книги / Минерально-сырьевые ресурсы Пермского края

Г

Административный район, территория

Добрянекий

Чернушинский

Чусовской

Суксунский

Кунгурский

Кудымкарский

Юрлинский

Юрлинский

Кунгурский

Территория, подчиненная г. Березники

Ильинский

Юсьвинский

Березовский

Частинский

Территория, подчиненная г. Краснокамску

Территория, подчиненная г. Краснокамску

Красновишерский

Территория, подчиненная г. Александровску

Усольский

Усольский

Ординский

Нытвенский

Территория, подчиненная г. Краснокамску

Куединский

Чердынский

Добрянский

Березовский

Кудымкарский

Ординский

Perm Krai (PK) occupies the lands of north-eas­ tern part of the Russian State (formerly Veliky Novgorod’s volost), which were part of Perm Ve­ likaya in the 15th—16,h centuries.

The area of PK is 160.6 thou km2, which is a little less than 1% of the territory of the Russian Federa­ tion. The region is considerably larger than such neighboring states of the Russian Federation —the former republics of the USSR as Moldavia, Esto­ nia, Latvia, Lithuania, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaï­ djan, Tadjikistan. Some small European states, like Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland, Netherlands and Luxemburg, taken altogether would easily fit within its territory.

PK is situated on the eastern outskirts of the Russian Plain and on the western slope of the Ural Mountains, on the crossroads of two parts of the world — Europe and Asia. The region is situa­ ted in the heart of Eurasia, a significant distance from seas and oceans. Perm Krai territory is located practically entirely within the basin of the Kama River, the largest of Volga’s tributaries. The Kama River does not only consolidate the territory of Prikamie, but via a system of channels provides the water link to five seas: the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, the Caspian Sea, the Baltic Sea and the White Sea.

The region’s maximum length from the north to the south is 645.0 km and nearly 420.0 km from the west to the east. The extreme north tip of PKis 61°39'

north and the extreme south tip is 56°06' south, wes­ tern and eastern extreme tips are 51°47' west and 59°39' east, correspondingly.

PK borders upon two regions and three repub­ lics of RF, it borders on Komi Republic in the north, Sverdlovsk region in the east, Bashkortostan Repub­ lic in the south, and Udmurtia Republic and Kirov region in the west.

The location of the region within the temperate climatic zone, in zones of taiga and sub-taiga, the presence of geological rocks of different ages and origin, and the significant length in a meridian di­ rection create tremendous variety of topography and geographical conditions. That is an important pre­ condition for multilateral economical development and formation of regional economics.

The position of PK with regards to its neighbours can be considered favourable for functioning of the economy and expanding transport-economic rela­ tions. The region is crossed by two latitudinal rail­ way main lines and several oil and gas pipelines. The neighbours are conducive to economic development and at the same time provide good markets for Perm products.

Perm Krai includes Komi-Permyatsky National Okrug (KPNO). A dm inistrative centres of Perm Krai are Perm city and Kudymkar (KPNO). Today PK consists of 36 administrative districts, 25 towns, 56 town-type settlem ents and over 4000 villages.

The relief structure of PK is determined by the region’s location, which covers both the eastern part of Russian (Eastern-European) Plain and the Urals Mountains. Extensive lowlands, neighbou­ ring heights of equal area, characterize its western part (Preduralie). The mountain part of PK includes the western slope of the Urals and some isolated fragments of its central axis ranges in the far nor theast.

Preduralie is mainly represented by elevated, hilly, steeply sloping plains with average heights of 200—400 m above the sea level, with some indepen­ dent orographic formations — uplands. The frag­ ments of such largest uplands of the Russian Plain as Severnye Uvaly, Upper Kama, and Ufimsk Plateau belong to them.

Beside uplands, lowlands, consisting of a group of accumulative plains, occupy an important place

kilometers, are Kama-Keltminskaya, Veslianskava and Ya;;va-\rishera.

Urals. The mountain part of the region includes the western slope of the Urals and some separate fragments of its central axis ranges. The quality change of relief character on the transition part from Preduralie plains to a mountain range is expressed by a sharp strengthening of its contrast.

