Сraig. Dental Materials
.pdfCONVERSION FACTORS (LINEAR) |
|
|
|
1 Angstrom unit (A) |
mm |
cm |
in |
0.0000001 |
0.00000001 |
0.000000003937 |
|
1 nanometer (nm) |
0.000001 |
0.0000001 |
0.00000003937 |
1 micrometer (bm) |
0.001 |
0.0001 |
0.00003937 |
CONVERSION FACTORS (FORCE PER AREA)
To change kilograms per square centimeter (kg/cm2) to pounds per square inch (lb/in2), multiply by 14.223 (1 kg/cm2 = 14.223 lb/in2).
To change kilograms per square centimeter (kg/cmz) to megapascals (MPa), multiply by 0.0981 (1 kg/cm2 = 0.0981 MPa). Note 1 M N / ~ '= I MPa.
To change kilograms per square millimeters (kg/mm2) to gigapascals (GPa) multiply by 0.00981.
To change pounds per square inch (lb/in2) to megapascals (MPa) multiply by 0.00689.
To change meganewtons per square meter ( M N / ~ ' )to pounds per square inch (lb/in2), multiply by 145 (1 MN/m2 = 145 lb/m2).
To change meganewtons per square meter ( M N / ~ ' )to gigapascals (GPa), divide by 1000.
CONVERSION OF THERMOMETER SCALES
Temperature Fahrenheit O( F)= % Temperature Celsius + 32" Temperature Celsius (" C) = % Temperature Fahrenheit - 32'
or
(O C x 1.8)+ 32 = O F
CONVERSION FACTORS (MISCELLANEOUS)
1 foot-pound (ft-lb) = 13,826gram-centimeters= 1.356 Newton-meters 1 radian = 57.3 degrees
1 watt = 14.3 calories/minute
CONVERSION OF EXPONENTWS TO DECIMALS |
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Exponential no. |
Decimal no. |
Exponential no. |
Decimal no. |
|
1 x |
(or |
0.00001 |
1 x lo1 |
10 |
1 x 1 0 - ~ |
0.001 |
1 x lo4 |
10,ooo |
|
1 x 10-I |
|
0.1 |
1 x lo7 (or lo7) |
10,000,000 |
1 x loO(or1 0 9 |
1 |
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For periodic updates, visit w.rnosby.com
I INDEX
|
Alloys, 164, 169-170 |
Amalgam-cont'd |
|
|
amalgam. See Amalgam. |
finishing factors, 309-310 |
|
Absorption, 25 |
base-metal alloys. See Base-metal |
fracture toughness, 82t |
|
sorption, 25, 60 |
alloys. |
galvanism, 57t |
|
water sorption. See Water sorption. |
beta-titanium wrought alloy, 505-506 |
high-copper alloys, 288t, 292-293, |
|
Absorption coefficient of light, 45, 46f |
cast microstructures, 174-175, 176f |
296t, 297t |
|
Acrylics. See Polymers and |
casting, 530-531. See Cast alloys. |
hybrid ionomer cement, 618 |
|
polymerization. |
cleaning, 542 |
low-copper alloys, 288t, 292, 296t, 297t |
|
Addition polymerization, 189-192 |
cobalt-chromium cast alloy. See |
mercury generally. See Mercury. |
|
free-radical polymerization, 189-192 |
Cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) and |
microstructure of, 293-295 |
|
Addition silicone, 353. 355-356, 357f |
nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloys. |
mixing of, 304-307 |
|
Adhesion, 25, 33 |
cobalt-chromium-nickel wrought alloy, |
Poisson's ratio, 79t |
|
bond strength versus, 260-261 |
503-504, 505f |
~roductionof, 290-291 |
|
denture base materials, properties |
cold-worked microstructure, 175-177 |
proportion of alloy to mercury, |
|
of, 649 |
copper. See Copper alloys. |
303-304 |
|
interface formation for, 261-262 |
eutectic alloys, 172, 173f |
selection of alloy, 302-303 |
|
Adhesive joints, 260 |
experimental Co-Cr, 507 |
shear strength, 86t |
|
Adhesives, 272-273 |
gold-based. See Gold-based alloys. |
silver-tin alloy, 173. 291-292 |
|
See also Cements |
grain growth, 177-178 |
soft tissue reactions, 156 |
|
Adsorption, 25 |
grains; grain boundaries and dendrites, |
strength, 295-298 |
|
sorption, 25, 60 |
174., |
175f- |
tensile strength, 84t |
water sorption. See Water sorption. |
implant materials, biocompatibility |
transverse strength, 87t |
|
AES (auger dectron spectroscopy), |
of, 158 |
trituration of, 28 |
|
21-22 |
intermetallic compounds, 171, 172.173 |
two-body abrasion, llOt |
|
AFM (atomic force microscopy), 22 |
microstmcture, 173 |
working time, 306 |
|
Agar impressions, 340 |
Monel metal, 507 |
American Dental Association (ADA) |
|
agar-alginate combination impressions, |
nickel alloys. See Nickel alloys. |
acceptance program, 116 |
|
344-346 |
nickel-chromium cast alloy. See |
American Dental Association (ADA) |
|
bite registration materials, 373 |
Cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) and |
specifications, 113, 114t-116t |
|
chemical ingredients, 340-341 |
nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloys. |
ANSI/ADA Specification No. 1, |
|
properties of, 342-344 |
nickel-titanium wrought alloy, |
288-289, 295 |
|
sol-gel manipulation, 342 |
504-505, 506f |
ANSI/ADA Specification No. 3, 373 |
|
tear strength, lOOt |
30Ni-30Cu-40Mn, 507 |
ANSI/ADA Specification No. 6, 301 |
|
viscosity soon after mixing, 92t |
noble dental alloys. See Noble alloys. |
ANSI/ADA Specification No. 12, |
|
Agar overlay method, 138 |
palladium. See Palladium (Pd). |
639-640 |
|
Alginate impressions, 332-333 |
phase diagrams, 170-171, 173 |
ANSVADA Specification No. 14, 481 |
|
agar-alginate combination impressions, |
pickling, 542-543 |
ANSVADA Specification No. 15, 675 |
|
344-346 |
porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations, |
