Иностранный язык (английский) Учебно-методическое пособие для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы аспирантов всех направлений подготовки очной и заочной форм обучения

saving time. I suggest that theory is an intellectual instrument granting a deep and indescribable contentment to its designer and to its users. This instrument is made up of units which can be compared, for instance, to different branches of physics: solid state physics, relativity, acoustics, elementary practices and others, which sometimes have only a remote relation with one another and may not even be interconnected at all. The rest of my talk will be devoted to a different question which is: how are we going to communicate to the layman some of our passion for our science? This is a very important question, for everyone is a layman until he becomes a scientist If we can solve the problem of interesting the laymen we may succeed in attracting the potential Fermis, Slaters, Lands and Fletchers of future into the field of, say, physics. Nothing could be more desirable.

A frequent technique is that of surprise. The trouble with this is that one cannot be surprised if one is not accustomed to the situation which is nullified by the surprise. Imagine, for example, a physicist trying to surprise an audience of laymen by telling them that there are a dozen elementary particles instead of two or three, or that the newest cyclotron imparts an energy of 500 mev to protons. It simply will not work, because the listeners will have no background to compare this information with. It is also a mistake to think that we can excite an audience by solving a mystery for them. The trouble here is that practically no one is interested in the answer to a question which he never thought of asking. Relativity had a wonderful build-up in the decade before 1905, for the physicists of that era were acquainted with the sequence of experiments which were designed to show that the earth moves relatively to the ether and which obstinately showed the opposite. Each stage in the unfolding of quantum mechanics was exciting to the physicists who knew the earlier stages, because they knew the problems which were left unsolved. The writer of a detective story creates the mystery before he solves it; but the mystery usually begins with the discovery of a murdered man, and this is considerably more exciting than a murdered theory. The corresponding technique in physics consists in trying to create a particular state of out-of-dateness in the mind of the public, in the expectation of bringing them up-to-date at the end of the lecture or paper. There is too much risk of leaving the audience in the out-of-date condition, and this technique cannot be recommended. Another mistake, in my opinion at least, is that of stressing a paradox. Try telling an audience that if you know the exact position of a particle you cannot know its momentum, and vice versa - the effect is unpredictable but obviously not what you wanted. Still another mistake is that of springing an isolated fact upon the audience. An isolated fact is not science and it is not interesting. Facts are of interest only as parts of a system. And we must strive to interest the laymen in the system.

5.2 Learning how to start a company is not as difficult as you might think. In all my years of helping people market their business I am always surprised at how many people think starting a company is difficult. This is the easy part. It

21

is once you have started a company that things can become much more difficult.

This article will talk about the basics of how to start a company. To learn more about starting a new company in a more specialized field check our other articles throughout the website.

At the very beginning stages of starting a company you will want to do a few things. Have a lawyer that you can trust and ask a few questions from time to time. Check with your town or city to find out the regulations of starting and running a company in your area. You will also want to check the regulations in your state or province for the type of company you are wanting to start. This might be easier to ask your lawyer, but you can check with your town or city as well.

Before you look to far into learning how to start a company you might want to ask yourself some questions. Why do you want to start a company? Are you a very hard worker? Are you willing to work all day in the business then every evening on the business? Are you good with dealing with people? These might be people you have hired or people that are your customers? If you are married is your spouse on board with you starting a company? Do you have the expertise to operate the company? If not do you have the finances to hire someone that can?

By knowing the answers to these questions ahead of time you might save yourself a lot of time, frustrations and money if starting a company really isn’t for you. If on the other hand you answered in a positive manner to these questions then you should be feeling pretty excited right about now!

The next things you need to know about how to start a company is if you want to incorporate or not. Some people like to some don’t. To know if you should you might want to look at what your goals are. If you plan on starting a part time company or a company you do not plan on growing then being a sole proprietor is ok. If you plan on growing and hiring staff then having some sort of corporation or limited partnership might make a lot of sense. These are questions you will want to get clarification from your lawyer.

Another step in how to start a company is to know the types of insurances and bonding that a company in that industry will require. There are many different types of insurances that are required for some companies. Depending on the services or products you provide will dictate the amount and types of insurance you will need. If you are working with government contracts you will have other hoops to jump through. I am guessing you know something about the industry you are in and will have a little knowledge on this. If not this is something else to talk with your lawyer about.

The next step in how to start a company is creating a business name, and getting your company registered in the town or city you are in. Then if required also getting registered with the state or province that you are in. Every industry is different and has different regulations therefore talking with your lawyer will quickly save you some time.

