Учебное пособие 1583

He must have failed to carry out the task. He must have misunderstood you. He must be unaware of that. He must never have guessed the truth. No one must have told him about it.

3. In a number of set-phrases the modal meaning of must is weakened.

It must be going. I must be off. You must come and see me some time. You must come and stay with us for the weekend. (conversation formulas of invitation) I must tell you that … I must say … (formulas used in speech-making)

MAY AND MUST COMPARED

1. Both verbs are used to express supposition but they are not interchangeable in this meaning.

May denotes supposition implying uncertainty whereas must expresses supposition implying strong probability.

He may be a student of our college. His face seems familiar. He must be one of the students I examined the other day.

2. Both verbs are used to express prohibition in negative sentences. However, the use of may in this meaning is rather rare; in negative answers to questions asking for permission mustn’t or can’t are generally used.

TO HAVE (TO)

To have as a modal verb is not a defective one and has a full paradigm of finite and non-finite forms. Its interrogative and negative forms are built up with the help of the auxiliary verb to do.

The verb to have is used to express necessity or obligation imposed by circumstances and is combined with the indefinite infinitive.

As the manager was out, we had to wait. Did they have to take a taxi? She was glad she didn’t have to go there again.

It‘s all right. You don’t have to explain. Why should I have to do everything?

In colloquial English the verb to have in its modal meaning is often replaced by the phrase to have got.

I‘ve got to go there at once. Have you got to go there? He hasn’t got to go there.

TO BE (TO)

To be as a modal verb has the forms of the Present and Past Simple. It is usually followed by the indefinite infinitive.

It is used to express:

1. Necessity based on a previously arranged plan or agreement.

We are to meet at half past six. We had an agreement – I was to do the questioning.

In both sentences it may be translated as Мы условились.

You are not to leave before I come back. He was to leave that night on board the ship in which he was to make the voyage.

In the past time contexts the modal verb to be may be followed by the perfect infinitive; that means that the action planned did not take place.

We were to have met last night, but she was not there.

2. Necessity or obligation resulting from instructions or orders which are not to be discussed.

All junior officers are to report to the colonel. The students were to submit their course papers before the examination.

3. Something that is destined to happen.

She was to become a film star. It was to be expected.

This meaning of the verb to be may be rendered in Russian as

суждено.

If we are to be neighbours for life we should be on friendly terms. If we are to remain friends you must tell me the truth.

When used in an if-clause it has the meaning synonymous to the verb to want (Если мы хотим…).

3.Possibility. In this meaning to be is followed by the passive infinitive.

Where is this book to be found? He was not to be seen anywhere. Nothing was to be done under the circumstances.

This meaning of the verb to be is synonymous to can or may.

Exercise 6. Choose the correct form of the verbs.

1.You must be/can‘t be very proud of your son winning so many prizes.

2.We thought our cousins would visit us when they were in town last week, but they didn‘t even phone. I suppose they must be/must have been too busy.

3.The film has been such a big success I guess it must be/can‘t be easy to get tickets to see it.

4.I‘m sure you could mend this if you really tried. You must be/can‘t be using the right tools.

5.I‘ve just rung the garage to check whether they‘ve fixed my car, but I can‘t get an answer. I suppose they may have/may be having a tea-break out in the yard.

6.I don‘t know why you wanted to stay at the party. You might have enjoyed/can‘t have enjoyed talking to all those boring people.

7.I can‘t go out this morning. We‘re getting a new sofa and the store may be delivering/must be delivering it today.

8.You‘ll have to check these figures again. They‘re not accurate. You might have been concentrating/can‘t have been concentrating when you added them up.

9.You must be/must have been thirsty after carrying those heavy boxes. Shall I make some tea?

Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with the verbs can, may or must.

1. I have forgotten my own language and … speak nothing but yours. 2. We … go somewhere. We … not wander about forever. 3. But I think you … have told us this half an hour ago! 4.

You … see much of interest there. 5. I did not hear him return to the room. I … have been asleep. 6. You … have mistaken him, my dear. He … not have intended to say that. 7. It seemed possible they … return. 8. It … not have happened at Ainswick. 9. No good looking back; things happen as they … . 10. To be ashamed of his own father is perhaps the bitterest experience the young man … go through. 11. How … you let things slide like that, Dick? 12. I think

you … be glad of some coffee before you start back to your hotel.

