Авиационный английский язык Методические указания и контрольные задания №8

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МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ

1. Данное контрольное задание имеет 5 вариантов. Студент должен

выполнить один из этих вариантов в соответствии с последней цифрой своего

шифра.

2. Контрольное задание должно быть написано четко, аккуратно.

Необходимо оставлять поля для замечаний и рекомендаций рецензента.

3.К зачету или экзамену допускаются студенты, выполнившие контрольное задание в соответствии с учебным графиком.

4.Для сдачи зачета или экзамена студент должен:

а) прочитать и перевести текст;

б) выполнить задание, связанное со словообразованием;

в) ответить на вопросы г) выполнить лексические задания по тексту;

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ВАРИАНТ 1

1.READ THE TEXT

The meaning of human factors

Human behaviour and performance are cited as causal factors in the majority of aircraft accidents. If the accident rate is to be decreased, Human Factors must be better understood and the knowledge more broadly applied. The expansion of Human Factors awareness presents the international aviation community with the single most significant opportunity to make aviation both safer and more efficient.

Human Factors as a term has to be clearly defined because sometimes these words are used to describe any factor related to humans. The human element is the most flexible, adaptable and valuable part of the aviation system, but it is also the most vulnerable to influences which can adversely affect its performance. Throughout the years, some three out of four accidents have resulted from less than optimum human performance. This has commonly been classified as “pilot error”.

The term «pilot error» is of no help in accident prevention. In fact, it is often counter-productive because, although this term may indicate WHERE in the system a breakdown occurs, it provides no guidance as to WHY it occurs. An error attributed to humans in the system may have been design-induced or stimulated by inadequate training, badly designed procedures or the poor concept or layout of checklists or manuals, or working positions. Further, the term “pilot error” allows concealment of the underlying factors which must be brought to the fore if accidents are to be prevented.

An understanding of the predictable human capabilities and limitations and the application of this understanding are the primary concerns of Human Factors. Human Factors have been progressively developed and refined since the end of the last century, and is now backed by a vast store of knowledge which can be used by those concerned with enhancing the safety of the complex system which is today’s civil aircraft

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2. Translate the following word combinations:

Cited as causal factors, the expansion of awareness, aviation community, any factor related to humans, vulnerable to influences, resulted from, counter-productive, a breakdown in a system, attributed to, design-induced, poor layout, underlying factors, be brought to the fore, human capabilities, primary concerns, is backed by, used by those concerned.

3. Answer the questions:

1.What element is the most valuable part in the aviation system?

2.How is inadequate performance often referred to?

3.Why is the term ‘human factor’ of no help in accident investigation?

4.What can human errors be caused by?

5.Why must the underlying factors be made noticeable?

6.What are primary concerns of Human Factors?

7.The concept Human Factors is enhancing aviation safety, isn’t it?

4. Write the English equivalents to the following: e.g компоновка кабины – cockpit layout

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ВАРИАНТ 2

1.READ THE TEXT

The disciplines of Human Factors

Many of the early concerns in aviation were related to the effects on people of noise, vibration, heat, cold and acceleration forces. Usually, the person nearest at hand with a knowledge of physiology was a physician; this may have generated one of the more persistent misconceptions about Human Factors, the belief that it is somehow a branch of medicine. Yet some time ago work was expanding on the more cognitive aspects of the flying and traffic control and this trend has continued and is outside the scope of medicine. Optimizing the role of people in this complex working environment involves all aspects of human performance and behavior: decisionmaking and other cognitive processes; the design of displays and controls and flight deck and cabin layout; communication and computer software; maps and charts; and the field of documentation such as aircraft operating manuals, checklists, etc. Human Factors knowledge is also increasingly used in staff selection, training and checking and in accident investigation.

Human Factors, like most coherent activities, is multidisciplinary in nature. For example, information is drawn from psychology to understand how people process information and make decisions. From psychology and physiology comes an understanding of sensory processes as a means of detecting and transmitting information on the world about us. The measures and movements of the body – essential in optimizing the design and layout of controls, and other workplace characteristics of the flight deck and cabin, and the control room—call upon anthropometry and biomechanics. Biology and its increasingly important subdiscipline, chronobiology, are needed to understand the nature of the body’s rhythms and sleep, and their effects in night working, flying and time-zone changes.

2.Translate the following word combinations:

Early concerns, related to, the effects on people, the person at hand, persistent

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misconceptions, a branch of medicine, the scope of, working environment, human performance and behavior, the design of displays, computer software, staff selection, cabin layout, information is drawn from, how people process information, a means of, call upon, the nature of the body’s rhythms, aircraft operating manual, time-zone changes.

3. Answer the questions:

1.What sorts of effects were early concerns related to?

2.What is a physician?

3.What was one of the more persistent misconceptions about Human Factors?

4.What does optimizing the role of people in working environment involve?

