Network Plus 2005 In Depth

852 Index

Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP), 330–331, 349 server_hello message, 642, 662

Server Message Block (SMB), 361, 411 server mirroring, 585–586, 610

server patterns, 465–466 servers, 9, 357

See also specific types of servers adding, 694

administrator password, 465 definition of, 27

disk controllers, 465 in eDirectory tree, 464 interface, 456

kinds of NICs, 465 name, 465 patterns, 465–466

protocols and network, 465 proxy, 631–632

service agreements, 695 service packs, 685–686, 701

Service Set Identifier (SSID), 272, 287 services list, supported, 544, 562 session, 58

session key, 650, 662 Session layer

definition of, 59

in OSI Model, 48–49

SFD (start-of-frame delimiter), 261, 263, 287 sftp hostname command, 644

SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol), 643–644, 662 shared Ethernet, 261, 287

shared file systems, 426 sharing

applications, 368–370 printers, 370–372

sheath, 83, 129 shell, 427, 446

shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable, 86–87, 90, 130 SIG (Bluetooth Special Interest Group), 275–277,

283

signal bounce, 247, 287 signal degradation, 112–113 signal level, 309, 349

signal propagation, 111–112

signaling, analog and digital, 64–69 signature scanning, 573, 610

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), 498–499, 520

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), 681, 698, 701

simplex communication, 70–71, 129 single-mode fiber (SMF), 94, 129 single point of failure, 217

site license, 369, 411 site selection, 557, 562

slash notation. See CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

sliding-window size, 139

SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol), 330–331, 349 slogin -l username hostname command, 643

slots, expansion, 195, 238

small office-home office (SOHO) routers, 228, 242 SMB (Server Message Block), 361, 411

SMF (single-mode fiber), 94, 129

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), 498–499, 520

snap-ins, 383, 411 sneakernet, 2, 27

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), 681, 698, 701

social engineering, 618, 654, 662 sockets

definition of, 188 and ports, 158–160

soft skills definition of, 27

developing, 18–19 softphone, 513, 520 software, 27

antivirus, 572–574, 603 changes, 684–692

client upgrades, 687–688

network operating system upgrades, 689–691 patches, 685–687

reversing software upgrade, 691–692 shared application upgrades, 688

configuring and installing NIC, 205–213 distribution, 16

and hardware of UNIX system, 418

installing and configuring NIC software, 205–213

license, 419

NetDrive software, 477

network monitoring software, 553 open source software, 419, 446 patches, 685–687

project management software, 673 reversing upgrades, 691–692 security risks, 620–621

upgrades, 699–700 software RAID, 587–588, 610

SOHO (small office-home office) routers, 228, 242 Solaris, 418–420

definition, 446

hardware requirements, 421–422 systems, 434–435

users and groups establishing on, 434–435

Solaris 10, 422

SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), 318–321, 349, 581

sort filename command, 429 sound card, 513

source code, 416 definition, 447

of UNIX systems, 420 source IP address, 144 source port, 138

spam, 27 SPARC, 447

spectrum analyzer, 557, 562 sponsors, 672–673, 701

spread spectrum, 113–114, 130

SPX (Sequenced Packet Exchange), 175, 188 ssh keygen command, 643

SSH (Secure Shell), 642–643, 661–662

SSID (Service Set Identifier), 272, 287

SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), 641–642, 661–662 -s switch

for nbtstat, 504 for netstat, 503

stackable hubs, 217, 242

staff members, involvement in troubleshooting, 542–543

stakeholders, 673, 701 standalone computer, 2, 27 standalone hubs, 216–217, 242 Standard Edition, 375