ANSI/ADA Specification No. 17, 667 |
|
bite registration materials, 373 |
581-587 |
ANSI/ADA Specification No. 28, 89 |
|
composition and chemistry, 333-336 |
properties, 178-180 |
ANSIIADA Specification No. 96, |
|
properties of, 336-340 |
silver-tin alloy, 173, 291-292 |
612, 615 |
|
proportioning and mixing, 336 |
solid solution alloys, 171 |
Ames' test, 139-140 |
|
tear energy, lOlt |
stainless steel. See Stainless steel alloys. |
Animal tests for biocompatibility, 141-142 |
|
tear strength, lOOt |
strengthening mechanisms, 179 |
correlation anlong in vitro, animal |
|
viscosity soon after mixing, 92t |
titanium. See Titanium (Ti) |
and usage tests, 143-145 |
|
All-ceramic restorations, 561 |
and titanium alloys. |
using in vitro, animal and usage tests |
|
casting investments, 416 |
wrought. See Wrought alloys. |
together, 145-147 |
|
composite cementation, 620 |
Zr-Pd-Ru, 507 |
Animal waxes. 425t. 426t. 428 |
|
composition, 555, 558t |
Alumina-based ceramic, 561 |
ANSI/ADA Dommen.t 41, 147 |
|
crowns. use for, 566 |
slip-cast, 564 |
ANSI/ADA Specifications. |
|
machineable materials, 564-565 |
Amalgam. 288 |
See American Dental Association |
|
manufacture, 555-556, 557f |
ANYSIIADA |
Specification NO.I , |
(ADA) specifications. |
processing, 556, 558-560 |
288-289, 295 |
Anti-tartar toothpaste, 201-202 |
|
sintered materials, 561-564 |
biocompatibility, 151-152, 156 |
Athletic mouth protectors. See Mouth |
|
slip-cast materials, 564 |
bonding of, 263, 278, 279f, 310 |
protectors |
|
Allergic reactions to mercury, 313-315 |
composition and morphology. 288-290 |
Atomic force microscopy (AFM), 22 |
|
|
compressive strength, 85t |
Au-Cu system, 171 |
|
|
condensation of, 307-309 |
Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), 21-22 |
|
|
corrosion, 300-301, 302f |
Au-Pd alloys, 582t, 583, 584 |
|
Page numbers followed by f indicate |
creep, 298-299, 306-307 |
Au-Pd-Ag alloys, 582t, 583, 584 |
|
figures; t, tables. |
elastic modulus, 78t, 298 |
Au-Pt-Pd alloys, 581, 582t, 583, 584 |
|
|
|
Index |
695 |
Cast or die bite impression |
Cements-cont'd |
Cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) and nickel- |
|
materials-cont'd |
zinc phosphate. See Zinc phosphate |
chromium (Ni-Cr) alloys-cont'd |
|
dental plaster and stone, 373-374 |
cement. |
Ni-Cr types, 584, 585t, 586t, 587 |
|
electroforming impressions, 374-375 |
zinc polyacrylate. See Zinc polyacrylate |
partial denture frameworks, casting of, |
|
epoxy die materials, 377-378 |
cement. |
532-538 |
|
metal-forming problems, 377 |
Ceramic restorations |
physical properties, 485 |
|
qualities desirable, 373 |
all-ceramic. See All-ceramic |
solder fluxes, 546 |
|
silver-formed dies, 376 |
restorations. |
surgical uses, 488 |
|
Casting, 330, 516 |
applications, 553, 565-566 |
Cohalt-chromium-nickel (Co-Cr-Nil alloy, |
|
alloys, 530-531. See Cast alloys. |
bonding, 278-279, 280f |
503-504, 505f |
|
bite impression materials. See Cast |
"ceramic" defined, 552 |
elongation, 77t |
|
or die bite impression materials. |
ceramic-metal restorations. See |
Cocoa butter, 425t, 426t, 427 |
|
burnout of the wax pattern, 526-529 |
Porcelain-fused-to-metd restorations. |
Cohering to surface, 25 |
|
formation of wax pattern, 519-521 |
classification of ceramics, 552-554 |
Cold-curing denture plastics, 659-660 |
|
investments. See Casting investments. |
composition of ceramics, 555, 558t |
Cold-worked microstructure, 175-177 |
|
lost-wax technique. See Lost-wax |
coolhg, 560 |
Colloids, 22-24 |
|
casting process. |
crystalline phase, 554 |
agar hydrocolloids. See Agar |
|
machines, 529-530 |
drying, 558 |
impressions. |
|
partial denture frameworks, 532-538 |
fabrication technique, 553-554 |
alginate hydrocolloids. See Alginate |
|
porcelain-fused-to-metal alloys, |
fracture toughness, 82t |
impressions. |
|
531-532 |
glazing, 560 |
gels. See Gels. |
|
problems, 539-542 |
history, 552 |
sols, 23 |
|
spruing the wax pattern, 521-523 |
hybrid ionomer cementation, 618 |
Color, 38-39 |
|
titanium, 538-539 |
implant materials, biocompatibilitp of, |
composites, 238t. 240 |
|
Casting investments, 404, 406 |
157-158 |
discoloration, 59-60 |
|
brazing investments, 415-416 |
manufacture of ceramics, 555-556, 557f |
fluorescence, 43 |
|
calcium sulfate-bonded. See Calcium |
n~echanicaland thermal properties, |
measurement. See Color measurement. |
|
sulfate-bonded investments. |
566-568 |
metameric colors, 43 |
|
ceramic restorations, 416 |
optical properties. 568-569 |
noble solders, 471-472 |
|
composition, 406 |
porcelain application and conden- |
opacity, translucency and transparency, |
|
high melting point cast alloys. |
sation, 556, 558, 559f |
43-44 |
|
See High melting point cast alloys, |
porcelain denture teeth, properties of, |
pigmentation, 42-43 |
|
casting investments. |
570-571 |
Color measurement, 39 |
|
hydroscopic-thermal gold, 413 |
processing of ceramics, 556, 558-560 |
instrumental technique, 39-41 |
|
properties required, 406 |
repair of. 248, 280 |
surface finish and thickness, 42 |
|
