книги / Минерально-сырьевые ресурсы Пермского края

141 fields of sandy-gravel mixtures (SGM) are known in Perm Krai, within the territory of 25 dis­ tricts and Perm city and within four territories sub­ ordinate to town administrations. Half of these fields are situated in seven districts — Chussovoy (16), Kochyovo (13), Yuri a (11), Yussva (11), Kudymkar (10), Kossa (10) and Okhansk (10). Accu­ mulations of SGM are represented by alluvial, flu­ vioglacial and elluvial formations.

The Summary Balance of Perm Krai includes 47 of SGM fields, the largest of them (with the reser­ ves of A+B + Cj categories in the amount of 5 ml m3) are Orlinsky (27.7 ml m3, Ussoljye dis­ trict), Chussovsky (27.6 ml m3, Chussovoy district), Kalinsky (17.2 ml m3, Chussovoy district), Tabor-

sky (6.8 ml m3, Okhansky district), Solikamsky (6.2 ml m3, Solikamsk district), Antybarsky (5.1 ml m3, Chussovoy district) and Khmelyovsky (5.1 ml m3, Nytva district). The total reserves of A+B+Ci categories amount to 92.8 ml m3 and 81.4 ml m3 of SGM of C2 category.

Thirty fields with the total reserves in the amount approximately 70% ofthe total value are used. Twelve enterprises take part in the operation of the SGM fields, the largest of which are «The Head Kama Shipping company» (9 fields), JSC «Port Perm» (5 fields) and «Port Lyovshino Ltd.» (8 fields). With existent output of working enterprises Perm Krai is provided with the commercial reserves of SGMs for 17years.

Mineral resources for the production of glass are present in the forms of sands (alluvial and fluviogla­ cial quartz ones) and marshallites. The State Balance does not include reserves of sands and marshallites in Perm Krai and correspondingly they are not used, although the Vsesvyatsky field of marshallites (Gornozavodsk district) and quartz sands in the area of the town of Suksun were exploited in the 20—40s of the last century, and the produced raw material was used at Sylva and Sartinsky glass plants.

Glass (quartz) sands in Perm Krai rarely form accumulations of commercial value. The largest field is Gubdor field (Cherdyn district). But the fact that distinct regularities of space distributions of areas with sands applicable for the production of glass are absent makes it difficult to estimate the reserves of that field. The main impurity of glass/quartz sands is hydroxides of ferrum, which is a component of the

heavy fraction and in small quantities is present in the form of thin layers on quartz grains.

Marshallites are discovered in some fields of Gornozavodsk district, part of them are noncommercial fields (Kyrmisky Rudnik, Vsesvyatsky, Pesky). The largest field of this useful mineral is noncommer­ cial field Kyrimsky Rudnik, deposits of which form strips and lenses stretching in meridian direction. They are from 3 to 100 and more meters thick. The colour of marshallites is snow-white, grayish-white, light yellow, brown, sometimes brown and spotty. The upper part ofthe deposit bedding 50—70 m deep is, as a rule, absolutely clean and of snow-white co­ lour. The mean chemical composition of the white variety of marshallites is Si02 —92.10%, Fe20 3 — 0.22%, A120 3 —4.82%. The authors (non-approved) reserves of white marshallites of B+C|+C2catego­ ries amount to 1.6 ml tn.

160 fields of building stones have been discovered in Perm Krai, the State Balance has registered 25 of them. The useful ones are present in the form of ba­ sic and acid intrusive rocks and sedimentary car­ bonate rocks as well. Almost all large fields are si­ tuated in the eastern part of Perm Krai (Krasnovishersk, Gornozavodsk, Lysva districts and territories subordinate to the towns of Alexandrovsk, Kizel, Gubakha, Gremyachinsk).

The summary reserves of the useful rocks

of this type of A+B+C] categories amount to 698.4 ml m3 and 188.2 ml m3of the category C2. The allocated fund includes 11 fields with the reser­ ves of A+B+C| in the amount of 111 ml m3 (about 16% of the total reserves) and 5.7 ml m3 of the category C2. The building stone is quarried by the following enterprises: «Zapaduralnerud Ltd.» (Southern-Chussovoy, Lunjevsky and Utyossovsky fields), «Gremyachinsk Quarry Office Ltd.» (Zagotovkinsky field), JSC «Chussovskoy Metal-

lulaical plant» (field Belyi Kamen), «Permavtodor», RMCD «Oktyabrsky» (Istyakovskv field), JSY « Fillipovskv Quarry» (Gamovo field), «Stroiupravleniye Л- 911» (Dubovsky field), «КАТЕК Ltd.» and «Teplogorsky Quarry Ltd.» (Lomovsky field). Perm Krai is provided with commercial re­

Some off-grade useful minerals and wastes from the processing ot'other types of raw materials can be used as building stones and concrete aggregates, I hey are described in the sections «Facing and wall stones», - Limestone for roasting to produce con­ struction time ^Limestone for chemical indu,try», «Fluxes», «Resource of wood-pulp and paper in­ dustry», «Refractory materials», «Raw materials for producing cernent».