Index 853

standards, 32–36

See also specific types of standards definition of, 59

examination, 708–711

standby UPS (offline UPS), 578, 609–610 start-of-frame delimiter (SFD), 261, 263, 287 star topology, 249–250, 287, 295–297, 349 startx command, 429

star-wired bus topology, 287 star-wired ring topology, 250–251, 287 statements, true and false, 485

static ARP table entries, 147, 188 static IP address, 153, 188

static routing, 230, 242 station, 130

statistical multiplexing, 72–73, 130 stealth viruses, 571, 610

storage area network, 610

storage area networks (SANs), 593–594, 605, 610 store and forward mode, 242

store mode, 225

STP (shielded twisted-pair) cable, 86–87, 90, 130 straight-through cable, 106, 130

straight tip (ST), 130 striping, disk, 588 structured cabling, 100, 130 ST (Straight Tip), 130 subchannels, 72, 130

subnet masks, 152, 189, 484–487 subnets, 189, 488–491 subprotocols, 137, 189, 499

Subscriber Connector or Standard Connector (SC), 129

supernet, 491, 520 supernet mask, 491, 520 supernetting. See CIDR support

and accountability of UNIX system, 418 client support, 360

cost of, 81

Domain 4.0 Network Support, 713–714 firstlevel support analyst, 543 improving with certification, 20 technical support, 539

Technical Support Contacts Form, 744

technical support specialist of response team, 625

854 Index

supported services list, 544, 562 surge protectors, 577, 610 surges, 577, 610

surveillance cameras, 626–627

SVCs (switched virtual circuits), 303, 349 switched Ethernet, 261–262, 288 switched virtual circuits (SVCs), 303, 349

symmetric encryption (private key encryption), 637–638, 662

symmetric multiprocessing, 375, 411, 456 symmetrical DSL, 313, 349

SYN (synchronization), 40, 59

SYN-ACK (synchronization-acknowledgment), 40, 59

synchronization (SYN), 40, 59 synchronization-acknowledgment (SYN-ACK),

40, 59 synchronous, 318–319, 350

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), 319, 349 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), 318–321,

349, 581 system bus. See bus

system component, Mac OS X Server, 423 system file modification, 567

system file services, UNIX-type operating systems, 425–426

system initialization files, 425 system resources, managing, 372–375 system security, 633–634

System V, 416, 447

T

T1 circuit, 308, 350

T3 circuit, 308, 350

TACACS (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System), 645, 662

tail file command, 429 tape backups, 596–597, 611 tasks, 674–675

TA (terminal adapter), 306, 350 Tbps (1 terabit per second), 121 Tbps (1 terabit per second), 121 T-Carriers, 307–312, 350

TCP header length, 138

TCP/IP-based networks, 482–498 calculating subnets, 488–491

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing), 491–493 ICS (Internet Connection Sharing), 496–497 Internet gateways, 493–494

intranets and extranets, 497–498

NAT (Network Address Translation), 494–496 subnetting, 483–487

TCP/IP mail services, 498–501

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), 137–174, 189

addressing in IPv6 (IP version 6), 160–161 addressing in TCP/IP, 148–152

assigning IP addresses, 152–158 definition of, 189

host names and DNS (domain name system). See host names

sockets and ports, 158–160

TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols, 169–174 TCP/IP core protocols, 137–147

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 146–147 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 146 IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol),

146

IP (Internet Protocol), 142–146

RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol), 147

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 138–142 UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 142

TCP/IP utilities, 501–511 dig utility, 505–506 ifconfig utility, 510–511 ipconfig utility, 508–509 nbtstat utility, 503–504 netstat utility, 502–503 nslookup utility, 504–505 traceroute utility, 507–508 whois utility, 506–507 winipcfg utility, 509–510

TDM (time division multiplexing), 72, 130 TDR (time domain reflectometer), 551, 562 teachers group, 434–435

teamwork, 19

technical challenges, mastering, 17–18

technical support, 539

Technical Support Contacts Form, 744

technical support specialist of response team, 625 telecommunications closet, 102, 546 Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA),