By the relief structure features the following parts have been distinguished within the territory of PK:

(he range-hilly low-mountains of Berezovka-Sred- nevisherskv Urals, the steeply sloping range low-mountains of the Middle and the Northern Urals and the middle mountains of the Nothern Urals.

The highest relief marks have been registered in the la r north-eastern mountainous part of Perm Urals (Tulynisky Kamen (Stone) — 1469 m, Muravjinv Kamen — 1351 m, Isherim — 1331 m, Vogulsky Kamen — 1066 m etc.). The characteris­ tic feature of a middle mountains relief is a signifi­ cant steepness and height of the slopes.

PK climate is characterised as a moderate-conti­ nental with long, cold and with a lot of snow winter and temperate-warm, relatively short summer.

Warm and humid air masses (cyclones) moving from the Atlantic Ocean makes the climate signi­ ficantly milder. But the course of that process is constantly interfered by invasions of the air mas­ ses from the North and the South in a form of anticyclones and cyclones. To the north, from in latitude 60—61° north (the latitude of Gainy and Krasnovishersk settlements), a cyclone type of cir­ culation is constantly predominate during the whole year.

Cyclone processes on the region territory are mostly connected with invasions of western and north-western cyclones. The advance of the sea air of temperate latitudes causes significant amount of precipitation, temperature rise in winter and tem­ perature falls in summer.

Monthly mean air temperatures have a distinctly expressed annual dependence with the maximum

value in July and the minimum in January. In the north of PK (Tulpan railway station) annual mean temperature is -0.7°C, monthly mean maximum is + 15.9°C, while the minimum is -17.4°C. The same values for the southern part (Nozhovka rail­ way station) are +2.1°C, +18.4°C, -14.6°C accor­ dingly.

In some years, January maximum and minimum surface air temperatures can reach +5°C and -54°C, accordingly. Moreover, such anomalous deviations of mean values are observed practically on the whole territory of the region and do not depend on the la­ titude.

The annual average amount of precipitation va­ ries from 450 mm in the west and south-west up to 1000 mm in the mountains and north-east section of the region. About 70% of this amount falls in the period from April to October, and approximate­ ly 30% from November to March..

The mean height of the snow cover is 60— 70 cm in the south and 80—100 cm in the north.

The surface waters of PK are represented by ri­ vers, lakes and reservoirs. The river network is well developed and belongs mainly to Volga basin. The average thickness of the stream flows is 0.5— 0.7 km/km2. The largest rivers are Kama (1805 km), Chussovaya (592 km), Sylva (493 km), Kolva (460 km) and Yaiva (304 km).

On the territory of the region the annual average module of flow changes from 6—7 1/s km2 in its southern part (the basins of the Bui and Bistry Tanyp Rivers) to 15—20 1/s km2 in the north-eastern section (the basins of the Vishera, Yaiva and Kosva Rivers).

More than 750 lakes are known on the territory

of the region. By the origin of basins, the majority of these lakes are either solution/sink lakes or oxbow lakes. The total area of the lakes is about 120 km2. About 85% of the total number is small re­ servoirs up to 10ha. The largest lakes are in the north of the region (km2): Chusovskoye (19.4), Bolshoy Kumikush (17.4), Novozhilovo (7.12), Nyukhty (6.3), Adovo (3.7). The deepest are the lakes of karst origin — Rogalek (61 m), Beloye (46 m), Bolshoye (30 m), situated in Dobrianka district.

Large lakes, as a rule, have ultra fresh water with 22—35 mg/1 mineralization. Mineralization of so­ lution lakes’ varies within the limits from 35 mg/1 to 20 g/1 and more.

Kama reservoir was filled in 1954, when the dam construction was finished in the boundaries of Perm city. The water elevation level was 22 m. At the nor­ mal backup water level of 108.5 m, the total reservoir area is 1910 km:, with a volume of 12.2 km3. The lar­ gest width of the reservoir is 14 km, while the maxi­ mum depth is 30 m. Water level variations within a navigation period come up to 1.5—2.0 m, and in win­ tertime is up to 7—8 m.