It‘s such a cod night. 13. It was known – whispered among the old, discussed among the young – that the family pride … soon receive a blow. 14. And though he undressed and got into bed he … not sleep. 15. You … not go out so late at night. 16. I think it … happen sooner or later. 17. I … come tonight, … I not? 18. Somebody is knocking at the door. It … be John. – It … not be John. It‘s too early for him to be back. 19. I don‘t know for certain, but he … have been a sailor in his youth. 20. They … ask me about him.

What should I say?

Exercise 8. Complete the conversation with suitable verbs.

1.– Maria says her father is a farmer.

-But he can‘t be! They live in the middle of Madrid.

2.– Oh, no. this carrier bag‘s split.

-You must have put too much in it. They‘re not very strong, you know.

3.– Nigel says he met your sister in Berlin.

-But he can‘t …………….. her there! She‘s never been to

Germany.

4.– Where can I find out about the visas for the US?

-Pia might ……………. about that sort of things. She used to work in a travel agency.

5.– This letter says you owe the bank $5,000.

-It must …………….. a mistake. I don‘t even have a bank

account.

6.– Shall we go to the concert?

-I‘d like to, but you‘d better phone first. They may

……………. all the tickets.

7.– Do you know where my address book is?

-It could …………………. in the hall cupboard. I think I saw it there the other day.

8.– Why didn‘t Sally come to work in her car today?

-She didn‘t say. She could ……………………. it to her sister, I suppose.

Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks with must or have to.

1. Don‘t worry about that. You … do as you think best. 2. My mother was unwell, and I … go to the chemist‘s. 3. I … go and look at the dinner. 4. Yesterday‘s rain spoilt my hat completely; I … buy a new one. 5. There was no one to help him so he … move the furniture himself. 6. ―Oh, hallo,‖ she said; ―I thought you … have gone home. 7. They didn‘t answer my first knock so I … knock twice. 8. You … always come to me if anything goes wrong. 9. He was very sorry to think that he would … part with it. 10. I had a sleepless night. I … go and see the doc and get him to give me something, I can‘t go on like that.

Exercise 10. Complete these sentences with mustn’t or don’t/doesn’t have to.

1.I don‘t want anyone to know. You … mustn’t … tell anyone.

2.He … doesn’t have to get to … wear a suit to work but he usually does.

3.I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I

…………………… go to work.

4.Whatever you do, you ……………………… touch that switch. It‘s very dangerous.

5.There‘s a lift in the building, so we

……………………….. climb the stairs.

6.You …………………………… forget what I told you. it‘s very important.

7.Sue ……………………………. get up early. She gets up early because she wants to.

8.Don‘t make so much noise. We ………………………….

wake the baby.

9.I …………………………. eat too much. I‘m supposed to be on a diet.

10. You ………………………… be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis.

Exercise 11. Fill in the blanks with must, have to, be to and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I want you to obey her. You … do exactly as she says and make no noise. 2. ―Well, what … I do about the dinner?‖ said Miss Handforth. ―Spoil it by over-cooking or let it get cold?‖ 3. Randall was excited. He thought he … telephone her at once, he … see her, somehow, that very day. 4. Emma … have been very beautiful when she was young. She has a fine face. 5. ―We … be trifled with‖, returned the policeman in a threatening voice. (negative) 6. You … come and have dinner with me some time. 7. He lost all his money at the races and I …lend him five pounds. 8. I hope I won‘t upset or annoy you by speaking frankly. I … have your advice. 9. Wake up, do you hear! You … wake up at once. 10. So Frank has come? – Oh, yes; quite unexpectedly. He … have stayed a week longer. 11. You … stay so late. (negative). You may leave after dinner. 12. The story was still clear in his mind. He knew what … be done. He took his pen and wrote in his neat, steady hand the title of his new novel.

NEED

The modal verb need may be used either as a defective or as a regular verb.