33, 59 Telnet, 169, 189, 642

telnet host command, 429 Telnet utility, 440 terminal, 59

Terminal Access Controller Access Control System (TACACS), 645, 662

terminal adapter (TA), 306, 350

terminal equipment (TE), 306, 311–312, 350 terminal server, 350

terminal services, 335, 350 terminators, 247, 288 testers

cable continuity, 549–550 cable performance, 551 wireless network, 556–558

TE (terminal equipment), 306, 311–312, 350 text-based menus, 467

TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), 172, 189 TGS (Ticket-granting service), 650, 662–663 TGT (ticket-granting ticket), 650, 663 Thicknet (thickwire Ethernet), 84, 130

thin client, 335, 350

Thinnet (thin Ethernet), 84, 130 threads, 374, 411

three-way handshake, 646, 663 throughput, 74–76, 80

for comparing STP and UTP, 90 definition of, 130

and fiber-optic cable, 95

TIA/EIA specifications, 102, 106

TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association), 33, 59

ticket, 663

Ticket-granting service (TGS), 650, 662–663 ticket-granting ticket (TGT), 650, 663 tiered topology WAN, 297–299, 350 time-dependent viruses, 572, 611

time division multiplexing (TDM), 72, 130

Index 855

time domain reflectometer (TDR), 551, 562 timelines, 674–675

time-sharing. See preemptive multitasking Time to Live (TTL), 144, 189, 507

TLD (top-level domain), 162, 189

TLS (Transport Layer Security), 642, 663 token, 59

token passing, 265, 288 Token Ring, 51, 59, 265–267 toll bypass, 511, 520

tone generator, 546–547, 562 tone locator, 546–547, 562 top-level domain (TLD), 162, 189

topologies and access methods, 245–290

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 268–270 backbone networks, 252–256

collapsed backbone, 254–255 distributed backbone, 253–254 parallel backbone, 255–256 serial backbone, 252–253

Ethernet, 259–265

CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection), 259–261

Ethernet frames, 262

PoE (Power over Ethernet), 264–265 switched Ethernet, 261–262

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface), 267–268 hybrid physical topologies, 250–251

logical topology, 256–257 simple physical topologies, 246

bus topology, 246–248 ring topology, 248–249 star topology, 249–250

switching, 257–258 Token Ring, 265–267 wireless networks, 270

802.11a standard, 274–275

802.11b standard, 274

802.11 committee, 270

802.11g standard, 275 access method, 270–271 association, 271–273

Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), 275–277 frames, 273–274

infrared (IR), 277–280

856 Index

topology, 11, 27

total length, IP datagram, 144 traceroute utility, 507–508, 521 traditional client access, 471–472 Traditional File Services, 458 traffic monitoring, 15, 27 transceiver, 130

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), 137–174, 189

addressing in IPv6 (IP version 6), 160–161 addressing in TCP/IP, 148–152

assigning IP addresses, 152–158 definition of, 189

host names and DNS (domain name system). See host names

sockets and ports, 158–160

TCP/IP Application Layer Protocols, 169–174 TCP/IP core protocols, 137–147

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 146–147 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 146 IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol),

146

IP (Internet Protocol), 142–146

RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol), 147

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 138–142 UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 142

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 138–142, 189 transmission direction, 70–74

transmission flaws, 77–80 transmission media, 12, 27 transmission rate, 81 transmit, 131 transmitting signals, 546 transponder, 324, 350 Transport layer

definition of, 59

in OSI Model, 48–49

Transport Layer Security (TLS), 642, 663 trees, 367, 387, 411, 461, 461–463, 478 Triple DES (3DES), 638, 663