Votkinsk reservoir was created in 1962 as the re­

sult oMhe Kama River damming in the area of Saigatka \ illnge (now —the town of Chaikovsky). At a nor­ mal backup water level (+89 m) the reservoir area amounts to 1125 km2, with a volume of 9.3 km3. A backwater has gone up-stream for a distance of 365 km and reached the dam of Kama Hydropower LICCIMC station. The level of water elevation is 23 m. The reservoir has a relatively small width, 8—10 km, and in contrast to Kama reservoir has no big narrow bays. It is 28 m deep maximum.

Modern soil formation in the region is cha­ racterised by the development of two main pro­ cesses: podzolic and turfy. Podzolic soils are spread in the far north of the region, in the basins of the left-bank tributaries ofthe Kama River. To the south, from a latitude portion of Upper Kama, typical pod­ zols are gradually being replaced by turfy-podzolic soils. Grey forest soils and black earth with deve­ loped podzols are spread within the area of Kungur forest-steppe, in Kueda and Chernushka districts.

Turfy-carbonate, turfy-clayey, swampy turfy, al­ luvial turfy (turfy-meadowed) are soils whose for­ mation is to a large extent connected with the local conditions but is unrelated to the zone (climatic con­

ditions). Their spreading is strictly regulated by the features of the geological-geomorphological struc­ ture of the territory. Mountain soils basically repli­ cate the zone types: in the low belt of gently inclined slopes podzolic, mountain podzolic, mountain turfypodzolic soils are developed, while close to the axial part of the Urals, with the elevation of slopes’ height and steepness, the basic soil type is brown mountainforest. Mountain meadow soils are developed at about 800—900 m heights above the sea level under sub-alpine meadows, small fragments of which oc­ cur in the mountains of the Northern and Middle Urals. Poor-developed tundra soils are the last in the range of mountain soils.

The modern state of vegetation in PK reflects both its zone and regional features, and the histo­ rical peculiarities of anthropogenic transformation. Forests are the main type of vegetation and cover over 70% of the regional territory. The wooded areas are situated mostly in the north and the east. To the south and west, forests are sharply redu­ cing. In some western districts woods make up only 15—20% of the land area.

Taiga (dark-coniferous) forests amount to about 5.5 million ha (66.1% of the total wooded area). They are formed by Siberian and European spruces, Siberian fir-trees and cedar pine, larch occurring sometimes. The northern part of Perm Krai is mostly middle, green-mossy taiga. The woods in this area are mainly spruce and spruce-fir. Together with these two main types come pine, birch and asp. There is practically no underbrush. To the south, from the line of Yurla — Chermoz — Kizel, middle taiga gradually changes into the southern darkmossy taiga. Lime appears among Siberian spruces

and fir-trees. Further to the south, it becomes a tree of the second occurrence forming the second tree layer of the forest. The number of fir-trees is in­ creased in stand of trees, while under a cover of trees an underbrush of deciduous bushes develops.

Approximately from 57° N (to the south from the town of Osa) spruce-wide-deciduous (sub-taiga) woods begin to appear. Here, the Lime layer is wide­ ly developed. Close to the lime many other European wide-deciduous kinds of trees like maple, elm (rough elm) and oak may also grow.

On sandy water-glacial sediments, and very old river terraces on very poor soils primary light-co­ niferous forests grow. They are formed of pine trees mainly (12% of forests area). Over half of pinewoods are concentrated in the south-west of the region in Gainy district. White-moss coniferous forests gene­ rally present woods.

In the south-east, one can find original pinewoods very similar to pine forests of the eastern slope of the Middle and Southern Urals and forest-steppe

into the heart of saved forest tracts. T h e iу pic a! inhabitants of forest-steppe areas have come nom the south-eastern parts of PK to take their place. A partridge, a lark, a hobby and a kastrel are con­ sidered to be the typical forest-steppe inhabitants. A steppe polecat, a white hare and a lox are ihe animals characteristic to forest-steppe and assimi­ lated lands.