wax patterns, 523-526 |
sintering, 553-554, 558-560 |
visual technique, 41-42 |
|
Casting wax, 439-440 |
Ceresin, 425t, 426t, 427 |
Columnar growth, 175 |
|
Cavity liners, 623-624 |
Chemically accelerated acrylic denture |
Compomers, 248-249, 618 |
|
Cavity varnishes, 622-623 |
plastics, 659-660 |
formation, 194-195 |
|
Cell function tests. 137-138 |
Chemistry, science of, 2-4 |
mechanical properties, 599t |
|
Cell metabolism or function tests, |
Chemotherapeutic agents |
physical properties, 599t |
|
137-138 |
fluoride varnishes, 205 |
uses, 214t |
|
Cell metabolism tests, 137-138 |
mouthwash, 203-205 |
Composite cements, 618-619 |
|
Cements, 594-595 |
toothpaste, 200-203 |
crowns, bridges and provisional |
|
adhesive resins. See Composite |
Chlorhexidine, 204 |
restorations, 619-620 |
|
cements. |
Chroma, 39 |
esthetic restorations, 620 |
|
adhesives, 272-273 |
Chromium alloys. See Cobalt-chromium |
mechanical properties, 599t |
|
biocompatibility of, 154-155 |
(Co-Cr) and nickel-chromi~~n~(Ni-Cr) |
orthodontic brackets, 620-622 |
|
cavity h e r s , 623-624 |
alloys; Cobalt-chromium-nickel |
physical properties, 599t |
|
cavity varnishes, 622-623 |
(Co-Cr-Ni) alloy. |
resin-metal bonding. 620 |
|
conlpomers, 248-249, 618 |
Cis-Polyisoprene, 195 |
Composites, 232 |
|
composites. See Composite cements. |
Cleaning alloys, 542 |
See also Polymers and polyn~erization |
|
dielectric constant, 55t |
Clinical properties |
adhesions, 33 |
|
disintegration. See Disintegration |
bonding agents, 274-275 |
biocompatibility of, 150-151, |
|
of cements. |
composites, 241-244 |
155.156, 244 |
|
EBA-alumina-modifiedcements, |
Cobalt-chron~ium(Co-Cr) and nickel- |
bonding. See Bonding. |
|
608-609 |
chromium (Ni-Cr) alloys, 481, 584, |
cast alloys, bonding to, 279-280 |
|
electrical conductivity and resistiv- |
585t, 586t, 587, 507 |
cements. See Composite cements. |
|
ity, 55t |
ANSI/ADA Specification No. 14, 481 |
clinical properties, 241-244 |
|
glass ionomer. See Glass ionomers. |
Co-Cr types, 585t, 586t, 587 |
composition, 233-236 |
|
high-strength bases, 626-627 |
con~position,481-482 |
compressive strength, 85t |
|
hybrid ionomer, 616-618 |
crowns and bridges, 487-488 |
dual-cured. See Dual-cured composites. |
|
low-strength bases. See Low-strength |
elastic modulus, 78t |
elastic modulus. 78t |
|
bases. |
elongation. 77t |
flowable composites, 211-212, 213f |
|
soft tissue reactions, 155 |
experimental Co-Cr, 507 |
fracture toughness, 82t |
|
solubility and disintegration, 60 |
galvanism, 57t |
indentation depth, lO6t |
|
viscosity soon after mixing, 92t |
heat treatment, 483, 484 |
light-cured. See Light-cured |
|
zinc oxide-eugenol and non-eugenol |
mechanical properties, 485-487 |
composites. |
|
See ZOE cements. |
microstructure of, 482-483, 484f |
light-curing units. See Light-curing |
|
|
|
units. |
|
696 |
Index |
|
|
Composites-cont'd |
Cp (specific heat), 51-52 |
Dentin and pulp-cont'cl |
|
nxtnip~ilntion,244-246 |
denture hase plastics, 646 |
stnlcture and morphology of dentin, |
|
mechanical properties. 240-241, 242f |
Creep, 94 |
264t. 266-269, 270f |
|
packaging of, 236-237 |
amalgam, 298-299, 306-307 |
tensile strength of dentin, 84t |
|
physical |
properties, 237, 238-240 |
denture base plastics, 644-645 |
Dentin barrier tests. 138-139 |
I'oisson's |
ratio. 79t |
Creep compliance, 97-98 |
Dentin bonding, biocompatihility of, |
poly acid modified, 248-249 |
elastomeric impressions, 365 |
149-150 |
|
repair of, 248, 280 |
Crowns |
Dentin pesmeability, 129-130 |
|
self-cured. See Self-cured composites |
See abo Ceramic restorations |
Denture base materials |
|
setting reaction, 236 |
base metal crowns, 503t |
acid, base or solvent resistance, 649 |
|
shear strength of bonding |
cohalt-chromium and nickel-chromium |
adhesion properties, 649 |
|
inateri:lls, 263t |
casting alloys, 487-488 |
ANSI/ADA Specification No. 12, |
|
soft tissue reactions, 155-156 |
composite cementation, 619-620 |
639-640 |
|
special applications, 246-248 |
elongation of alloys, 77t |
auxiliary materials, effect of, 662-665 |
|
tensile strength, 84t |
hyhrid ionomer cementation, 618 |
chemically accelerated ac~ylic, |
|
two-lmdy almsion. 110t |
plastic facings, 679 |
659-660 |
|
Compression, 70 |
stainless steel, 503 |
density, 647 |
|
Compressive strength, 84-85 |
temporary, 679-680. See also |
dimensional stability, 648 |
|
anlalgam, 295, 296t, 306 |
I1rovisionai restorations. |
esthetics, 649-650 |
|
Bis-GMA resin sealants, 208t |
titanium, use of, 488, 494-495, 503 |
fluid resin acrylic. 660-661, 662f |
|
cements, 599t |
Ciystalline theory of setting. 395 |
gel types, 639 |
|
composites, 238t, 241 |
Custom-made mouth protectors, |
heat-acceleratecl ac~ylic. |
|
composites and compomers, 238t |
219-222 |
See Heat-accelerated acrylic |
|
denture base plastics, 641 |
Cytotoxicity tests, 136-137 |
denture plastics. |
|
glass ionomers, 2 1 4 |
agar overlay method, 138 |
light-cused, 662. 663f |
|
gypwm psoducts. 400-401 |
cell metabolism or function tests, |
liquids, 638 |
|