In Perm Krai there are a lot of carbonate and clay deposits that might be used as a cement raw material. But only two deposits have been registered in the State Balance of cement raw materials (Novo-Pa- shiya in Gornozavodsk district and Kishert in Ki-

shert district) where the reserves of both components have been explored. The deposits have reserves of limestone and clay of A+B4-C) categories in the amount of 134.0 ml tn, and 164.9 ml tn of C2 category. 93.8% of the reserves are in the distributed fund.

On the territory of Perm Krai over 90 diamondiferous fields have been explored, which are situated in Krasnovishersk (35), Gornozavodsk (24), Cherdyn (10), Chussovoy (4) and Lysva (2) districts, as well as on the territories subordinate to the towns: Alexandrovsk (12), Gremyachinsk (2), Gubakha (1) and Kizel (1). Today only eight diamond deposits that have been registered bythe State Balance of Reserves are considered to be commercial fields. Different genetic types of placers represent them. Each of them includes from one to three pillar placers, and some of them besides contain technogenous placers.

Commercial diamond deposits of Perm Krai are concentrated in Vishera (six placers) and Yaiva (two placers) diamondiferous provinces. The ratio of dia­ mond reserves of the categories B+Ci+C2in these districts is 9 : 2.

Vishera diamondiferous province is situated with­ in Cherdyn and Krasnovishersk administrative districts, in an interfluve of the middle sections of Vishera and Yazva rivers. Tectonically it is confined to Kolchim and Tulym-Parmin anticlines of Polyu- dovo-Kolchim anticlinorium in the northern part of the Western-Urals folding zone. All commercial dia­ mond deposits of the district are concentrated in the basin of three tributaries of the Vishera and Yazva riv­ ers. They form independent placer centers. They are Bolshe-Shchugorsky and Bolshe-Kolchimsky cen­ ters in the basins of Bol. Shchugor and Bol. Kolchim

rivers (the left tributaries of the Vishera river) and Severo-Kolchimsky center in the basin of the Sev. Kolchim river (a right tributary of the Yazva river).

Bolshe-Kolchimsky placer center is represented by alluvial valley and terrace placers of the Bol. Kol­ chim river and its right tributary — the Churochnaya river with its tributary Rassolnaya. Valley placers are of Holocene age and have a ribbon form in the plan and a bedded form in the section. The length of the placers is 4—24 km, the mean width — 87—170 m. Placers of the terraces I—V are of the PleistocenePliocene age and are placed as fragments at four are­ as. They have ribbon form in the plan and a bedded form in the section, the length is from 1.1 to 8.2 km, the mean width — from 90 to 150 m. Diamondifer­ ous bed of the «sands» of the valley and bench pla­ cers has been composed of polymictic alluvial gra­ vel-pebble sediments with sand, clay and the boul­ ders of sandstone and conglomerates. The mean thickness of the «sands» stratum in the valley pla­ cers is 2.1—4.1 m, in the bench— 1.7—5 m. Diamondiferousity of «sands» is not persistent. In the val­ leys longitudinal profile an increase of contents, presence and a mean mass of diamonds have been registered, when moving from the lower to the mid­ dle section of Bolshoy Kolchim, and then higher against the streams of the Churochnaya and Rassol­ naya rivers. In the valleys’ cross sections the signifi­ cance of these parameters are increasing from the

riverbed and the flood plain to the high terraces, and in the vertical section —to the base of the produc­ tive stratum. Diamond distribution in the placers is phacoid-current and seated. The length of enriched currents and lenses is 0.2—2.0 km with the width of 40—250 m, seat concentration have oval form and sizes of 30x60 m.

Severo-Kolchimsky placer center is represented by the valley and terrace alluvial placers of Sev. Kolchim river and its left tributaries as Svetly stream, the Ilia-Vozh and Poludenny Kolchim rivers. Be­ sides, the placers of a complex proluvial-deluvial and deluvial-alluvial genesis have been explored in the local Svetlinskaya and Ilia-Vozh karst-erosional de­ pressions inherited by the valleys of Svetly stream and the Krivaya river.

Valley placers of the Sev. Kolchim, Ilia-Vozh, Poludenny Kolchim rivers are of the Holocene age and belong to the alluvial perstratum type (alluvium of the middle parts of valley) with the normal alluvi­ um thickness. They have got a ribbon form in the plan and bedded form in the section. It is 4.3— 24.2 km long with mean width of 150—200 m. Alluvi­ al pebbles with gravel and boulders in argillaceous sand or sandy clayhave composed the productive bed of «sands» with the thickness of 2.0—2.3 m. Depres­ sion placers of Svetly stream and the Krivaya river are of the Neogene-Quaternary age. They are polygenetic and belong to a construtive type (with nor­ mal vertical section) with an increased thickness of the sediments. They have a ribbon form in the plan and bedded form in the section, the length is 2.9 and 4.2 km, the mean width is 100—315 m. A diamondiferous bed is represented by the Neogene alluvial argillaceous pebbles, the Neogene-Pleistocene del- luvial-proluvial sandy clays with lenses of alluvial pebbles, as well as by the Pleistocene alluvial peb­ bles with boulders in sandy clay. The mean thickness of «sands» is 4.3 and 7.1 m.