The basis of the animal world of river and lakes' near-banks areas, flood-lands and swamps are se­ veral types of ducks and stints. A wild duck, a teal, a pintail, a tufted duck, a golden-eye etc. belong to the first group. The major part of stints (a curlew, a snipe, a great snipe, Tringla glareola etc.) keeps to the swamps. Gulls (7 types), grey cranes, grey he­ rons, hen-harriers and swamp harriers are widely spread. Mammals way of living maybe considered as vividly expressed near-reservoirs’ way are an otter, a mask-rat, a beaver, a mink, a marsh-otter and a wa­ ter rat.

A n im a l w orld o f the m ountain Urals in its low belt practically completely corresponds to the peculiarities of the specific composition of animals inhabiting the zone landscapes of the foothill plains. One can meet a sable in Vishera ba­

sin. Fauna representatives of the Pripolarny Urals change the typical forest inhabitants of the taiga zone in the area above the upper boundary of the forest — ui the belt of the mountain meadows and tundra. A white partridge becomes a pretty common inha­ bitant of the open spaces. Small groups of reindeers h a p p e n . In some years, during the winter migrations from the north a polar fox, the typical tundra beast, enters the territory of PK.

A ninial xuorld o f reservoirs in PK is variable and rich. Settled fish is prevailed. A bream, a pike, an ide, a roach, a perch, a burbot, a chub etc are common fish in big and middle rivers of the plain part of the region. A crusian and a line live in ponds and lakes. In the last years a carp has become a common in­ habitant of many reservoirs. A sheat-fish and a wild carp happens in a small amount and mainly in the Votkinsk reservoir. A sterlet inhabits in the up­ stream of Kama and in some parts of the river down from Perm city. A grayling is the relatively common fish in the mountain rivers of the region (Vishera, Berezovaya, Kosva, Yaiva, Tchusovaya, Usva etc.) and in some clear rivers of its plain part. A taimen lives in the largest rivers of the mountain Urals and its foothills.

Modern demographic situation in Perm Krai is characterised by depopulation that has started from the beginning of 1990s. In the period of 1995—2003 the population of Perm Krai has decreased by 224.2 thou people or 7.4% during. If before 2002 the natu­ ral diminution of the population was to some ex­ tent compensated by the migration inflow (which increased the population approximately by 22% in the last seven years), from 2002 the migration has become yet another source of depopulation in the region.

In 1992 the natural growth was changed by natu­ ral decrease, which reached maximum in 1994 (7.4 promil or 22.3 thou people). The natural loss of population is still increasing, as in the last years the total coefficient of death rate has been increa­ sing much faster than the total coefficient of birth rate, the positive dynamics of which has been re­ sumed since 2000.

The infant death rate is rather high. In 2003 it was 13.9 of dead before the age of 1 year per 1000 neonates. The given situation has been reflected in the shortening of the future average life expectancy

for neonates, which is the most integral parameter characterising the death rate in all age groups. In 2002 the average life expectancy for neonates was 56 years for men, and — 70 for women.

According to data on January 1, 2004, the share of able-bodied citizens in the total amount of the constant population of PK was 62.7%, population younger then able-bodied age — 18.3%, over ablebodied age — 19.0%. Women population is predo­ minant (53.8%).

PK is multinational. According to the data of Census’ 2002 people of over 120 nationalities lived on its territory. The most numerous are Russians (85.2% of the total population). Then follow Tatars (4.8%), Komi-Permiaks (3.7%), Bashkirs (1.4%), Udmurts (0.9%), Ukrainians (0.9%), Belorussians (0.4%), Germans (0.4%), Chuvashes (0.3%), Azerbaidjans (0.2%), Marii (0.2%), Armenians (0.2%), Jews (0.1%), Mordva (0.1%), Tadjiks (0.07%), Uzbeks (0.07%), Moldavians (0.07%), Georgians (0.06%), Kazakhs (0.03%) come. A share of the rest nationalities living in the region amount to 0.9%.