Growth and Our Common Future are the sensor component of policies at global level.

5.4 ISSUES RELATED TO ACTORS

Policy actors are entities who influence policy formulation, execution, and/or implementation either to achieve the objectives of policy or to influence the policy outcome toward their own interest. Policy actors could be an institution, individual, or social organization. Functionally, the policy actors can be classified as political actors, policy formulators, policy implementer, policy executives, lobbyists, players, and policy interest groups. The sustainability of policy depends on how the actors function and their functional integration in the policy operation. Theodoulou and Kofinis (2004) mentioned two principles related to policy evaluation known as Wilson’s law. The Wilson’s law dictates that outcomes of policy evaluation depend on the nature of actor involvement. Sustainability evaluation may also encompass such problems. The Wilson’s principles are:

1.Wilson’s first law is that all policy interventions in social problems produce the intended effect—if the research is carried out by those implementing the policy or by their friends.

2.Wilson’s second law is that no policy intervention in social problems produces the intended effects—if the research is carried out by third parties, especially those cynical of the policy.

Wilson’s law dictates that the outcome of policy evaluation often depends on who is evaluating the policy. For example, oppositions in state politics always find some problem with policies of parties in power. With respect to sustainability evaluation, the following variations in policy operation in relation to the actor need to be identified.

5.4.1 Influences of Macroactors

In almost every country there are some organizations or individuals behind the scene of all political arenas who pass judgment on policy issues known as macroactors. For example, in many developing countries, the policy implication is affected by army influence and in some countries by the donor agencies, which are secondary in nature but very important. If such macroactors are many, their objectives may vary, and the objectives may often contradict with the core objectives