Terrace placers of the Severo-Kolchimsky center are situated as scattered on four areas. The largest are Sputnik-II and Sputnik-I deposits in the middle and lower sections of the valley of the Ilia-Vozh riv­ er represented by the placers of the terraces III—V and I—V. The placers have a ribbon and lenticular form in the plan and bedded form in the section, the length is 1.2—3.5 km, the mean width is 40—400 m. A diam ondiferous bed is represented by the Pliocene-Pleistocene alluvial gravel-pebble sedi­ ments with boulders in sandy clay, as well as deluvi­ al-alluvial pebbles and proluvial-deluvial clays with crushed rock and pebbles lenses. The mean thick­ ness of «sands» is 4.8 and 2.9 m.

Di ii ioud distribution in placers is not homogè­ ne x* bi longitudinal profile of Ilia-Vozh — oe- vc I ( tv K.ol'-h• 'T>channel the contents, occurrence and

in g agai.« *downstream of the Sev. Kolchim river. Some lo c a l d i a m o n d h e t o u s splashes have been registered against t h e background of such tendency. In a cross direction of valleys the decreasing of diamondiferous parameters has been registered at the section from the water-meadow placers to the terraces III or IV and their sharp increasing at the placers of the terra­ ces IV or V. Diamond distribution in valley placers is of current, lenticular and seat types. The sizes of the enriched currents vary from 750x60 m to 2200x50— 210m. The sizes of lenticular and seat accumulations are from 270—290x20—30 m to 70—80x10—15 m.

Bolshe-Shchugorsky placer’s center is represen­ ted by the valley and terrace alluvial placers of the Bol. Shchugor river and its left tributary the Volynka river, as well as by deluvial-proluvial and deluvialalluvial placers of the karst-erosional depressions situated at near-watershed part of the valley left slope of the main river.

Valley placers of the rivers Bol. Shchugor and Volynka have a ribbon form in the plan and bedded form in the section, 27 and 1.5 km long with the width from 20 to 250 m (80 m in the average). A bed thickness of «sands» varies in the range of 0.5— 8 m, making up 2.4 m in average. Gravel-pebble sedi­ ments represent a diamondiferous alluvium with the boulders in sandy clay. Diamond distribution in pla­ cers is of the current, lenticular and seat types.

Terrace placers are situated on two areas of the valley of the Bol. Shchugor river. They are confined to the local karst-erosional depressions of the Neo­ gene-Quaternary age. The first area is represented by the polygenetic placers of the terraces I—V of the Volynka river; the second — by the Left bank allu­ vial placer of the terraces III—V of the Bol. Shchugor river. The placers have a ribbon, lenticular and man­ tel-shaped forms in the plan, 0.24—6.7 km long with the mean width of 50—850 m. The productive stratae have got a constrative structure and consist of three horizons. The lower horizon is composed of the Pliocene yellow-coloured alluvial argillaceous-sandy pebbles; the middle one — of the Pliocene red-co­ loured deluvial-proluvial sandy clays with the rock debris, boulders and pebbles; the upper one — of the Pliocene deluvial-proluvial and lacustrinedeluvial sandy clays, rock debris and pebbles. The mean thick­ ness of «sands» is 10.4 and 6.9 m.

Near-watershed Rassc^nlnjkaya and Vogul pla­

ture of the western edge ci Lu* Lhchugor erosionalstructural depression at ne/ - -.vatershed part of the left slope of the Bol. Shchugor ever valley. Rassolninskaya depression’s placer is 2.8 km long and with the mean width of 200 m and consists of horizons of three different ages, which form persistent deposit of the lenticular form in the plan and in the section. The lower horizon is composed of yellow-coloured alluvial argillaceous-sandy pebbles (the Neogene); the middle one — of grey-red-coloured deluvial-pro­ luvial and lacustrine-deluvial sandy clays (the Neo­ gene); the upper one — of deluvial-alluvial and allu­ vial argillaceous pebbles (the Pleistocene). Vogul placer consists of a single productive bed of a len­ ticular form. It is 1.6 km long with the mean width of 240 m and it is composed of sandy clays and argil­ laceous sands with debris of sandstone. The mean thickness of «sands» is 4.7 and 5 m.

Diamond distribution is not homogeneous. Along the strike of Rassolninskaya depression the increase of contents and mean masses of diamonds has been registered from the upper and lower flanks to the middle expanded part. But in the Vogul depres­ sion, on the contrary, the diamondiferousity is in­ creasing from the middle poor place to the north­ ern and southern flanks of the placer.

