Учебное пособие 1583

fall) soon. 10. While I (to live), I always (to remember) his face. 11.

I don‘t think he (to wire) before he (to arrive). 12. Nobody knows when it all (to be settled). 13. I‘m not sure if he (to be) glad to see me. 14. She (to do) her home-work after supper. 15. I suppose you (to work) very hard in the autumn.

Exercise 6. Use the required tense instead of the infinitives in brackets.

―Shall I call again tomorrow?‖ (to ask) the doctor, before taking leave of the old man.

―Oh, no, we (to send) for you if she (not to be) so well,‖ he (to reply). ―She (to have) hardly any temperature today; her cough is easier; and the pain quite (to disappear). I can‘t think, though, how she (to catch) this germ. She hardly (to be) out of the house for the last three weeks, owing to the intenseness of the cold, and nobody else (to have) influenza, or even a cold.‖

―She (to be) certainly very subject to infection. She ever (to try) a course of injections to strengthen her system against these germs? Three injections at intervals of a week, at the beginning of the winter, will often work marvels.‖

It (to be) difficult to persuade her to take care of herself, doctor,‖ (to sigh) the father, ―but when she (to be) better I certainly (to suggest) it to her.‖

Exercise 7. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the required tense, paying attention to the sequence of tenses.

Many years ago I (to be thrown) by accident among a certain society of Englishmen, who, when they (to be) all together, never (to talk) about anything worth talking about. Their general conversations (to be) absolutely empty and dull, and I (to conclude), as young men so easily (to conclude), that those twenty or thirty gentlemen (to have) not half a dozen ideas among them. A little reflection (to remind) me, however, that my own talk (to be) no better than theirs, and consequently that there (may) be others in

the company who also (to know) more and (to think) more than they (to express). I (to find) out by accident, after a while, that some of these men (to have) more than common culture, in various directions: one or two (to travel) far, and (to bring) home the results of much observation; one or two (to read) largely, and with profit; more than one (to study) a science; five or six (to see) a great deal of the world. It (to be) a youthful mistake to conclude the men (to be) dull because their general conversation (to be) very dull. The general conversations of English society (to be) dull; it (to be) a national characteristic.

Exercise 8. Use the required tenses instead of the infinitives in brackets.

The landlady (to bring) the tea. I (not to want) anything, but Ted (to make) me eat some ham. Then I (to sit) at the window. I (not to look) round when the landlady (to come up) to clear away, I (not to want) anyone to speak to me. Ted (to read) a book; at least he (to pretend) to, but he (not to turn) the page, and I (to see) the tears dropping on it. I (to keep on) looking out of the window. It (to be) the end of June, and the days (to be) long. I (to look) at the people going in and out of the public-house and the trams going up and down. I (to think) the day never (to come) to an end; then all of a sudden I (to notice) that it (to be) night. All the lamps (to be lit).

―Why you (not to light) the gas?‖ I (to say) to Ted. ―It‘s no good sitting in the dark.‖

He (to light) the gas. I don‘t know what (to come) over me. I

(to feel) that if I (to go on) sitting in that room I (to go) mad. I (to want) to go somewhere where there (to be) lights and people.

Exercise 9. Use the required tenses instead of the infinitives in brackets and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Let‘s have dinner up here. If we (to go) down to the restaurant we (to be interrupted), and the music (to be) so loud there. We (not to be) able to hear each other speak. 2. You really

never (to be) to a ball before, Leila? 3. My wife (to be) in Europe for the last ten months on a visit to our eldest girl, who (to be married) last year. 4. Hello, John! You (to wait) long? 5. She (to tell) him that she (to ring) him, but she (not to do) so. 6. He (to look) up with surprise, ―India? You (to go) to India?‖ 7. I never (to know) anyone I (to like) as much as I (to like) you. I never (to feel) so happy with anyone. But I (to be sure) it (not to be) what people and books (to mean) when the (to talk) about love. 8. It was now over a year. He (not to hear) from her since she (to leave), except for a postcard. 9. The green door (to open) and (to shut) again and all (to be) silence. He (to wait) a minute or two. What they (to say) to each other now? 10. She (to be) disappointed if you (not to come). Randall (to hesitate). ―No,‖ he (to say). ―I (not to come) in. You can go alone.‖ 11. Good heavens, my old doll! You (to find) it in Ann‘s room? I (to forget) all about it by now. 12. My mother (to come) to stay with us next weekend. 13. The garden (to look) quite different now when the leaves (to fall). 14. I (to be) sure you

(to finish) your work by six o‘clock. 15. She (to say) she (to do) washing tomorrow. 16. Jago told Eliot that Nightingale and he just (to discuss) the future of the college.

