Index

A

Abnormal bones/soft tissues lines and tubes

PICC line, 135

right hemithorax, 135–136

right mainstem bronchus, 135–136 small bowel loops, 137, 138

Tube and Line Visualization

Software, 136–137 mechanism, 131

posterior chest wall/rib pain case bone destruction and process, 133 chondroblastoma, 135 differential diagnosis, 131

hilar mass, 132 lobulated mass, 134

positive spine sign/opacity, 132 secondary aneurysmal bone, 134

Abnormal lung patterns

abnormal lung parenchyma, 33 airway (bronchial) patterns

bronchial wall thickening, 96–100 bronchiolar, 99–104

complete obstruction, 89–95 forms and differential diagnosis, 89 mechanisms, 87

partial obstruction, 93, 95, 96 consolidation

air-space opacities, 51 blood (hemorrhage), 55, 56 cells (malignancy), 63, 64 consolidative model, 52–56 definition, 50

protein (secretions), 62–63 pus (exudate), 57–59

radiological findings/distribution, 51, 52 water (transudate), 59–62

interstitial

destructive fibrotic lung, 76–78 end stage/honeycomb lung, 65, 66 langerhans cell histiocytosis

(LCH), 78, 79

linear form (lines), 66–72 markings, 63, 65

nodular form (dots), 67–69, 72 radiological signs, 66 reticulo-nodular form, 72–76

mass

benign neoplasm, 47–49 congenital abnormality, 49–50 considerations, 34–36 granulomatous disease

(see Granulomatous disease) inflammation

(non-granulomatous), 47 malignancy, 36–42

opacity, 33, 34 parenchymal mass, 34

vascular pattern

conditions, altering vasculature, 80 emphysema, 87, 88

normal pulmonary markings, anatomic review, 78–80

PAH (see Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH))

pulmonary venous congestion, 86–87 Abnormal mediastinum

anterior mediastinal mass, 121–124 mediastinal enlargement, 126–129 middle mediastinal mass, 124

146

Abnormal mediastinum (cont.) posterior mediastinal mass, 125–126

radiological signs and mechanism, 121 Abnormal pleura

calcified plaque, 118–120 effusions vs. time, 109, 111–112 hydropneumothorax, 115–118 loculated fluid/pseudotumor, 112 pleural effusion, 107–109 pneumothorax, 115, 116

technique and positioning, 107, 110 thickening, 113–114

B

Bacterial pneumonia, 57 Benign neoplasm, 47–49 Bronchial carcinoid, 38

Bronchial wall thickening, 96–100 Bronchiolar, 99–104

C

Calcified plaque, 118–120

Chest imaging diagnostic algorithm (CIDA). See Parenchymal diagnostic algorithm

Chest primer presentation, 2, 13 Chest X-Ray (CXR)

anatomic regions, 2, 3 anatomy and terminology

(see Terminology and anatomy, CXR)

chest primer presentation, 2 decision tree algorithms, 4–8 parenchymal diagnostic

algorithm, 4–5 RoboChest website, 3–4

search patterns (see Search patterns) Chondroblastoma, 134, 135

D

Destructive fibrotic lung, 76–78

Digital solarization, 137

E

Emphysema, 87, 88

End stage/honeycomb lung, 65, 66

F

Fibrosing alveolitis, 76–78

Index

G

Germ cell tumor. See Teratoma Granulomatous disease

CAVITY mnemonic, 43 infectious diseases, 44–46 non-infectious diseases, 46 patterns and characteristics, 42–43

H

Hamartomas, 47–49

Hemopneumothorax. See Hydropneumothorax

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia, 50

Hilum/hila, 20, 25–26

Hydropneumothorax, 115–118

K

Kaposi’s sarcoma, 63, 64

L

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), 78, 79 Lobar atelectasis, 90–92

Lung parenchymal abnormalities.

See Abnormal lung patterns

M

Mach effect, 18–20 Mediastinum abnormalities.

See Abnormal mediastinum Middle mogul, 30, 81, 83, 84 Multiple metastatic mass, 37, 38

N

Nocardia, 47

O

Osler-Weber-Rendu disease. See Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia

P

PAH. See Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) PAP. See Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Parenchymal diagnostic algorithm, 4–5

PJP. See Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) Pleural abnormalities. See Abnormal pleura Pneumoconiosis, 73

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP), 75–76 Pneumonia, 57–59

Index

Pneumothorax, 115, 116 Primary lung carcinoma, 36–37

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), 62–63 Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)

adherent thrombus, 85

hypoxic vasoconstriction, 82–83 lung metastasis, 84

middle mogul, 81, 83, 84 mosaic attenuation, 84

MPA, pulmonary embolus, 83, 85 pruning, 81–82

pulmonary artery-aorta, 86 types of changes, 80

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (Pulmonary AVMs), 49–50

Pulmonary edema, 59–60 Pulmonary venous congestion, 86–87

R

RoboChest website, 3–4

S

Search patterns

(ABCDs)2 mnemonic, 9–10 applying mnemonic

chest primer presentation, 13 frontal/posterior-anterior

(PA) view, 11

147

interpretive approach, CXR, 10–11 lateral view, 12

comprehensive review, 9

Streptococcus pneumoniae, 57.

See also Pneumonia

T

Teratoma, 124

Terminology and anatomy, CXR chest imaging terminology, 15, 17–18

Mach effect, 18–20 mediastinal anatomy

elements, 19, 23–25 hilum/hila, 20, 25–26 pulmonary arteries and veins,

27, 28 mediastinal structures, 30

normal lung markings, 27–30 PA and lateral views, 15, 16 shoulder anatomy, 31

trachea and lungs appearance, 18, 21–22

Tree-in-bud appearance, 99, 102–104

Tube and Line Visualization Software, 136–137

X

X-Clometer, 111–112