«Ishkov place» deposit is considered to be of a construtive type of the ancient buried alluvial pla­ cer of Devonian age. The placer is situated at the watershed of the rivers Bol. Shchugor and Dresvianka (the left tributary of the Volynka river) in the limits of the late-Mesozoic planation surface. The placer is confined to the rare-pebbled con­ glomerates’ lens of a basal part of Takatinsky suit of the lower-Devonian. The lens is of 700 m long with outflow of 20—90 m wide and it is bedded with mo­ nocline dip to the east at the angels of 12—15°. The placer has a lenticular form in the plan and the section, 410 m long, the mean width is 73 m. Diamondiferous bed of the mean thickness 3.8 m is composed of sand-argillaceous conglomerates pro­ ducts of weathering and sandstone of the Takatinskaya suit.

«Uralalmaz Priisk Ltd.» has developed all placers of Vishera district. By today many placers of the area have been exhausted. The exception is the placers of Ilia-Vozh and Vogul depressions, the Left bank placer of the terraces III—V of Bolshoy Shchugor river, isolated areas of the pillar placers in the main rivers’ valleys, as well as the technogenous placers

represented by piles of drag and hydro-mechanical exploitations of the pillar placers.

Yaiva diamondiferous area is situated in a midchannel basin of the Yaiva river (the Kama river left tributary) and belongs to the géomorphologie area of indigenous mountains of the Urals western slope. In tectonic relation it is placed in the limits of the Kizel structure of the Western-Urals folding zone. Diamondiferous alluvium has been prospected in the valley of the main Yaiva river and its tributaries Chikman, Chanva, Kad, Ulvich. But commercial placers registered by the State Balance of Reserves have been explored only in the valleys of Chikman and Chanva rivers.

The Chikman placer is situated within 20 km area of the mid-channel and downstream of Chikman ri­ ver and a near-mouth part of the Talitsa river —its left tributary. The placer is polygenetic and has a complicated genesis. The valley and Quaternary al­ luvial placers of the terraces I—IV, as well as the an­ cient buried placers that form multilayer construc­ tive section of the increased thickness represent it. The lower horizon of the buried placers is represen­ ted by the Oligocène alluvium or Miocene prolu­ vium, middle horizon — by the Pliocene alluvium, and the upper one — by the Pleistocene alluvium. Horizons of different ages form one persistent de­ posit, which has a ribbon form in the plan and bed­ ded in the section, it is 19.6 km long with the mean width of 216 m and the mean thickness of 5.9 m. Alluvial and deluvial-alluvial gravel-pebble sedi­ ments with the boulders in sandy clay are diamon­ diferous, as well as proluvial and deluvial clays with rock debris, boulders and rare pebble. Diamond dis­ tribution in the placer is strae and lenticular-strae. In a valley’s longitude profile we have registered the wave-shaped change of contents, occurrences and vertical diamond reserves against the background of common tendency of diamondiferous parameters in­ crease from the upper and lower areas of the placer to the middle one. Local splashes/peaks of diamon­ diferousity have been registered in the areas of val­ ley’s intersection with the tectonic rupture. But in the cross sections of the valley the diamondiferous­ ity is decreasing when we move from the flood plain to the terraces I and II which is followed by the in­ crease in the direction of the placers of the terraces

IIIand IV.

Chanva placer is situated in the up-stream valley

of the Chanva river and is represented bythe Quater­ nary alluvial placers —the valley placer and the pla­ cer of above flood plain terrace I. The placer has a rib­ bon form in the plan and the bedded in the section

15.2 km long with the mean width of 106 m. Diamondit’erous bed of «sands» with the thickness of 3.1 m is composed of alluvial boulder-gravel-pebble sedi­ ments in clavey-sandy filler. Inhomogeneous dia­ mond distribution in a placer is of a seat-stria type.

«Chikman Ltd.» exploits Chikman placer of Yaiva district, and Chanva deposit is being explored and will be mined by «Priisk Alexandrovsk Ltd.».

Diamonds of the commercial placers in Vishera and Yaiva districts have got high quality characte­ ristics and generally belong to jewellery and high quality technical sorts. The ratio of diamond output of those two sort groups in isolated placers varies from 84 : 16to 26: 74%. The crystal mass varies from 0.8 to 2229.6 mg, with the mean mass — from 57 to 238 mg in Vishera area and 40—55 mg in Yaiva one.

The majority of diamonds (70—91.4%) belongto the colourless varieties, but the number of absolutely colourless diamonds of «the first water» does not exceed 30—60%. More often colourless diamonds

have yellowish, greenish,yellowish-greenish, bluish, pinkish and greyish shades. Crystals with vividly ex­ pressed yellow, green and smoke-coloured colora­ tion are considerably less in number. White, pink, orange, g: ev and black diamonds are very rare.