5.Human Factors is multidisciplinary, isn’t it?

6.What discipline is information about decision-making drawn from?

7.Where does an understanding of sensory processes come from?

8.What disciplines are needed to understand the body’s rhythms?

4. Write the English equivalents to the following: e.g. движения тела—movements of the body:

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ВАРИАНТ 3

1. READ THE TEXT

Human factors, a conceptual models

It has often been said that Human Factors is complex and diverse and that everyone has a different opinion about its meaning and scope. This is not true. People professionally engaged in the research on and in the teaching and application of Human Factors know perfectly well what it is about.

Human Factors is about people in their living and working situations; about their relationship with machines, with procedures and with environment about them; and also about their relationships with other people. In aviation, Human Factors involves a set of personal, medical and biological considerations for optimal aircraft and air traffic control operations.

One definition of Human Factors, as proposed by Professor Edwards, declares that “Human Factors is concerned to optimize the relationship between people and their activities, by the systematic application of human sciences, integrated within the framework of systems engineering.” Its objectives can be seen as effectiveness of the system, which includes safety and efficiency, and the well-being of the individual. Professor Edwards further elaborates on his proposed definition, indicating that the word “people” includes both sexes, and that “activities” indicates an interest in communication between individuals and in the behavior of individuals and groups. The human sciences study the structure and nature of human beings, their capabilities and limitations, and their behaviors both singly and in groups.

The SHEL concept (the name being derived from the initial letters of its components, Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware) was first developed by Edwards in 1972, it was further modified. The following interpretations are suggested: Liveware (human), hardware (machine), software (procedures, programmes) environment (the situation in which L-H-S system must function). In the centre on the concept is a person, the most critical as well as the most flexible component in the system.

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2. Translate the following word combinations:

Complex and diverse, professionally engaged, application of Human Factors, living and working situations, relationship with, involves a set of considerations, as proposed by, is concerned to optimize, integrated within the framework of, further elaborates, proposed definition indicating that, both singly and in groups, the name being derived from, first developed by, further modified, interpretations are suggested, the most critical as well as the most flexible.

3. Answer the following questions:

1.Who know well about Human Factors?

2.What is Human Factors in general?

3.What does Human Factors involve in aviation?

4.Who was the first to propose the definition of Human Factors?

5.What does this definition declare?

6.What are its objectives?

7.How does Edward further elaborate on his definition?

8.What are the components of the SHEL concept?

4. Write the English equivalents to the following: e.g. поведение людей -behavior of individuals:

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ВАРИАНТ 4

1. READ THE TEXT

Control of human error

To limit human error, one must first understand its nature. There are basic concepts associated with the nature of error: the origins of errors can be fundamentally different; and consequences of similar errors can also be significantly different. While some errors are due to carelessness, negligence or poor judgement, others may be induced by poorly designed equipment or may result from a normal reaction of a person to a particular situation. The latter kind of error is likely to be repeated and its occurrence can be anticipated.

Each of the interfaces in the SHEL (Software, Hardware, Environment, Liveware) model has a potential of error where there is a mismatch between its components. For example:

The interface between Liveware and Hardware (human and machine) is a frequent source of error: knobs and levers which are poorly located or lack of proper coding create mismatches at this interface Rapid advances of automation create opportunity for new and more serious forms of human error, and both pilots and controllers are concerned about complacency affecting their performance.

In the human – software interface, delays and errors may occur while seeking vital information from confusing, misleading or excessively cluttered documentation, charts and displays.

Errors associated with Human-Environment interface are caused by environmental factors, e.g. noise, heat, lighting, vibration and others and by disturbance of biological rhythms in long-range flying or night shifts resulting from

irregular working/ sleeping patterns To reduce the probability of human failure it is necessary to determine human weaknesses from psychological and physiological point of view in order to define more accurately the best working hours and to eliminate the fatigue factor.

In the Human-Human interface, the focus is on the interaction between people because this process affects crew/ team effectiveness and shortcomings here may cause misunderstandings and errors.

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2. Translate the following word combinations:

Concepts associated with, mismatch between, the nature and origins of errors a source of error, consequences of similar errors, lack of knowledge, significantly different, while seeking vital information, due to carelessness, negligence confusing, misleading documentation, may be induced by, excessively cluttered charts, displays, occurrences may be anticipated, associated with, a potential of error, result from irregular sleeping pattern.

3. Answer the following questions:

1.Why is it necessary to understand the nature of human error?

2.What are basic concepts associated with the nature of human errors?

3.Name the causes generally leading to human errors.

4.Why can a normal reaction to a particular situation require special attention?

5.What is a frequent source of error in the ‘human-machine’ interface?

6.How can further automation affect human performance?

7.What environmental factors may result in errors?

8.Where is the focus in ‘man – to-man/ interface?

4. Write the English equivalents to the following:

e.g. нарушение биологических ритмов -disturbance of biological rhythms: