river and its tributaries), Troitsko-Ossam- sky and Kizelovsky (the territory of Kizel), PashijskoKussjinsky and Bissersky (Gornozavodsk district) and Kishert fields. The deposits are represented by

bed-shaped and lenticular bodies and seats. The thickness of ore beds reaches 30 m, the bedding depth is 2—60 m. Ore bodies in beds consist of mas­ sive oolite ores and disseminated red (hematite) and brown (limonite) iron ores, hematites, chamosites, siderites and titaniferous magnetite. The iron con­ tent in ores is 22—70%. The largest discovered iron ore deposits are Yubryshkinsky (Kutimsky field) with titaniferous magnetite reserves of 8.8 ml tn (with the iron content 30%) and Polygalovsky (PashijskoKussjinsky field) with the iron ore reserves of 1.3 ml tn.

nerals. By content chrom -spinels belong to tenons type w ith increased aluminousitv. The ores '«we the follow ing chemical com position (T>): СгЛ'Т 38.70-46.76; ABO, - 14.00-10.25: FeO - 11.83-

The impurity of chrome ores is calcite, which forms nn Pierons large veins and veinlets. The ores in boul­ der placers are of better quality as compared to bed ores.

T* •!.:»! confirmed chrome ores reserves amount -o ;:bo ; L »! ml tn for B+Q categories and 8.6 ml tn for

C ; C :lie g O ry .

On the territory of Perm Krai 185 fields of raw material for aluminum have been found, including 65 manifestations and small non-payable deposits of bauxites, combined with small iron ore deposits. All of them are situated in Western-Ural zone of folding. The overwhelming majority of them are within Gornozavodsk and Lysva districts (the vi­ cinity of the rail-road station Pashijya, settlements Kussjya and Kyn); a considerably less number of them have been located in Krasnovishersk district. The majority of bauxite containing fields belongs to depositary group of genesis, to the class of de­ posits made of colloid solutions and is represented by a continuous bauxite horizon.

The productive bauxite-bearing horizon is asso­ ciated with the Pashijya suite of the Zhivetsky stage and serves as an underlying bed of the iron ore hori­ zon. Pashijya suite has been located for hundreds of kilometers along the Western-Ural slope. Bauxites lying in the coal-bearing suite of the lower-Vizeysky sub-stage of the lower Carbon are more rare.

M anifestations and small deposits situated in the vicinity of the rail-road station Pashijya, set­ tlements Kussie-Alexandrovsk of Gornozavodsk district have been studied best of all. Here the baux­ ite-bearing productive horizon has been located in the limbs of a large syncline. The horizon thickness

is not permanent and varies from 0.5—6.0 m (in the west) to 10.0 m (in the east). The productive stratum lies on the uneven surface of Zhivetsky limestone, more rarely — on Eifell sandstone. The thickness of ore bodies of oolite structure varies in the range of 0.15—3.30 m. They are from several hundreds of meters to 1.5 km long, the maximum is 5.0 km (Tupitsynsky field). The ore zone is 60— 100 m wide, reaching 400 m (Koiva field).

The ore beds are made of bauxites of large-oolite diaspore-hematite and diaspore-chamosite rocks, flintclay (dry crust and bleaching clays), smalloolite red hematite ores. The ores composition va­ ries in the large range (%): A120 3 — 13.6—69.2; SiOz - 1.15-49.3; Fe20 3 - 4.50-37.01.

There are a few small deposits in the coal-bea­ ring suite, including Zhuravlinsky field situated on the Chussovaya river left bank in the vicinity of the town of Chussovoy. It stretches on the surface in the form of a stripe 70—140 m wide and 900 m long and has been located up to 24 m deep. The bauxite re­ serves with the aluminum oxide content 57—64% only in the part of the field amount to 46 thou tn. The Storozhevsky manifestation in Krasnovishersk district and Chikmansky field on the territory, sub­ ordinated to the town of Alexandrovsk administra­ tion, are similar to it.