Cryst.d habitus is characterised by the sharp pre­ dominance of dodecahedroids (78.6—92.6%), less crystals oi a transition form from octahedrons to dodecahedroids, even less crystals of octahedrons, octahedroids, laminar octahedrons and hemimorphic forms. Octahedrons have the maximum big size and the maximum mean mass (except laminar).

Indestructibility of diamonds is high: an amount of safe crystals is 60.8—87.6%, debris and frag­ ments — 12.4—39.2%. Cracks are rather often ob­ served on the surface and inside the crystals. Up to 50% of crystals contain different minerals inclu­ sions, black inclusions of graphite confined to joints predominate. A diamond, an olivine, a garnet, a diopside and an enstatite represent colourless inclu­ sions.

Blue anhydrite (Bergamo marble) is a colour va­ riety of anhydrite rock consisting of anhydrite with argillaceous admixture and other substancies. This anhydrite can be used in a stone-cut business (manufacturing of art and utilitarian articles) and possibly in the building materials industry (panels and tile for facing interiors).

Its manifestations are often met at the gypsumanhydrite deposits of Perm Krai but due to a small amount they have no any practical commercial sig­ nificance. In 1979—1984 near the settlements Krasny Yasyl and Vtorye Kyuchiki of Orda district the beds of blue anhydrite have been discovered in the course of prospecting of gypsum in the series of

wells. This manifestation has not got a status of a deposit yet, but in connection with its huge specula­ tive resources later it is called with a code name of Krasny Yasyl deposit.

Rather persistent beds of blue anhydrite represent a deposit with a thickness of 5—12 m (28 m in a sin­ gle case), traced to the distance of 4.5 km. The struc­ ture of blue and bluish-grey anhydrite is fine-grained, and felted, of reticulate texture when studied with a microscope. Polished samples resembles in appea­ rance blue marble. Inhomogeneous arrangement of thin veinlets of grey and dark-grey clayey dolomites give a specific colouring. Speculative resources of P2 category blue anhydrite amount to 80 ml tn.

Pink selenite, brown, white, colour and grey gyp­ sum are distinguished among semi-precious gypsum.

Pink selenite is present in the form of concor­ dant, cross, single and compound veins of 3—17 cm thickness. Veins’ form in the plan can be right-an­ gled, polygonal, ribbon-shaped, cottage loaf type, with a length of to 29 m at the width of several me­ ters. Pink selenite is a code name, as besides pink the other colours like light-pink, cream-pink, cream are characteristic of it as well. The main selenite me­ rit is its colour together with the silky lustre.

Brown gypsum is present in a form of concor­ dant interbeds, beds and strata from 0.1 to 2.6 m thick (0.4 m in average). In the plane the bodies of that industrial gypsum type have got an irregular ribbon­ like and angular forms of 3 to 25 m size, making up 8 m in average. The distance between the brown gyp­ sum bodies along the lateral is 0.5—13.0 m. Brown gypsum texture is massive, sometimes mottled, mot- tled-stratified and reticulate. The structure is cryp­ tocrystalline, felty in combination with lamellar structure when studied with microscope. Grain

size of lamellar gypsum is 0.01—0.1 mm. Brown gypsum colour is heterogeneous, varying from lightand dark-brown, through dark-grey with a bluish shade to light-grey. The colour distribution deter­ mines massive, stratified-mottled and reticulate tex­ tures.

White gypsum is present as massive formations in a form of heads and their intergrowth. Heads are spheroid bodies with a diameter of 5 -7 0 cm having zonal structure. Heads intergrowthes have got spe­ cific names reflecting their form («chairs», «tables», «posts», etc.). Intergrowthes’ cross size reach 4.5 m (usually 1.4 m) and mass — up to 4—5 tn.

Grey gypsum forms beds, lenses and bodies of an irregular form of different sizes. Beds’ extend up to 200 m and are of 50—100 m width. Their thickness is several meters (the mean value — 5 m). Rock texture is mottled sometimes transiting to mottled-stratified. The most valuable are the grey gypsum areas with small spots (0.1 —1.5 cm). Grey gypsum structure is inequigranular, fineand medium-grained, felty, pal­ mate, scaly, porphyroblastic. Palmate and scaly struc­ tures predominate, grain size is from 0.01 to 0.3 mm.

Colour gypsum (yellow, red, orange and pink shades) like a white one is present in a form of heads and their intergrowthes in a grey reticulate and

large-reticulate gypsum. According to its content and texture-structural peculiarities this type is similar to white gypsum.

In Perm Krai there are 86 known deposits of in­ dustrial gypsum, including six commercial and 43 non-commercial ones as well as 37 manifesta­ tions. Almost all of them are situated in Orda and Kungur districts. The most saturated with the in­ dustrial gypsum deposits is Kungur-Orda gypsi­ ferous area.