hylxitl ionomers. 2141 |
137-138 |
modified poly materials. 639 |
|
oltimnte, 75 |
dentin barrier tests, 138-139 |
powders, 636-638 |
|
ZOE cements, 599t. 606-607, 611 |
Millipore filter method, 138 |
processing ease, 649 |
|
Condensation of amalgam, 307-309 |
|
repair materials, 665-666 |
|
Condensation polymerization, 192-195 |
|
requirements, 636 |
|
Condensation silicone, 353, 354f |
|
shelf life, 651 |
|
Conductivity |
|
shrinkage, 647-648 |
|
electrical conductivity and resistivity. |
|
soft tissue reactions, 157 |
|
See Electrical conductivity |
|
strength, 640-645 |
|
and resistivity. |
Dammar. 429 |
therlnal properties, 645-647 |
|
thermal conductivity. See Thermal |
Decision-point approach to animal |
tissue compatibility, 650-651 |
|
conductivitv. |
tests, 141 |
water sorption and solubility, 648-649 |
|
Contact angles of liquids on solids, |
Dendrites, 174, 175f |
Denture cleansers, 664-665 |
|
26-28, 29t |
Densite. 392 |
Denture liners. 157 |
|
Contrast ratio, 45, 47 |
Density |
mouth-cured soft liners, 669 |
|
opacity. 44 |
cobalt-chromium ancl nickel-chromium |
processed soft liners, 669-672 |
|
Copal, 429 |
|
casting alloys. 485 |
relining, 666-667 |
Copolymers, 186, 195 |
denture base materials, 647 |
Shore A hardness values, 107t |
|
See also Polymers ancl polymerization |
noble alloys, 463-464 |
soft or resilient, 668-669 |
|
Copper alloys |
saliva, 32-33 |
soft tissue reactions, 157 |
|
binary Ag-CLIalloys, 172 |
Dentin and pulp, 127-129 |
tear strength, l00t |
|
high-copper alloys, 288, 292-293, |
bonding agents for dentin, 270-275 |
Denture teeth |
|
296t, 297t |
bonding process, 276-278 |
comparison of plastic and porcelain, |
|
low-copper alloys, 288t, 292, |
cavity liners, 623 |
672-673 |
|
296t, 297t |
cavity varnishes on dentin, 623 |
indentation depth of acrylic teeth, lO6t |
|
Pd-Cu alloys, 582t, 5 8 3 , 584 |
composite bond strength, 241 |
plastic, 672-675 |
|
phase diagram, 171 |
compressive strength of dentin, 85t |
porcelain, 570-571 |
|
Copper (CLI),451t, 454 |
dentin permeability, 129-130 |
Dentures |
|
alloys. See Copper alloys. |
dielectric constant, 55t |
base materials. See Denture base |
|
ductility and malleability, 79t |
elastic m o d ~ ~ l ofus dentin, 78t |
materials. |
|
oxidation-reduction potentials for |
electrical conductivity and resistiv- |
biocompatibility of base materials, |
|
corrosion actions in water, j6t |
ity, 55t |
liners and adhesives, 157 |
|
Copper-formed dies, 375-376 |
etching of dentin surfaces, 244, 267, |
liners. See Denture liners. |
|
Core composites, 247 |
269, 270f |
partial dentures. See Partial dentures. |
|
Corrective impression wax, 445 |
fracture toughness of dentin. 82t |
rebasing, 667 |
|
Corrosion, 167 |
irritation tests, 142-143 |
relining, 666-667 |
|
amalgam, 300-301, 302f |
merculy reactions, 314 |
repair materials, 665-666 |
|
cobalt-chromium and nickel-chromium |
microleakage, 148-149 |
retention. forces involved in, |
|
casting alloys. 487 |
nano-indentation tests, 108t |
32-33, 662 |
|
electrochemical corrosion, 58-59 |
protection during composite |
teeth. See Denture teeth. |
|
stainless steel alloys. 495-496 |
manipulation. 244 |
tissue conditioners, 667-668 |
|
Coupling agents, dental composites, |
reactions to materials, 148-155 |
titanium, use of, 488 |
|
235-236 |
shear strength of dentin, 86t |
Dermatitis, mercury reaction, 313 |
|
For periodic updates, visit w . m o s b y . c o m
|
|
|
Index |
697 |
Design of dental structures |
Elastic modulus, 77-78 |
Endodontic sealers, 609, 616 |
|
|
finite element analysis, 111 |
amalgam, 298 |
viscosity soon after mixing, 021 |
|
|
two-dimensional photoelasticity, |
Ris-GMA resin se;llants. 208t |
Enclurance limit, 90 |
|
|
110-111 |
cements. 599t |
Engineering sciences. 3-4 |
|
|
Diametrical compression test for |
cobalt-chromi~i~nand nickel-chromii~m |
Engineering stress-strain culve, 72 |
|
|
tension, 83 |
casting alloys, 486 |
Epoxy die materials, 377-378 |
|
|
Die materials. See Cast or die bite |
dentiwe base plastics, 641 |
ESCA (electron spectroscopy for i11emic:ll |
||
impression materials. |
nickel-titanium wrouglit alloy, 505 |
analysk). 21 |
|
|
Dielectric constant, 55-56 |
Elastomeric impressions, 348 |
Etchnnts, 271 |
|
|
Differential thermal analysis (DTA), |
bite registration materials. 369 |
Etching |
|
|
47-48, 49f |
clinical application, 368-369 |
dentin surfaces, 244, 267. 269. 270f |
||
Diff~~sion |
composition anel reactionh. 352-358 |
enamel, 244-245, 266 |
|
|
dentin permeability, 129-130 |
consistencies, 348 |
Eutectic ;tlloys, 172, 173f |
|
|
ther~naldiffusivity, 52-53 |
clisinfection of, 366 |
Exlracell~~l;~rmatrix (ECM) of Imne, |
|
|
through membranes, 24-25 |
mechanical properties, 362-365 |
130-131 |
|
|
Dimensional change |
mixing systems, 348-351 |
|
|
|
amalgam, 299-300, 306 |
setting properties, 358-362 |
|
|
|
denture base plastics, 646-647 |
techniques, 351-352 |
|
|
|
elastomeric impressions, 362 |
wettahility and hydrophilization of |
|
|
|
heat-accelerated ac~ylicdenture |