22

Once you have a business name and any business licenses and insurances you need then you will want to get a phone number, or two, and go to your local print shop to get some business cards. You can have someone design a logo for you, or you can go with a simply business card for the moment. Later on when the company is making money you can redesign your image. I am not a huge believer in creating a corporate image when first starting a company. I had a business partner once that insisted on a corporate image and without one we would never succeed. Six months later I ended the partnership and went on my own. In those six months a friend of mine in another city with no corporate image and business cards she printed off her own computer was making a killing. If you are starting a company in an industry that will require a corporate image then go for it, but if you are just killing time to tell your spouse and friends you are busy working then get off your butt and make some money.

Another idea for starting a company is joining networking clubs. Not network marketing, but clubs where business people get together to exchange business cards, refer each other to other people and exchange ideas. If you are starting a company with very little or no money then networking is the way to go. Some networking clubs to join are BNI, meetup.com, the Chamber to Commerce, and the BBB. Yes, the BBB has a networking side that can create a lot of business for you. I have joined others but those were smaller clubs located in the city I live in. Check online or ask people in the networking meetings I mentioned about other clubs in your town or city.

Of course I cannot talk about how to start a company without getting into how to market a company. There are many methods that you can use to market and advertise your new business. Outside of the business cards and networking you can also do some cold calling on the telephone or going door to door to businesses.

If your business services consumers instead of businesses then you can market using flyers or postcards. I have had a ton of success with these. At first I actually hand delivered postcards that I made door to door. This gave me enough money to live on and to start advertising. The advertising I did was online and offline classifieds, postcards through the mail, direct mail with mailing lists I bought, yellow pages advertising, a very successful website, coupon books similar to Valpak, display ads in local newspapers and local magazines, and even tried the radio once.

Once you know how to start a company and you know a little about marketing and networking your business you will want to learn about copywriting. Copywriting is when you use words to grab attention in your advertising and marketing. Then you use words to hold the attention of the reader through the body down to the action step. The action step can be to pick up the phone, email, mail, or drop by your business. In other words the action step is just that, having someone take action in a positive way with you and your company.

23

III. «Моя научно-исследовательская работа»

(для подготовки сообщения по теме научной работы)

Sample Questions

(Education Background, Career History and Research)

I.Education and research

1.Are you a full-time or a part-time postgraduate student?

2.If you are a part-time student:

•Why did you decide to study part-time?

•Do you have any family or work commitments?

•Is it difficult to combine studies and your job and home responsibilities?

3.Where did you get your first degree? Did you study at Kostroma State University of Technology or at any other university?

4.When did you graduate from university?

5.What faculty did you study at? What was your area of specialization?

6.Was the specialist knowledge you acquired as a student enough to start a successful career?

7.Were you research-active when a student? Did you do any research projects then? Did you participate in students` academic seminars / conferences? Did you write and publish any academic papers?

8.What reasons underlie your decision to take a postgraduate course? Do you want:

•to acquire deeper knowledge of your professional field?

•the postgraduate programme to contribute to your personal growth?

•to improve your employability?

•to accelerate your career development?

•to change to a different career?

9.What department are you taking a postgraduate course at?

10.Who is your supervisor / academic adviser?

11.How does (s)he help you carry out your research?

12.What have you been doing this academic year as a postgraduate student?

•Have you attended any seminars / workshops / tutorials relevant to your research interests?

•Have you been doing associated reading and data collecting?

•Have you already written any articles reflecting and summarizing your research achievements? How many? Have they been published? Where?

•Have you taken part in any academic seminars, conferences so far?

13.Have you selected a subject for your dissertation? Have you developed a research programme? Has it been agreed with your supervisor / academic adviser?

14.What is the focus of your research? What problems / issues are you going to investigate?

24

15.Who could benefit from your research? Is your research project biased towards the needs of industry or commerce? Is it work-oriented? Will it have any practical impact? If yes, then what on?

16.Are you going to carry out any experiments aimed at testing new methods / techniques / devices / machine tools?

17.Have you started writing your dissertation yet?

18.When are you supposed to submit your dissertation to the Dissertation Committee?

25

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1.Сысоев П.В. Правила написания аннотации // Иностранные языки в школе, 2009. — № 4. С. 81-83.

2.Колодяжная Ж.А. Основные понятия об аннотировании и реферировании научных документов // Источники науч.-техн. информации и их аналитико-синтетическая обработка. — М., 2002. — С. 25-45.

3.Славина Г., Харьковский З., Антонова Е. Аннотирование и реферирование: учебное пособие по английскому языку. — М.: Высшая школа, 2006. — 186 с.

4.Borko H., Bernier Ch. Abstracting concepts and methods. — N.Y, 2007.

5.Антонова Т.В., Королева Н.Е., Садовникова С.А. Английский язык для аспирантов: учебное пособие по английскому языку. – Кострома:

КГТУ, 2007. — 61 с.

6.ГОСТ 7.9-95. Реферат и аннотация. Общие требования. М.: ИПК Издательство стандартов, 1996. — 7 с.

26

Цена 83,00 руб.

08:00802008200:08002088200820082800208:0

2016*006