Magnesium ore in Perm Krai is a carnallite rock consisting mostly of carnallite (KMgCl3*6H20 ) and halite. Carnallite rock is processed by the process of mineral-salt production at the enterpri­ ses of the JSC «Ural Kalij» («Ural Potassium») and JSC «Sylvinite» into artificial carnallite, which is a raw material for producing metallic magnesium.

The State Balance includes the data of carnallite ore reserves of Upper-Kama Salts D eposit (UKSD), which is described in the section «Potash salts».

Carnallite rock is present in all productive beds of carnallite zone of UKSD potash deposit and occu­ pies from 6 (bed B) to 39% (bed E) of their area. Be-

sides, a large part (1 by «mixed salts» (с ч er content of carnal! v. logical reserves of cc ,

. ' . ;of these beds is formed

j: - - sylvinite) with a high­

:sylvinite. The total geo­

. ;L^ rock in UKSD amount

to 96.4 mid tn. Confirmed resources of that ore A+B+C, categories amount to 4.1 mid tn, author’s reserves of category C2 make up 9.6 mid tn (with the MgCl2 content of 18.8—20.3%).

About 115 copper manifestations have been lo­ cated in Perm Krai, more than half of them are situa­ ted in Permsky, Barda and Ussolye districts. Copper ores manifestations are both of endogene, and exo­ gene origins.

Magmatic, hydrothermal and volcano-genous sedimentary formations belong to endogene series (in Krasnovishersk, Gornozavodsk, Chussovoy dis­ tricts), formations of the weathered group developed in the platform part of Perm Krai belong to exoge­ nic series.

Endogene copper manifestations, containing mainly pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, galenite and other ore minerals, are poor and non-payable on the whole.

Cupriferous sandstone manifestations of the weathered group belong to multi-colour, red and gray sedimentary rocks in the section interval from Solikamsk suite of the Ufimsky stage up to Tatar­ sky stage of the lower-Permian. But the majority of manifestations are in the rocks of Sheshminsky suite

of Ufimsky stage, which stretches as a sub-meridian stripe 30—70 km wide over the whole territory of Perm Krai along the zone where East-European plat­ form and Pre-Ural foredeep join together.

Copper ores deposits are banded, lenticular, round-loaf and beads-shaped. Their length varies from several tens of meters to 1500 m and they are 100—150 m wide (rarely more), the thickness is 0.1—8 m. With productive depth of 60 m such a de­ posit has from two to six ore levels, separated by orefree or low-mineralized rocks.

The highest copper content (up to 12.0%) is found in coarse fragmental rocks — conglomerates and gritstone. The copper content is 2.0—2.5% in sand­ stone and 2.0—4.0% in clay shales and marl. The mean content exceeds 1.5—2.0% in rare cases. The base primary ore minerals are chalcocite, bornite, covellite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, cuprite, tenorite, malachite, azurite, volbortite Сиз(У04)2*H20 and native copper in the oxidation zone. The copper speculative resources amount to 10.8 thou tn.

More than ten titanium ore manifestations of en­ dogene, exogene and metamorphogenic series are known in Perm Krai (mainly in Gornozavodsk dis­ trict), within these manifestations we distinguish magmatic, sedimentary groups and a group of re­ gional metamorphism.

The titanium of magmatic genesis is concentra­ ted in Yubryshkinsky small field of iron ores, situa­ ted in Krasnovishersk district (see the section «Ferrum»). The base titanium mineral is ilmenite, the main mass of which is present in magnetite in the form of microscopic inclusions. The content of T i02 in titanium magnetite reaches 15.7—18.6%. Be­ sides, part of ilmenite is present in separate grains of 0.2 mm size among hornblende and titaniferous magnetite. The content of T i0 2 in the ore is 5.7% in the average.

Alluvial placers and sand-gravel deposits

represent sedimentary concentrations of titani­ ferous minerals. An increased content of titanife­ rous minerals, mainly of ilmenite, are characteristic of these manifestations. Special surveying works for titanium placers were not performed.