materials, 365-366, 367f |
|
|
|
plastics, 658 |
Electrical conductivity and resistivity, |
Face-centered cubic (FCC) array, 166 |
||
lost-wax technique, 516-518 |
54-55 |
|||
ZOE cements, 611 |
zinc phosphate cement, 604 |
Fatigue strength, 90-91 |
|
|
Dimensional stability |
Electrical properties |
honded interf:lces, 273 |
|
|
agar impressions, 343-344 |
dielectric constant, 55-56 |
cobalt-chrorni~~mand nickel-chromium |
||
alginate in~pressions,339 |
electrical conductivity and resistivity, |
casting alloys, 487 |
|
|
bite impression compounds, 372 |
54-55, 604 |
clent~~rebase plastics, 644 |
|
|
denture base plastics, 647-648 |
electrochemical corrosion. 58-59 |
Fats. 428 |
|
|
zinc phosphate cement, 603 |
electromotive force, 56-57 |
FCC (face-cenlered cuhic) array, 166 |
|
|
zinc polyacrylate cement, 613 |
galvanism, 57-58 |
Federal Specifications and Standards, |
||
Disinfection of impressions, 339-340 |
zeta-potential, 59 |
Index of, 116 |
|
|
elastomeric impressions, 366 |
Electrochemical corrosion, 58-59 |
Feldspathic porcelain. Scs I'orcelain. |
|
|
Disintegration of cements, 60 |
Electrodenosition of metal, dies formed |
Finishing |
|
|
zinc phosphate cement, 602-603 |
by, i74-377 |
amalgam, 309-310 |
|
|
zinc polyacrylate cement, 613 |
Electroforming impressions, 374-375 |
composites, 245 |
|
|
ZOE cements, 608 |
~lectromotive-force,56-57 |
Finite element :tnalysis. |
111 |
|
Dislocations of metallic crystals, 167-168 |
Electron spectroscopy for chemical |
Fissure sealants. See I'il |
and fissure |
|
DMA (dynamic mechanical analysis), |
analysis (ESCA), 21 |
sealants. |
|
|
48-50 |
Elgiloy. See Cobalt-chromium-nickel |
Flexibility |
|
|
DTA (differential thermal analysis), |
(Co-Cr-Nil alloy. |
a p r in~pressions,342-343 |
|
|
47-48, 49f |
Elongation, 76-77 |
alginate impressions, 337-5323 |
|
|
D~lal-curedcomposites |
cobalt-chromium anel nickel-cliromi~~n~ Flexural strength See Transverse strength |
|||
dispensing, 245 |
casting alloys. 486 |
Flow |
|
|
polymerization, 246 |
denture base plastics. 641 |
bite impression compoi~ncls,371 |
|
|
Dual-cured con~posites,packaging |
noble alloys, 464 |
composites, flowalAe, 211-212. 213f |
||
of, 237 |
Emulsifiers, 24 |
elastomeric impressions, 364 |
|
|
Ductility, 79 |
Emulsions, 24 |
inlay pattern wax, 437 |
|
|
stress-strain curves, 79 |
Enamel, 126.127 |
nohle solders, 471 |
|
|
waxes, 435 |
bonding agents for, 263t, 270-275 |
waxes, 432-434 |
|
|
Duplicating impression materials, 330, |
bonding process, 275-276 |
Fliiid behavior and viscosity, 91-94 |
|
|
346-348 |
cavity varnishes on, 623 |
Fluid resin acsylic clenture plastics, |
|
|
Durometers, 106 |
composite bond strength, 241 |
660-661, 662f |
|
|
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), |
compressive strength, 85t |
Fluorescence, 43 |
|
|
48-50 |
elastic modulus, 78t |
Fluoride. 200 |
|
|
Dynamic mechanical properties. |
electrical conductivity and resistiv- |
glass ionomers, properties of, 214t, |
||
98-99, lOOf |
ity, 5% |
216, 217f |
|
|
Dynamic modi~lus(E;,), 98-99 |
etching of, 244-245, 266 |
hybrid ionomers, properties of. 2 1 4 |
||
|
fracture toughness, 82t |
mouthwash. 204 |
|
|
|
nano-indentation tests, 108t |
toothpaste, 200, 203 |
|
|
|
Poisson's ratio, 79t |
varnishes. 205 |
|
|
|
sealants, surface preparation for, |
Fli~xes,545-546 |
|
|
|
210-211 |
wetting of surfaces by spreading of, 28 |
||
|
shear strength, 86t |
Force, 68 |
|
|
EBA-alumina-modified cements, |
structure and morphology, 264-266, |
atomic force spectroscopy (AFM), 22 |
||
608-609 |
267f-268f |
denture retention, forces involvecl in, |
||
ECM (extracellular matrix) of bone, |
tensile strength, 84t |
32-33 |
|
|
130-131 |
Endodontic instn~ments |
electromotive force, 56-57 |
|
|
E , (dynamic modulus), 98-99 |
nickel-titanium, 502-503 |
Fracture strength, 76 |
|
|
Elastic limits, 73-74, 75f |
stainless steel, 499-502 |
denture base plastics, 644 |
|
|
698 |
Index |
|
|
Fracture toughness, 80-82 |
Gypsum and gypsum products-cont'd |
History-cont'd |
|
Free-hand soldering, 469 |
casting investments. See Casting |
future developments, 15-16 |
|
Free-radical polymerization, 189-192 |
investments. |
medieval and early modern period, 5-7 |
|
Friction, 107-109 |
chemical reaction, 394-397 |
Hue, 38. See also Color. |
|
Fusion, heat of. 50 |
colloidal systems and pH, effect of, 397 |
Hybrid ionomer cement, 616-618 |
|
Future developn~ents,15-16 |
compressive strength, 400-401 |
mechanical properties, 599t |
|
|
|
detail reproduction, 402f, 403 |
physical properties, 599t |
|
|
humidity, effect of, 396-397 |
Hybrid ionomers, 215-217 |
|
|
manipulation, 404, 405f |
cement. See Hybrid ionomer cement. |
|
|
manufacture of products, 392-394 |
properties, ranking of, 214t |
|
|
setting expansion, 403-404 |
use, 214t |
|
|
setting theories. 395 |
Hydration theory of setting, 395 |
Gallium (Ga), 451t, 454 |
setting time, 397-399, 400t |
Hydrocarbon oils, 428 |
|
Galvanism, 57-58 |
spatulation, effect of, 395-396 |
Hydrocol, manufacture of, 393 |
|