Six industrial gypsum deposits have been regis­ tered by the Summary Balance of industrial stones. They are the following: Fedorovo (selenite, brown and white gypsum), NaShumu (selenite, brown gyp­ sum), Denisovo (selenite, brown gypsum),Yakovlevo (grey and colour gypsum), Yegorshiny Yamy (white gypsum), Odinovo (white gypsum). Industrial gypsum summary reserves of B+C|+C2 category amount to 259.86 thou tn, including resources of pink selenite of Ci+C2 category in the amount of 15.74 thou tn; brown gypsum of C|+C2 category in the amount of 37.8 thou tn; white gypsum of Ci+C2 category in the amount of 18.63 thou tn; grey indust­ rial gypsum of B+C|+C2 category in the amount of 184.56 thou tn; colour gypsum of C2 category in the amount of 3.14 thou tn.

Uvarovite is a chrome-calcium garnet of emeraldgreen colour. It is a typical mineral of the majority of chromite-bearing Urals massivs. But the most ef­ fective and well-defined crystals of that mineral are characteristic for the Saranov chromite deposits’ group described in the «Chrome» section. Garnet was formed under the influence of hydrothermal so­ lutions on chromite ores. At the Saranov deposit uvarovite manifestations are confined to the system of sub-parallel ruptures. It is interesting that chemi­ cal content of Saranov deposit uvarovite contains only 50—80% of the proper uvarovite molecule, the rest is grossular. Similar content is characteristic to garnets formed in high-alumina chromite ores.

Uvarovite crystal sizes are not often bigger

than 1 mm. Individual crystals up to 3—9 mm are rare. According to A. E. Fersman and M. Bower classification this mineral belongs to gems of the second order, according to E. Y. Kievlenko — to the third one. Its beautiful colour and lustre inten­ sity are not worse than those of demantoid garnet, the most expensive one, but because of its small grain sizes it is usually used in a form of decorative druse.

Uvarovite is not a subject of independent exca­ vation, but it can be selected in the chromite ores’ mining process as an associated mineral. Lumps of ore with Saranov uvarovite are the most beautiful pieces of all largest Russian and world’s mineralogical museum collections.

In Perm Krai there is one manifestation and one deposit (Olkhovskoye) of these mineral resources.

Olkhovskoye deposit is situated in the eastern part of Krasnovishersk district. It is confined to the

schist of lower Isherim sub-suit of the upper-Pro­ terozoic, which include quartz-veined bodies with rock crystal and citrine. Citrine crystals are of gol­ den-wine-yellow colour up to 50 cm long. Druses

RESOURCES OF MINERAL R A W

Agnvt.ra

Т1»'Л deposit is registered as a reserve one. possibility of its exploitation is problematic is situated in the limits of the Vishera pre-

MATERIALS FOR AGRICULTURE

Carbonate rocks for soils' reduction. There are 88 carbonate fields in Perm Krai, including 39 depo­ sits for chemical processing of sour soils. Produc­ tive deposits of carbonate rocks have bedded, man­ tel-like and lenticular shapes. Sharashinskoye and Kholodny Klyuch are large deposits of proper car­ bonate agricultural products (limestone, dolomite). Total reserves of A+B+Ci category agriculture ma­ terials amount to 129.5 ml tn and 53.6 ml tn of cate­ gory C2.

Sharashinskoye deposit (Kishert district) is rep­ resented by a formation (36.4—78.8 m) of massive and indistinct-laminated organic limestone of the Artin stage and stratified chemogenic carbonate rocks of the Kungur stage. Limestone chemical com­ position (%) is CaC03 — 52.23—55.30; MgC03 — 0.16-1.90; R2O S - 0.06-10.00; SiOz - 0 .2 9 - 4.98; I.R. (insoluble residue) — 0.40—2.37. Balance reserves of B+Ci category amount to 17.7 ml tn and 8.0 ml tn of C2 category. The deposit is not ex­ ploited.

In Perm Krai 180 deposits and manifestations of aim and peat-aim have been explored. But the Ba­ lance of Perm Krai reserves (Ossintsevskoye, Remgino, Teless, Eriomino, Makhtiatskoye and so on) has registered only 17 deposits of calcic tuff with the

content of CaC03+M gC03 in aim amount to 34.2— 90.4%. The largest is Ossintsevskoye deposit situa­ ted in Kishert district. Interbedding of aim and peatalm beds and lenses has composed the effective rock mass (a sheet-like deposit) with a mean thickness of3 m. Balance reserves ofA+B+Cj category amount to 8.5 ml tn and 2.8 ml tn of C2 category.

The total aim and peat-aim reserves of A+B+Q category amount to 130.0 ml tn, C2 category — 53.6 ml tn.

Sapropel. Sapropel reserves have been investiga­ ted poorly. The Balance of Perm Krai reserves has registered six deposits represented by sapropel of or­ ganic, organic-silicate, silicate and carbonate clas­ ses. The largest sapropel accumulation is Tuino de­ posit (Tuino Lake, Oktyabrsky district). The sapro­ pel thickness in some places reaches 12.1 m (the mean value is 6.5 m). Deposit reserves of C2 catego­ ry amount to 2.42 ml tn.