Manifestations of titanium belonging to a group of regional metamorphism have been located with­ in Lyapinsko-Kutimsky meganticlinorium among horizons of sandstone and quartz-sandstone in Isherimsky and Muravinsky suites of the upperRiphean. The Kutimsky manifestation situated 12 km from the settlement of the same name is the best explored. Here the stripe of ore sandstone of Muravinsky suite 600 m wide (deep) stretches for 28 km in the meridian direction. The 1l,h km of this manifestation was studied in the frame of detailed survey, which has shown the T i02 content of 0.57— 6.35%.

In spite of the fact that the vanadium deposits are absent in the region, its manifestations are rath­ er numerous and are associated mainly with the cu­ priferous sandstone (19 fields), iron ore ol dittorent types (4 fields). Two vanadium manifestations are not connected with any visually located mi­ neralization.

The overwhelming majority of vanadium mani­ festations in cupriferous sandstone are situated in Permsky district (13 fields). It is noteworthy that in all cases vanadium in cupriferous sandstone is present in the form its own mineral volbortite (Cu3(V 04)2 *H20 ) forming flakes, fine-crystal films and disseminations, sometimes ball-shaped accumu-

lafious. In one case (Safronovsky old mine, 38 km from the town of Kungur) volbortite forms ra­ diant aggregations of yellow color, the largest of which are «the size of a walnut». The isolated analy­ sis of old copper mines disposal area has shown that their content is 0.044% of V20 5.

There are two types of iron ore mineralization, with which vanadium manifestations are associa­ ted: brown iron ores and titaniferous magnetite ores. Vanadium own minerals have not been found in these ores. Titaniferous magnetites of Yubryshkinsky field (see the section «Ferrum») are especially rich in vanadium, the mean content of V2Os is 0.85%.

The State Balance of Perm Krai has registered the amount of rubidium reserves of Upper-Kama Salt Deposits (UKSD), described in the section «Potash salts». Rubidium does not form its own minerals in the salts of UKSD, but does isomorphous substitution of potassium and that is why is concentrated in potassium containing minerals (sylvine and carnallite). The highest content of rubi­ dium has been found in carnallite rock (up to 200 g/tn), sylvinite has a lower content of rubi­

dium, the mean content of 43 g/tn in red and ban­ ded sylvinite and 30 g/tn in multi-colour sylvinite. Minimum content of this mineral is characteristic of salt rock (<1 g/tn). The carnallite rock of the lowest beds of carnallite zone has the richest con­ tent of rubidium (beds Б and B), upward along the section its content is diminishing and decreasing by 2—3 times (beds Ж, 3, K). The confirmed re­ serves of rubidium oxide in carnallite rocks amount to more than 845 thou tn.

Five strontium fields — three in underground waters, one manifestation and one large field (Mazuevsky) in Lower-Kama deposits — are known in Perm Krai. Mazuevsky field is situated in Kishert district and tectonically is in the zone where the Rus­ sian plate joins the Pre-Ural foredeep.

Mineralization is situated in the vicinity of the rupture deformation and belongs to the contact of Mesozoic carbonate metasomatites and the sand­ stones of the Koshelevsky suite. The field includes two ore-bearing deposits. The upper bed, coming out to the surface, is 1.2—30 m thick (the mean value is 14 m). The ore is represented by clay-car­ bonate breccia of gray, dark-gray and yellowishgray color with celestite (SrS04) impregnations of 0.04—0.2 mm in size. The content of SrO is 1.1—

31.3%. The lower ore-bearing bed is located about 100 m deep. It is 16.0—30.5 m thick. The bed be­ longs to clay-carbonate breccias, located at the con­ tact of carbonate and sulphate rocks of the Kungur stage.

The field with the total area of 20 km2 is situated on five isolated places, at a distance of 0.5 — 1.0 km from each other. The most promising one is the site «Blizhniy Log» with highly workable ores, from which it is possible to produce «super-con­ centrate» with the celestite content of 99.6%. The reserves of C2 category amount to 15.2 ml tn of ore with the average celestite content of 17.6% (1.1 ml tn of SrO). The predicted resources of categories Pj+P2 are estimated in the amount of 58 ml tn (5.6 ml tn of SrO).