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), 172, 189 Trojan horse, 568–569, 570–571, 611

troubleshooting network problems, 360, 483, 523–564 methodology of, 524–545

documenting solution and process, 542–545 establishing changes, 530–531

identifying results and effects of solution, 542 identify affected area, 526–529

identify symptoms and potential causes, 525–526 implement an action plan, solution and potential

effects, 537

preventing future problems, 545 selecting probable cause, 531–537 testing results, 541

tools for, 546–558

cable continuity testers, 549–550 cable performance testers, 551 crossover cable, 546

multimeter, 548–549 network monitor, 552–554 protocol analyzer, 554–556

tone generator and tone locator, 546–547 wireless network testers, 556–558

true statement, 485

trust relationships, 388–390, 411 TTL (Time to Live), 144, 189, 507 tunnel, 350

tunneling, 351 twinaxial cable

definition of, 131 Gigabit Ethernet over, 93

twist ratio, 86, 131 twisted-pair, 131 twisted-pair cable, 85–93

10BASE-T Ethernet networking standard, 91 100BASE-T (fast Ethernet), 92

1000BASE-CX (Gigabit Ethernet over Twinax), 93 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet over Twisted-

pair), 93

comparing STP and UTP, 90 Gigabit Ethernet over, 93

STP (Shielded twisted-pair) cable, 86–87 UTP (Unshielded twisted-pair) cabling, 87–90

two-way transitive trust, 388, 411 TX light, 209

type 1 IBM connector, 266, 288 typeful, 464, 478

typeless, 464, 479

U

UDF (Universal Disk Format), 381, 411

UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 142, 190 UFS file system, 447

uLOS (line-of-sight), 81 unattended mode, 395 unauthorized system changes, 567 unicast address, 161, 190

uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), 577–580, 603–604, 611

uninterruptible power supply, 611 Universal Disk Format (UDF), 381, 411 universal group, 401, 412

universal serial bus (USB) port, 199–200, 242 UNIX-type operating systems, 415–450

administering, 434–442 command sampler, 426–432 connecting to, 440–441 flavors of, 419–420

hardware requirements, 420–421 installing Linux, 432

kernel, 424–425 memory model, 424 multiprocessing, 424 overview of, 416–417

system file and directory structure, 425 system file services, 426

varieties of, 417–419 unpopulated segment, 81, 131 unprotected ports, 619–620

unshielded twisted-pair (UTP), 87–90, 131 up switch, ifconfig, 510

upgrades, 684–685, 702 application upgrades, 688, 699

backbone upgrades, 696–697, 700

backleveling (reversing software upgrades), 691–692, 699–700

cabling, 695–696, 700 client, 687–688

client upgrades, 687–688 hardware, 699–700

network operating system (NOS), 689–691 NOS upgrades, 699

operating system, 689–691

or adding equipment, 693–695

Index 857

reversing software upgrades (backleveling), 691–692, 699

reversing upgrades, 691–692 shared application upgrades, 688 software, 699

upgrading equipment, 693–695 uplink port, 215, 242

uplink signal, 324, 351

UPN (user principal name), 392, 412

UPSs (uninterruptible power supplies), 577–580, 603–604, 611

upstream, 312, 351 urgent pointer, 139

USB (universal serial bus) port, 199–200, 242 User Account Creation Form, 743

useradd command, 434 user communication, 698

User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 142, 190 userid command, 643

user passwords, 618

user principal name (UPN), 392, 412 users, 363

definition of, 28 establishing, 399–402

on Linux and Solaris, 434–435 on Mac OS X Server, 435–437

on NetWare network operating system, 468–471 verify user competency, 531–532

UTP (unshielded twisted-pair), 87–90, 131

V

variable data, 425 vault, 596, 611

VA (volt-amp), 579, 611 vendor information, 539–540 Version field, 145

version number, 143 vi file command, 429

virtual addresses. See network address virtual circuits, 269, 288

virtual local area networks (VLANs) definition of, 242

switches using to create, 225–227 virtual local area network (VLAN), 242 virtual memory, 373, 379, 412, 424