The rest deposits are small (area — 3—9 ha, deposit thickness — 1—5.5 m, reserves of C2 cate­ gory — 21— 144 thou tn). Total sapropel reserves of C2 category amount to 2.9 ml tn in Perm Krai. Spe­ culative resources (generally of P3 category) have been estimated in the amount of 192.8 ml tn. De­ posits are not exploited on the commercial basis.

The Sharashinskoye limestone deposit (des­ cribed in the «Agriculture materials» section) has been registered in the Summary Balance of reserves as carbonate raw material for feeding agricultural ani­ mals and birds. Only pseudo-oolite limestone com­ posing the upper section of productive deposit with

8 m thickness and the isolated areas bedded under the reefogeneous limestones can be used for feeding.

Approved limestone reserves, useful for feeding agricultural animals and birds of B+Cj category amount to 6.1 ml tn. Resources are registered in the State Reserves.

The speculative resources of the subsurface wa­ ters (SRGW) of Perm Krai amount not less than 6.5 ml m3/day by very careful estimations, which is

by an order magnitude greater than a figure of the total accounted water-expenditure in Perm Krai (sur­ face and subsurface waters). And the actual volume

of subsurface waters’ рю-.Ьс '■ n does not exceed 6% of the resources’ p oterr

On the territory of Per;*? гл; 100 fresh subsurface waters deposits have bee - ; j '• to adifferent deg­ ree. The discovered, prerhirVo nly estimated, exp­ lored and exploited opervi. i 4 . sources of the sub­ surface waters of these deposits have been evaluated in the amount to 1066 thou m*'/d a y , 636 thou m 3/ d a y out of which are the reserves ready for the commer­ cial and trial-commercial operation (exploited, ex­ plored and partially preliminarily estimated).

61 deposits with the total reserves of551 thoum2/day (inch 453 thou m2/day ready for commercial operation) have been commissioned, i.e. 51.7% ofthe total amount of reserves and 71.2% of commercial ones. The total production level of these deposits amounts only to 200thou m3/day, i.e. 36.3% ofthe value ofthe operating reserves of subsurface waters’ (SWOR) and 44.2% of the commercial, and related to the whole Perm Krai SWOR the numbers are even less: 18.9 and 31.4% cor­

cial exploitation) have been estimated 25 years ago. 17 deposits out of this number with reserves of 350 thou m3/day (250 thou m3/day of commercial reserves) have passed the 25 years term of exploi­ tation that requires the secondary expertise.

Besides the deposits, over 60 large water intakes with the approved extraction of subsurface waters with amount of over 1 thou m3/day (the total extrac­

tion —110—30thoum3/day) are in the exploitation, as well as a large number of small water intakes and single wells with the total water extraction from 70 to 150 thou m3/day according to different estima­ tion sources.

So on, the territory of Perm Krai the production volume of subsurface waters amount to over 400 thou m3/day (registered water extraction is 390 thou m3/day) with the account of all deposits, water intakes and single wells, the estimated and in­ spected reserves are not more than 50%.

As a whole the availability of PRGW in the amount which is by an order magnitude greater than the existing demand in economic-drinking waters and the amount of SWOS exceeding this require­ ment by 1.5 time, a share of subsurface waters in the balance of drinking expenditure amounts less than 40%. This figure is given with a share of Perm — over 2%, and on the other territory of Perm Krai is about 70%.

As a consequence of the irregular distribution of both PRGW and SWOS and of even more irregular distribution of customers, the possibilities of sup­ plying the population with standard subsurface wa­ ters of economic-drinking purpose are extremely different in different districts.

In general all the towns, settlements and watershort districts of Perm Krai (excluding Perm city) can be provided with the operating reserves of econo­ mic-drinking waters totally with a different level of economically allowable costs.

Within the limits of Perm Krai mineral curative and curative-table waters of different purposes have been explored and widely used.

Sulphate calcium, magnesium-calcium, sodiumcalcium, calcium-sodium waters with 2—5 g/1 mine­ ralization are confined to the Sheshmin terrigenous complex and the Kungur (Iren) sulphate-carbonate- terrigenous suite. They are opened by the wells of 50— 150 m deep and belong to the Krain, Kashin and other types similar to them in content. Waters of that class have been explored at the Verkhnye Mully, Shirokov, Polazna, Lesnaya Voda, Klyuchi, Govyrinsky deposits. The total operation reserves amount to 557 m3/day.