Exercise 10. Supply the correct mood of the verbs in brackets.

1. If they (not to help) us we (not to find) the way. 2. If I (to have) enough money I (to buy) this cassette-recorder. 3. You (to be) able to speak English better if you (to study) harder. 4. If she (to be) older she (to understand) you better. 5. If he (to be) in town yesterday he (to call) on us. 6. We (to enjoy) the play better if it (not to be) so long. 7. My uncle (to be) able to help us if he (to be) here. 8. I (to do) the same if I (to be) there. 9. If I (to know) about your arrival I (to meet) you. 10. If you (to know) what it is all about, you (not to keep on) smiling. 11. If you (to go) to the theatre last night, I‘m sure, you (to enjoy) the play. 12. He (to act) differently if he (to realize) the situation. 13. If she (to come) earlier she (to be) able to see them before they went out. 14.

Nobody told me about your trouble. I (to help) you if I (to hear) about it. 15. I (to come) sooner if I (to know) you were here. 16. We (not to know) anything about their plans for the summer holidays if Mario (not to send) us a letter. 17. If you (to come) between two and three yesterday you (to find) him in. 18. If I (to be) you I (to have) a long walk in the park. 19. If I (can) help you I readily (to do) so, but you know I can‘t. 20. I must be off now. If it

(not to be) so late I (to stay) a little longer.

Exercise 11. Change into sentences of unreal condition.

M o d e l s: She won‘t help us as she is not here. – She would help us if she were here.

We did not meet so often because she lived far from my place. – We should have met more often if she had not lived so far from my place.

1. They will do it if they can. 2. It isn‘t summer now, and we don‘t go to the country. 3. He doesn‘t write to me, and I don‘t write to him. 4. She didn‘t find the book because she didn‘t open the bag. 5. It will be better if they don‘t come. 6. I didn‘t give it to you because you were out. 7. I can‘t knit another sweater as I have no more wool. 8. I don‘t study Italian as I haven‘t much spare time. 9. She didn‘t follow the doctor‘s advice and fell seriously ill. 10. The boy is shivering. He isn‘t quite well. 11. He refuses my help, and the work won‘t be finished today. 12. I have a headache because I had a sleepless night. 13. Anne can‘t translate this song: she doesn‘t know French well enough. 14. You are not quite all right now because you didn‘t take the medicine regularly. 15. They took a taxi and didn‘t miss the train. 16. She doesn‘t know her address, or he will write to her, I‘m sure. 17. The garden doesn‘t look beautiful because the trees are bare. 18. He makes so many mistakes because he doesn‘t know grammar well enough. 19. Will you do it for me if I ask you?

Exercise 12. Supply the correct mood of the verbs in brackets.

1. I don‘t know how to address him. I wish I (to know) his name. 2. I feel as if my head (to be) on fire. 3. If only I (to know) earlier, I (to send) you a telegram. 4. My wife says she wishes I (to be) a thousand miles away. 5. He felt as if he (to float) in the air. 6. She stared at me as if I (to ask) him something very odd. 7. At the moment she wished she (not to send) for him. 8. If I (to tell) you you might have thought it was my choice. 9. Even if it (to be) twice as dangerous I (to carry out) my plan. 10. I wish I never (to see) you. 11. Don‘t look at me as if you never (to see) me before. 12. I think it (to be) natural if you (to join) me. 13. Remember her! As if

I (can) forget her! 14. Then he suddenly said, ―You (to take) me to Grayhallock if I (to ask)? 15. Don‘t you think it (to be) rather nice if we (to ask) her to stay on for a week as our guest? 16. ―How I wish I (to be) there with you,‖ I said with deep regret. 17. ―Don‘t be sorry,‖ she said. ―I (to be) relieved if you (to go), if it (to be) settled somehow.‖ 18. Well, at any rate, the weather isn‘t going to present difficulties. It looks as though it (to set in) fine. 19. I (to be) sure of it if I (to be) you.

Exercise 13. Supply the correct mood of the verbs in brackets.

1. I knew he (to be) silly, but I (not to believe) that he (to be) as silly as that. 2. I wish he (to be) a bit stronger against Crawford.