Gel theo~yof setting, 395 |
surface hardness and abrasion |
Hydrocolloids, 23 |
|
Gels, 23-24 |
|
resistance, 401-402 |
agar hydrocolloids. See Agar |
agar hydrocolloids, gelation |
temperature, effect of, 396 |
impressions. |
|
temperature of, 342 |
tensile strength, 402-403 |
agar-alginate combination in~pressions, |
|
denture base n~aterials,639 |
viscosity, 399-400 |
344-346 |
|
Gingiva, 133-134 |
volumetric contraction, 395 |
alginate hydrocolloids. See Alginate |
|
reactions to materials, 155 |
|
impressions. |
|
usage tests, 143 |
|
Hydrogenated waxes, 428 |
|
Gingivitis, 204 |
|
Hydrophilization of elastomeric |
|
mercury reaction, 313 |
|
impression materials, 365-366, 367f |
|
Glass ionomers, 212-215 |
|
Hydroscopic-thermal gold casting invest- |
|
biocompatibility, 152 |
|
ments, 413 |
|
cements, 614-616 |
Halogenated hydrocarbon waxes, 428 |
Hydrosilylation, 192 |
|
dielectric constant, 55t |
Hardness, 102-103 |
Hyrdogels, 23 |
|
electrical conductivity and |
Barcol hardness test, 106 |
Hyrdosols, 23 |
|
resistivity, 5% |
Brinell hardness test, 103-104 |
Hysteresis, 80 |
|
mechanical properties, 599t |
cobalt-chromium and nickel-chromium |
|
|
physical properties, 599t |
casting alloys, 486-487 |
|
|
ranking of properties, 214t |
denture base plastics, 644-645 |
|
|
resin-modified, 215-217 |
elastomeric impressions, 364 |
|
|
sealants, 211 |
gypsum products, 401-402 |
|
|
specification requirements, 598t |
Knoop hardness test. See Knoop |
Impact, 98 |
|
uses, 214t |
hardness. |
||
Glazing ceramic restorations, 560 |
noble alloys, 464 |
Impact strength, 99, lOOf |
|
Glycerides, 428 |
Rockwell hardness test, 106 |
denture base plastics, 643-644 |
|
Glyceryl tristearate, 428 |
Shore A hardness test, 106-107 |
mouth protectors, 220t |
|
Gold (Au), 450-452 |
Vickers hardness test, 105-106 |
Implants |
|
alloys. See Gold-based alloys. |
Heat of fusion, 50 |
animal tests, 141-142 |
|
ductility and malleability, 79t |
Heat-accelerated acrylic denture plastics, |
biocompatibility of materials, 157-158 |
|
oxidation-reduction potentials for |
651-652 |
titanium, use of, 157, 158, 488, 157, |
|
corrosion actions in water, 56t |
deflasking and finishing, 657 |
491-494 |
|
Gold-based alloys |
dimensional changes, 658 |
usage tests, 143 |
|
See also Noble alloys |
injection molding denture base |
Impression compound, 370-373 |
|
Au-Pd types, 5821, 583, 584 |
resins, 658 |
Impression materials, 330 |
|
Au-Pd-Ag types, 582t, 583t, 584 |
packing, 653-655 |
agar hydrocolloids. See Agar |
|
Au-l't-I'd |
types, 581, 582t, 583t, 584 |
processing, 655-657 |
impressions. |
carat and fineness, 459, 460t |
proportioning, 652-653 |
agar-alginate combination impressions, |
|
elastic modulus, 78t |
residual monomer, 657-658 |
344-346 |
|
elongation, 77t |
Heat-pressed all-ceramic materials, |
alginate hydrocolloids. See Alginate |
|
galvanism, 57t |
561-562 |
impressions. |
|
phase diagram, 171 |
Heat-vulcanized silicone for maxillofacial |
bite registration. See Bite registration |
|
porcelain-metal restorations, 466 |
materials, 676-677 |
materials. |
|
tensile strength, 84t |
High melting point cast alloys, casting |
contact angle for water on, 27-28 |
|
transverse strength of foil, 87t |
investments, 413 |
denture auxiliary materials, effect |
|
Gold-based solders, 469-472 |
phosphate-bonded investment, 413-414 |
of, 664 |
|
Grains and grain boundaries, 174 |
silica-bonded investment, 414-415 |
duplicating materials, 330, 346-348 |
|
grain growth, 177-178 |
High-copper alloys. See Copper alloys. |
elastomeric impressions. See |
|
noble alloys, grain size, 462 |
High-strength dental stone. See Stone. |
Elastomeric impressions. |
|
Gums, 428 |
|
History, 4 |
purpose of, 330-331 |
Gutta-percha. 195 |
1600-1840,7-9 |
qualities desirable, 331-332 |
|
Gypsum and gypsum products. 392 |
1840-1900, 10-12 |
tear energy, lOlt |
|
agar impression materials, compati- |
1900 and later, 12-15 |
tear strength, 100t |
|
bility with, 343 |
bonding of direct composites, 271t |
types of, 332 |
|
alginate impression materials, |
ceramic restorations, 552 |
Impression trays and record bases, |
|
compatibiliry with, 338-339 |
early history, 4-5 |
681-682 |
|
For periodic updates, visit w . m o s b y . c o m
|
|
Index |
699 |
In vitro tests for hiocompatihility, 135-136 |
|
Maxillofacial materials-cont'cl |
|
correlation among in vitro, animal |
|
room temperature-vulcanizetl silicone. |
|
and usage tests, 143-145 |
|
476477 |
|
cytotoxicity tests, 136-139 |
|
Shore A hardness values, 1071 |
|
muragenesis tests, 139-140 |
bondin;. 278' |
tear energy, 101t |
|
using in vitro. animal and usage tests |
LEDs (light-emitting diodes), 251 |
Maxwell model, 96 |
|
together, 145-147 |
Leucite-based ceramics, 562, 563f |
Iv1ech:mical properties |
|
Index of Federal Specifications |
Leucite-reinforced feldspathic |
hending, 70, 86-87 |
|
and Standards, 116 |
porceiain, 561 |
bond strength. See Bond strength. |
|
Indirect tensile test, 83 |
Light |
ceramic restorations, 566-568 |
|
Indium (In), 451t, 454 |