858 Index

virtual private networks (VPNs), 336–338, 351, 582 virus hoax, 611

Virus Information Library, 572 viruses, 568–575, 603, 609, 611 antivirus policies, 574–575

antivirus software, 572–574, 603 boot sector viruses, 569, 606 characteristics of, 571–572 computer viruses, 572 encryption, 571, 607 file-infected viruses, 570, 607 macro viruses, 569–570, 574, 608 network viruses, 571, 609 polymorphic viruses, 572, 609 prevention, 574–575

protection, 572

stealth viruses, 571, 610

symptoms of computer viruses, 572 time-dependent viruses, 572, 611 types, 569–571

virus hoaxes, 575

Virus Information Library, 572

VLANs (virtual local area networks), 242 definition of, 242

switches using to create, 225–227 voice/data gateway, 234, 512

Voice over IP (VoIP), 511–515, 521 VoIP (Voice over IP), 511–515, 521 volt, 131

voltage, 64, 131 volt-amp (VA), 579, 611 voltmeter, 548, 562 volumes, servers, 465

VPNs (virtual private networks), 336–338, 351, 582

W

WAN essentials, 292–293 WAN link, 351

WAN technologies comparing, 327–328 WAN topologies, 294–299

WAN (wide area network), 8, 28 war driving, 651, 663

warm site, 602, 611

warranties, 695 wave amplitude, 64

wavelength. See access points (APs)

WDM (wavelength division multiplexing), 73–74, 131

Webcasting, 74, 131

Web Edition, Windows Server 2003, 375 Web portal, 336, 351

Web server, 15, 28

Web sites, mirrored, 586 Well Known Ports, 158, 190

WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) method, 651–653, 656, 663

who command, 429

whois utility, 506–507, 521 wide area network (WAN), 8, 28 Wi-Fi Alliance, 653, 663

Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2), 653, 656, 663 Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), 653, 656, 663 Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity), 274

WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) Internet access, 323 WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave

Access), 323 window, 139

Windows, Novell Client, 471

Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS), 177–178, 190

Windows Server 2003, 357, 375–414

Active Directory, 384–392 configuration for, 397–399 Datacenter Edition, 376 Enterprise Edition, 375 file systems, 380–382

hardware requirements, 377–378 installing and configuring, 395–402 memory model, 378–379

MMC (Microsoft Management Console), 382–384 overview of, 375–377

planning for installation of, 392–395 requirements for hard disk drive, 378 Standard Edition, 375

Web Edition, 375

Windows Services for UNIX, 403, 412 Windows XP, 179–180

winipcfg utility, 509–510, 521

WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service), 177–178, 190

wire-bound signals, 110, 131

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) method, 651–653, 656, 663

wireless, 131

802.11a standard, 274–275

802.11b standard, 274

802.11 committee, 270

802.11g standard, 275 access method, 270–271 association, 271–273

Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), 275–277 broadband, 351

connection, 80–81 frames, 273–274 infrared (IR), 277–280

network security, 651–653 network testers, 556–558 NICs, 202

signals, 112–113 spectrum, 109, 132 transmission, 108–117

characteristics of, 110–114 infrared transmission, 114

wireless LAN (WLAN) architecture, 115–117 wireless spectrum, 109

wireless access point (WAP). See access points (APs) Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), 274

wireless LANs (WLANs), 108, 115–117, 132, 321–326

IEEE 802.11 Internet access, 321–323 IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) Internet access, 323 satellite Internet access, 324–327

wireless personal area network (WPAN), 276, 288 workgroup hubs. See standalone hub

Workgroup Manager, 435, 447 workgroups, 385, 412 workstations, 4, 9, 28

adding networked workstations, 693 diskless workstations, 147, 184 Linux, 362

on Windows XP, 179–180

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), 323

worms, 570, 611

WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2), 653, 656, 663 WPAN (wireless personal area network), 276, 288 WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access), 653, 656, 663 written communications, 18

-w switch, 508

X

X.25 standard, 302–305, 351 xDSL, 351

XNU, 425, 447 Xserve, 447

X Server, 457, 479

X Window system, 447

Z

Zeroconf (Zero Configuration), 168–169, 190