Sustainability Assessment of Policy

2 Sustainability Assessment

Sustainability assessment, as we have proposed here, differs from existing approaches of policy evaluation in several important dimensions:

1.Sustainability assessment goes beyond policy analysis or evaluation. It explicitly recognizes that the process by which policies are made has some influence on how the policy is implemented and what the

contents of policy are; thereby indicating the likelihood of policy success.

2. It provides a framework and specifies conditions which need to be considered for the integration of society, politics, and economics.

3.It looks at strategic dimensions of sustainable development by integrating policy objectives with the political environment within which they are pursued.

Policy evaluation for sustainability assessment thereby is a tool neither to analyze best option nor to evaluate a set of actions but to evaluate an existing policy in a new way to safeguard the acceptability of the policy while continuing to sustain the resources. Although policies of resource system are usually evaluated to investigate the compatibility or cost benefit flow to the production of resources, sustainability assessment of a policy is an extended investigation to minimize impacts of resource production/utilization on the environment. Sustainability assessment can potentially help managers to consider a policy situation, its compatibility, and its hidden agenda before implementing it. Thus, assessment for the sustainability of resources and the environment of a nation depends not only on the availability of resources but also on the community influences over the control of resources. In fact, the question of sustainability comes to mitigate whether available resources will meet the demand of the population now and in the future. Policy evaluation for sustainability assessment in that respect, is a systematic approach to researching and exploring the anticipated consequences of policy action and its implementation in regulating people’s attitude to resources and the environment. Sustainability assessment thus considers not only the resources or component of policies but also the response or human attitude to it.

The significances of community influences are such that there is a time lag in the occurrence of community attitude/actions and the appearance of their influences on resources and the environment.

The community actions of the present time are likely to reveal their influences to future generations. Moreover, often the influences on resources and the environment due to such actions are irreversible. As a result, the options for future generation to correct changes due to past generation remain limited. Therefore, among other things, the approaches of sustainability assessment provide an opportunity at policy level to negotiate actions expected from present communities on resource and environment that can help to save lives, reduce poverty, and improve the quality of life for future generation.

The community actions and attitudes over the resources and environment of a nation are regulated by policies and legislation as well as by the nature of local and global interactions. In a policy environment, there are beneficiaries, players, and interest groups that play different roles in achieving the goals of a policy. Bringing the examples of past policies, Kumari (1996) demonstrated that narrow concerns of colonials for wealth and power configured the policies of resource control in the past in many developing countries. A sustained supply from the forests of India was of British colonial interest to meet the growing demand for naval and military expansion (Guha, 1989; Saldanha, 1998). Kathirithamby (1998) referred to a similar narrow Dutch and Portuguese commercial interest in the forests of South-east Asia. Those cannot be sustainable options because there was a shift of community intention and interest in resource control of those colonized countries. Indeed, there had been a change in community attitude leading to a catastrophic effect on the sustainability of resources and the environment. Ali (2002) has outlined some of these changes in community attitude due to British policy on Bangladesh forestry. Therefore, it is important that, alongside the cost benefit analysis, community aspects of policies are analyzed adequately before implementation aiming to reduce the impact on future sustainability of resources and environment.

This book is aimed at outlining some of the elements and considerations of community aspects of policy evaluation in an effort to reduce the future consequences on resources and environmental sustainability. The basic assumption behind it is that sustainability, though oriented to resource and meeting demands, starts from the formulation of policy. Policies are so interrelated that all policies have some roles to play toward sustainability. Therefore,

4 Sustainability Assessment

sustainability assessment of policies has an important role in driving total sustainable development.

Not all the elements or considerations for sustainability assessment discussed in this publication are equally applicable for all the societies; however, it is expected that a negotiated selection of factors would be needed to consider what elements should have to be emphasized for a particular approach of sustainability assessment. Before presenting a discussion on elements and considerations of sustainability aspects of policy evaluation, we prefer to present a few paragraphs describing the rationale of study and understanding of the present discourse of sustainability.

1.2 RATIONALE

Sustainability assessment, though a very well known and common term, is rarely conducted for policy reasons. If it is, it is done often for political reasons or to meet the formal conditions of accountability. Typically, the main criteria against which policies are judged are the stated goals of policies that are often vague and reflect sectoral interests. Major improvements in policy evaluation can be made by imposing sustainability as social objectives instead of being subjective to only specific goals of existing policies so that policy evaluation becomes a tool for learning the engagement of policies with other objectives of social development. The current practice is that policy evaluation is often conducted to compensate economic analysis, environmental impact assessment, and poverty and development assessment. Some shortcomings of such practice are that the policy alternatives analyzed in different studies often differ from each other, making systematic comparison difficult and causing opportunities of finding synergies and creative solutions to advanced sustainability objectives to be missed. Sustainability assessment helps to integrate other forms of policy evaluation, thus has potential to contribute in at least in three ways:

1.Integration of different objectives of sustainable development: economic development, poverty reduction, and environmental protection in policy practice.

2.Placement of sustainable development squarely in the policy cycle made up of series of policy actions, from getting a policy problem on the agenda to evaluating the outcomes of the policy.

3.Alignment of policy actions with key components of policy environ- ment—political legitimacy, analytical competence, and institutional capacity—into the policy process. Sustainability evaluation of policy would help to look into all the issues in an integrated way.

In the present global situation, sustainability can only be ensured on the basis of mutual understanding of different nations and participation of all components of a society. In practice, this is not happening. One nation is taking an interest in the resource abundance of another, cooperating, and collaborating in formulating and implementing resource policies specifically to ascertain their own interest; whereas in the past, in the colonial instances, nations used to conflict for resource control. Thus, the outlook for the present concept of sustainability provides a scope for global negotiation and cooperation in place of conflict. This cannot happen overnight. Mutual respect, political and social changes, and changes in power structure have much to contribute to achieving an understanding of sustainability. Thus, a policy for national interest only, without considering global cooperation, is unlikely to sustain—cannot achieve the sustainability goal. Thereby, sustainability assessment is expected to bring global issues to the consideration of local policies.

The climate policies of some developed countries not ratifying the Kyoto protocol may be cited here as examples of self-interest. Sustainability in many developing countries and the present status of resource production do not reflect the present understanding of environmental sustainability (Williams, 1994). The understanding on environmental requirements for production systems is more intense in developed countries than developing countries. However, poverty and ignorance play a salient role in the resource production system of developing countries. Sustainability assessment of policies is expected to reveal such differences in understanding and can lay a roadmap to mitigate the sustainability problems of different countries. This means, if sustainability assessment becomes obligatory, global policies could have the power to persuade local policy makers to include global sustainability concerns in their considerations.

Through sustainability assessment, illustrations on the social and global cognitive bases of the way the sustainability problems are constructed in a community are expected to create some interpretation of social processes that may reduce sustainability problems and may