color. See Color. |
cob:~lt-chro~ni~~mcasting alloys, |
|
Infrared solclering, 544, 545f |
fluorescence, 43 |
485-487 |
|
Injection molding clent~lrebase |
optical consrants. 44-47 |
composites, 100-102, 240-241, 242f |
|
resins, 658 |
optical properties of materials |
compressive properties, 84-85 |
|
Inlay pattern wax, 436 |
generally. See Optical properties. |
compressive strength See Compressive |
|
composition, 436 |
refraction index, 44 |
strength. |
|
flow, 437 |
Light reflectivity, 45, 46f |
tlyn;~n~icproperties, 98-99. 10Of |
|
properties. 436-437 |
Light-activated tray materials, 682 |
elastorneric impressions, 362-365 |
|
thermal expansion, coefficient of, |
Light-curecl composites, 236 |
h~tig~lrstrength. See Fatigue strength. |
|
437-438 |
depth of cure, 241. 243 |
flexural strength. See Transverse |
|
warpage of patterns, 438 |
dispensing, 245 |
strength. |
|
Inlay patterns |
light-curing units. See Light-curing |
force. See Force. |
|
polymers and polymerization, 681 |
units. |
impact strength. See Impact strength. |
|
wax. See Inlay pattern wax. |
packaging of, 236-237 |
metals, 167-168 |
|
Inlays |
polymerization, 245-246 |
nickel-chromiun~rasting :illoys. |
|
See also Ceramic restorations |
Light-cured denture plastic, 662, 663f |
485-487 |
|
ceramics, use of, 566 |
Light-cured sealants, 207 |
noble solclers, 471 |
|
conlposite cementation, 619-620, 620 |
Light-c~~ringunits |
pernianent Ixnding, 89 |
|
hybrid ionomer cementation. 618 |
light-emitting diodes (LEDs). 251 |
shear strength, 85-86 |
|
pattern wax. See Inlay pattern wax. |
plasma-arc (PAC), 250-251 |
strain. See Strain. |
|
patterns, polymers and. 681 |
quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH), |
strength. See S t l ~ ~ g t l i . |
|
Instn~rnentaltechnique of color |
249-250, 251f |
stress. See Stress. |
|
measurement, 39-41 |
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs). 251 |
stress-strain curves. See Stress-strain |
|
Interface formation for ;ldhesion. 261-262 |
Liners |
culves. |
|
Interfacial clehonding, mechanisms of. |
hiocompatihility of, 153-154, 157 |
surface properties. See Surf;lce |
|
262-263 |
calcium hydroxide liners. See Calcium |
mechanical properties. |
|
Intermetallic compounds, 171, 172-173 |
llydroxicle liners. |
tear energy if).100 |
|
Investment soldering, 469 |
cavity liners, 623-624 |
tear strength. See Tear strength. |
|
Investments. See Casting investments. |
denture liners. See Denture liners. |
tensile properties of brittle materials, |
|
Ionomers |
Liquid bridges, 31 |
83-84 |
|
glass ionomers. See Glass ionomers. |
Lithi~mdisilicate-based ceramics, |
tensile strength See Tensile strength. |
|
hybrid ionotners. See Hybrid ionomers. |
562, 564 |
torsion, 89-90 |
|
Iridium (Ir), 45lt, 453 |
Lost-wax casting process, 516 |
toughness. See Toi~ghness. |
|
Isochro~naticfringes, 111 |
accuracy of, 518-519 |
transverse strength. See Transverse |
|
Isolated capillaries, 31-32 |
dimensional change, 516-518 |
strength. |
|
ISOs. See American Denral Association |
Low-copper alloys. See Copper alloys. |
viscoelasticity. See Viscoelasticity. |
|
(ADA) specifications. |
Low-strength bases. 624 |
waxes. 431-432 |
|
|
conlposition and chemistry, 624 |
yield strength. See Yield strength. |
|
|
properties, 624-626 |
Melting range |
|
|
|
cobalt-chromiun~and nickel-cl~romiul~l |
|
|
|
casting alloys, 485 |
|
|
|
noble alloys. 462-463 |
|
|
|
waxes, 429-430 |
|
Japan wax, 425t, 426t, 427 |
|
Membrane permeability, 136-137 |
|
|
|
Mercuric sulfide, 42 |
|
|
Magnesia-based core porcelain, 561 |
Mercury, 310-311 |
|
|
Malleability, 79 |
allergic reactions and disease, 313-315 |
|
|
Materials covered, 2 |
amalgam content, 303-304, 308 |
|
|
Maxillofacial materials, 675 |
concentrations of, 312-313 |
|
K type root canal instruments, 499-502 |
dynamic ~nodulusand resistance |
contact angles, 28, 29t |
|
values, 98t |
forms of, 311-312 |
|
|
Kauri, 429 |
experimental elastomers, 677 |
high-copper alloy reactions, 293 |
|
Kelvin model, 96 |
fabrication of prostheses, 677-678 |
oxidation-reduction potentials for |
|
Knoop hardness |
heat-vulcanized silicone, 676-677 |
corrosion actions in water, 56t |
|
Bis-GMA resin sealants, 208t |
physical properties, 678-679 |
properties of, 301-302 |
|
composites, 241 |
plasticized polyvinylchloride, |
risks to dentists and office |
|
denture base plastics, 644-645 |
675-676 |
personnel, 316 |
|
test, 104-105 |
polymethyl methacrylate, 675 |
sources of, 311 |
|
Kubelka-Munk equations, 44-45 |
polyurethane, 676 |
Metallurgy. 169 |
|
|
|
Index |
701 |
Physical properties |
Polymers and polymerization-cont'd |
Precious metals, 450-453 |
|
cobalt-chromium casting alloys, 485 |
condensation polymerization, |
alloys. See Noble alloys. |
|
composites, 237, 238-240 |
192-195 |
Preventive materials, 200 |
|
discoloration, 59-60 |
contact angle for water on plastic, |
athletic mouth protectors. |
|
disintegration. See Disintegration. |
26-27 |
See Mouth protectors. |
|
electrical. See Electrical properties. |
copolymers, 195 |