1. Need as a defective verb has only one form. It is followed by the infinitive without to.

Need is used to express necessity. It is used in interrogative and negative sentences.

In interrogative sentences need shows that the speaker is doubtful about the necessity of performing the action in question.

Need we discuss the question again? Need you give it so much attention?

In negative sentences need expresses an absence of necessity.

You needn’t worry about it. You needn’t go into details.

The negation is not always associated with the verb, but may be found elsewhere in the sentence.

I don‘t think we need continue the discussion. I need hardly say that I agree with you.

Needn’t + perfect infinitive denotes an action which was performed though it was unnecessary. It implies a waste of time and effort.

You needn’t have gone to the library. We‘ve got here all the books you need. You needn’t have taken so much trouble. It was obvious. You needn’t have argued.

In reported speech need remains unchanged.

The teacher said that we needn’t translate the text. He told me that I needn’t come.

2. Need as a regular verb has all the necessary forms and is followed by the infinitive with to.

It is used to express necessity (in interrogative and negative sentences).

Did you need to do all this? They did not need to hurry.

It should be noted, however, that the use of this need is less common than that of the defective one.

Exercise 12. Fill in the blanks with didn’t have to or needn’t have.

1. You … (to bring) your umbrella, as we are going by car. 2. You … (to water) the flowers as it is going to rain. 3. I … (to translate) it for him, he did it himself, he understands Latin. 4. I …

(to answer) the questions, which saved me a lot of trouble. 5. I knew I … (to lock) the door after me, but how was I to know you wanted to come out, too? 6. I … (to ring) the bell because the door opened before I got to it. 7. I … (to help) them at all, they themselves knew what to do. 8. I … (to write) him because the new was already known to him. He phoned me shortly afterwards. 9.

You … (to listen) to him. His information was misleading. 10. You … (to buy) such a lot of flowers. We‘ve already got more than necessary. 11. He … (to get up) so early every day. It was only on that particular occasion that he did. 12. You … (to say) if you didn‘t want to. We could have done without you just as well.

Exercise 13. Fill in the blanks with must, have to, be to or

need.

1. You … not (to bring) your books to class tomorrow, we are going to listen to a wireless programme. 2. I‘m glad the lessons will begin later now. The children won‘t … (to get up) so early. 3. You … not (to learn) the poem. You … only (to read) it. 4. Children … not (to play) with matches. 5. It was late, and they … (to light) a fire to cook their supper. 6. You … (to give) it back to me before you go. 7. You … not (to be) late for the concert. 8. I made a few mistakes, so I … (to do) the whole exercise again. 9. I … hardly (to say) how important it is. 10. She … (to be married) next month. 11. You … not (to miss) that film, it is extraordinary good. 12. You … not (to strike) a match; I can see well enough. 13. Jim … (to make) a speech at the meeting, but he had fallen ill, so Tom … (to speak) instead. 14. You … not (to bring) any food with you tomorrow. I‘ll have enough for both of us. 15. We … (to be) there at 12 sharp. 16.

We … not (to wait) long. A bus came almost at once. 17. You …

(to learn) the whole poem.

SHOULD

The modal verb should is unchangeable. It occurs in all kinds of sentences and is followed by different forms of the infinitive.

It is used to express:

1. Obligation as something recommended or required.

You should tell me the truth. You shouldn’t mention it in her presence. A critic should above all things be fair. Is there any reason why I should do this? I‘m always saying what I shouldn’t say.

Should + perfect infinitive showed that a desirable action was not carried out. It has the additional meaning of reproach or regret.

You should have told me the truth. Where‘s he now? He should have been back long ago.

In negative sentences it indicates an undesirable action which was carried out.

You shouldn’t have concealed these facts. You shouldn’t have mentioned his name in her presence.

It corresponds to Russian вам следовало, вам не следовало.

2. Reproach, regret, surprise or indignation, i.e. different shades of the emotional attitude of the speaker to the action recommended or thought of. It is the so-called emotional should.

Why should I help him? С какой стати я должен ему помогать? How should I know? Откуда мне знать? (Почем я знаю?) I don‘t see why we shouldn’t make friends? Я не понимаю, почему бы нам не стать друзьями? There is no