Chloride-sulphate and sulphate-chloride sodi­ um, calcium-sodium, sodium-calcium, magnesium-

calcium-sodium waters with 2.3—6.5 g/1 mineraliza­ tion are confined to Kazan-Tatar, sometimes to Sheshmin, terrigenous complexes. They are opened in the wells at the range of 50—200 m deep. By the content they belong to New-Izhevsk, Uglich, Khilovsky, Pheodossia and Otradnoye types and they have been explored in the deposits of Ust-Kachka, Ossa, Ananievo, Teplovo, Maiskoye. The total ex­ ploitation reserves amount to 382 m3/day.

Mineral waters of low mineralization, satura­ ted with hydrogen sulphide are confined to the mid­ dle-Carbonic —lower-Permian formation of carbo­ nate rocks. Their content is chloride-sulphate and sulphate-chloride with 3—8 g/1 mineralization and hydrogen sulphide content of 70— 190 mg/1. The wa­ ters have been explored at the Klyuchi deposit and

in Chemushka district. The total exploitation re serves amount to 805 nr' - day.

Besides the water types named above the pure hydro-carbonate sodium waters of the low minera­ lization (0.5 — 1.0 g/1) have been opened by many wells on a relatively small depths (80— 150 m) on the area of the Belebeevo water-bearing complex in the western part of Perm Krai (Yereshchagino. Ochyor, Karagay, Okhansk and Nvtva districts). They belong to mineral table waters of the stan­

waters.

On On whole Perm Krai has got practically un- l i m i i 1resources of mineral waters of sulphate, chlo­ ride-sulphate and sulphate-chloride content suita­ ble lor curative purposes and bottling, but demand in them remains very low.

Balneological waters. Balneological waters are mineral waters, which are used for the curative pur­ poses in the form of inhalations, baths and other procedures. Before 1930 on the territory of Perm Krai only the natural springs/discharges of hydro­ gen sulphide waters were known, used for balneo­ logical purposes at the Klyuchi resort (Suksun dist­ rict). Later in the course of oil prospecting these waters were explored practically in all the districts of Perm Krai, mainly in the lower hydrodynamic stage.

The composition of the balneological waters of Perm Krai is mainly of chloride-sodium, rarely of sulphate-calcium and sulphate-sodium types. Their mineralization varies from 15 to 300 g/1 and more. Diluted strong brines are used sometimes for the balneological purposes. Hydrogen sulphide, bro­ mine and iodine are therapeutically active com­ ponents of balneological waters. Concentration of hydrogen sulphide in the waters amounts to 1000 mg/1, bromine is up to 2000 mg/1, iodine is up to 100 mg/1.

In Perm Krai 15 manifestations and deposits of balneological waters have been explored. Ust-Kach- ka and Verkhnye Mully are the largest, the total ope­ ration reserves amount to 281 m3/day.

Balneological water reserves are in use at the Klyuchi and Ust-Kachka resorts, «rest homes» «Krasny Yar» and in Suksun settlement, at dispen­ saries like «Zhemchuzhina» (Ossa town), «Zdorovie» (OGED «Chernushkaneft»), «Krym» (JSC «Galogen»), «Chaika» (Tchaikovsky town), «Chai­ ka» (Polazna settlement), balneological clinic (Perm city), municipal hospital (Kungur town) and other health care clinics.

Fango. In Perm Krai the fangoes of spring, lake and swamp curative types are widely spread. Practi­ cally all fango types have the hydrogen sulphide.

Spring fango concentrations at the places of minera­ lized waters’ discharge having as a rule chloride-so­ dium, rarely sulphate-calcium composition are the most numerous. In spite of big numerous these fango accumulations feature relating small thickness and areas of presence.

On the territories of sulphate-salt karst develop­ ment (the Solikamsk and the Sylva depressions) silt fango concentrations in the places of brine dischar­ ges have been known for a long time. They are ex­ plored in the valleys of the following rivers: Kolva, Yazva, Visherka, Kosva, Ussolka, Borovitsa, Igum, Shakva, Lek and so on.

Fango concentrations are present in the karst lakes of the Iren and Sylva rivers, near the station Tabory, Klyuchanka settlement, Zaboloto and Durniata villages on the Pozhva river; Beriozovka village on the Kondas river and in other areas. The Kisloye lake belongs to this list as well. But the largest fango concentration seems to be Koch — the karst lake. It is situated in the valley of Pilva river at Ivanovskaya village.

Actually it is the dammed karst spring with hyd­ rogen sulphide sulphate-calcium water, with a small windmill working. The water of this lake is of bluish colour. It has got weak hydrogen sulphide smell, sul­ phate-calcium composition and 2.2 g/1 mineraliza­ tion.

A lot of old bed lakes with accumulation of silt sediments on their bottoms with a specific hydro­ gen sulphide smell are situated in Gainy and Cherdyn districts (near Pokcha village on the left bank of the Kolva river, in the valleys of Larevka, Yelovka, Beriozovaya, Visherka rivers and so on).

Accumulations of finely dispersed fango are dis­ covered on the peat deposits (e.g. suburbs of Krasnokamsk town), the deposits of aim and peat-aim