flowable composites, 211-212. |
|
metals, 167-168, 169f |
crowns and bridges, 679-680 |
213f |
|
nickel-chromium casting alloys, 485 |
denture teeth, 672-675 |
fluoride varnishes, 205 |
|
optical. See Optical properties. |
dentures generally. See Dentures. |
glass ionomers. See Glass ionomers. |
|
setting time. See Setting time. |
impression trays and record bases, |
hybrid ionomers, 215-217 |
|
shelf life. See Shelf life. |
681-682 |
mouthwash, 203-205 |
|
solubility. See Solubility. |
inlay patterns, 681 |
sealants. See Pit and fissure sealants |
|
tarnish. See Tarnish. |
light-cured composites, 245-246 |
toothpaste, 200-203 |
|
thermal. See Thermal properties. |
maxillofacial materials. See |
Primers, 271-272, 273t |
|
water sorption. See Water Sorption. |
Maxillofacial materials. |
Promutagens, 139 |
|
Physics, science of, 2-4 |
molecular weight, 186-187 |
Proportional limits, 73-74, 75f |
|
Pickling alloys, 542-543 |
nature of, 186-189 |
denture base plastics, 641, 643 |
|
Pigmentation, 42-43 |
occlusal splints, 680-681 |
Prostheses |
|
composites, 236 |
polyisoprenes, 195 |
bridges. See Bridges. |
|
Pit and fissure sealants, 205-206 |
preparation of, 189-195 |
crowns. See Crowns. |
|
application, 211 |
self-and dual-cured composites, 246 |
denture teeth. See Denture teeth. |
|
clinical studies, 208-210 |
shear strength, 86t |
dentures. See Dentures. |
|
enamel surface preparation, 210-211 |
spatial structure, 187-189 |
impression trays and record bases, |
|
glass ionomers, 211, 616 |
Polyoxyethylene glycol waxes, 428 |
681-682 |
|
indentation depth, 106t |
Polystyrene, 429 |
inlays. See Inlays. |
|
light-cured, 207 |
Polysulfides, 352-353 |
maxillofacial materials. |
|
occlusal sealing, 205-206 |
tear energy, lOlt |
See Maxillofacial materials. |
|
penetration coefficient, 29, 30 |
tear strength, lOOt |
occlusal splints, 680-681 |
|
polymerization, air inhibition of, |
viscosity soon after mixing, 92t |
Provisional restorations |
|
207-208 |
Polyurethane for maxillofacial |
composite cementation, 619-620 |
|
properties, 208, 209f |
materials, 676 |
composites, 248 |
|
resin sealants, 206-211 |
tear energy, lOlt |
hybrid ionomer cementation, 618 |
|
self-cured, 207 |
Polyvinylchloride for maxillofacial |
ZOE cements, 608-609 |
|
two-body abrasion, 110t |
materials, 675-676 |
Pulp. See Dentin and pulp. |
|
Plasma-arc (PAC) light-curing units, |
tear energy, lOlt |
Putty-wash elastomeric impression |
|
250-251 |
tear strength, lOOt |
technique, 352 |
|
Plaster |
Porcelain |
|
|
See also Gypsum and gypsum products |
See also Ceramic restorations |
|
|
bite casts, 373 |
all-ceramic restorations. See All-ceramic |
|
|
denture auxiliary materials, effect of, |
restorations. |
|
|
662-664 |
ceramic-metal restorations. See |
|
|
manufacture of, 393 |
Porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations. |
Quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) |
|
Plaster of paris. See Gypsum and gypsum |
compressive strength, 85t |
|
|
products. |
defined, 552 |
light-curing units, 249-250, 251f |
|
Plastic region, 73 |
elastic modulus, 78t |
|
|
Plasticized polyvinylchloride, 675-676 |
fracture toughness, 82t |
|
|
Plastics. See Polymers and |
shear strength, 86t |
|
|
polymerization. |
tensile strength, 84t |
|
|
Platinum (Pt), 451t, 452-453 |
transverse strength, 87t |
|
|
Au-Pt-Pd alloys, 581, 582t, 583, 584 |
Porcelain denture teeth. 570-571 |
Radiopacity |
|
ductility and malleability, 79t |
porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations, |
|
|
oxidation-reduction potentials for |
554-555, 576 |
composites, 243 |
|
corrosion actions in water, 56t |
base-metal alloys for, 584-587 |
ZOE cements, 611 |
|
Poisson's ratio, 78-79 |
bonding, 578-580 |
Rebasing dentures, 667 |
|
Polishing of composites, 245 |
casting, 531-532 |
Recrystallization, 177-178 |
|
Poly acid modified composites, 248-249 |
ceramics used for, 580-581 |
Reducing flux, 545 |
|
Polycarboxylate cements, biocompati- |
composition of ceramics, 555, 558t |
Reflectivity of light, 45, 46f |
|
bility of, 154 |
design, effect of, 588 |
Refraction index, 44 |
|
Polyethers, 356, 358 |
gold-based alloys for, 466 |
Relining dentures, 666-667 |
|
tear energy, lOlt |
hybrid ionomer cementation, 618 |
Repair |
|
Polyethylene resins, 429 |
manufacture of ceramics, 555-556, 557f |
ceramic restorations, 248, 280 |
|
Polyethylene waxes, 428 |
noble alloys for, 581-584 |
composites, 248, 280 |
|
Polyisoprenes, 195 |
preparation of, 587-588 |
porcelain-fused-to-metal restora- |
|
Polymers and polymerization, 186 |
processing of ceramics, 556, 558-560 |
tions, 280 |
|
addition polymerization, 189-192 |
repair of, 248, 280 |
Resilience, 79-80, 80f, 81f |
|
air inhibition of polymerization, |
requirements, 576-578 |
Resin modeling material, 440-441 |
|
207-208 |
Post cementation |
Resin sealants, 206-207 |
|
chemical composition, 186, 187 |
adhesive resins, 620 |
application, 211 |
|
composite shrinkage, 237, 239 |
hybrid ionomer cement, 618 |
clinical studies, 208-210 |
|