3. After a moment‘s silence he (to break out): ―It (to be) a nuisance if I (to beg) a cup of tea in your rooms?‖ 4. You must thank him, not we. Without him we (not to achieve) any success. 5. I wish she

(not to look) so pale. 6. ―If I (to be) Crawford, I (to thank) Winslow much,‖ said Chrystal. 7. I (to give) a good deal for that assurance! 8. Are you glad to see me? – You‘re funny Dick! As if you (not to know). 9. If I (to think) as you do I (to feel) miserable. 10. Mr.

Dennant‘s glance rested on Shelton and quickly fell down to the ground as though he (to see) something that alarmed him. 11. I wish

you (to show) more sign of not liking it in practice. 12. I can‘t for the life of me understand why you didn‘t wait before they decided.

I (to expect) you to discuss it with me. 13. When Hilary opened the door the stranger made a quick movement forward, almost as if he (to be going) to stick his foot hurriedly in the opening. 14. Her voice sounded as though something (to offend) her. 15. I wish I (can) play tennis as well as you do. 16. He looked up sharply as if he (to make) a dangerous remark. 17. I may travel out with Uncle, but it (to be) such fun if you (to come). 18. He saw it as clearly as though it (to be) before his eyes. 19. But for your friendship I (to feel) lonely here.

Exercise 14. Use the verbs can or may.

1. One … never know what … happen. 2. You … have sent us a note at least! We waited for you the whole day. 3. Do you think you … command an army? 4. Well, your wives … not like the lady I‘m going to marry. 5. Last winter he … be seen in the club any night. 6. What … Anne be doing all this time in the kitchen? 7. Whatever the reason … be, the fact remains. 8. She … have lost her ring herself, it … not have been stolen. 9. Who … have said such a thing? 10. Somebody … have given her my address. 11. Such difficulties … be easily put up with. 12. If only I … make him understand me properly. 13. I … have helped him but I didn‘t receive his letter.

Exercise 15. Fill in the blanks with should, need, have to with the appropriate form of the Infinitive.

1. I … (to prepare) for my coming exam yesterday, but I … (to look after) my sick sister. 2. He … not (to get up) early. He begins working at 9.30. 3. ―I … (to say) those wounding words,‖ he reproached himself. 4. It isn‘t the sort of thing one … (to discuss) with unknown people. 5. You … not (to worry) about money. I‘ve got enough for both of us. 6. You … not (to walk) all the way to the station. You … (to take) a bus round the corner. 7. Sooner or later

one … (to choose). 8. Mother … (to get up and down) a good deal during the meal, fetching things back and forward. 9. I managed to get there at half past twelve. But I … not (to hurry). They had already left. 10. Breakfast is often a quick meal, because the father of the family … (to get) away to his work, children … (to go) to school, and the mother has her work to do. 11. If you are interested in historic places you … (to go) to Westminster Abbey. 12. She drew a chair near his – he wondered if he … (to help) her with the chair – and sat down beside him. 13. They … (to knock) twice before the door was opened. 14. She … not (to give) money to her boy. Then it wouldn‘t have happened. 15. She … (to conceal) her real feelings lest anyone … (to notice) how unhappy she was. 16. You … not (to come) yourself. You may send somebody else.

Exercise 16. Insert the appropriate modal verb.

1.He has insulted our family and he … suffer for it! 2. You

…not have gone out without an umbrella in such rainy weather. 3. I‘m afraid I … have sounded a bit unfriendly over the phone. 4. ―I

…to have told Soames,‖ he thought, ―that I think him comic.‖ 5. We … live to their age, perhaps. 6. Here she … sit, sewing and knitting, while he worked at the table. 7. Why … you be different from other people? 8. ―Good morning,‖ said the girl. ―I believe you

…be Toby. Have I guessed right?‖ 9. If you … read without spectacles, and I believe you …, be so good as to read this letter for me. 10. Captain Steerforth, … I speak to you for a moment? 11. Anne felt she … not stand much more of this discussion. She said she … go on with her work and began to rise. 12. Why … one make trouble for oneself when one is old? 13. … you do me a favour and meet her at the station? 14. He was not old, he … not have been more than forty. 15. The day we … to start it rained worse than ever. 16. You … not hurry. There is plenty of time. 17. Mother has fallen ill, so I … to change my plans. 18. We didn‘t know what to do; the key … not turn and we … not get into the room. 19. I … not to have left Cape Town last night. I wish I had

not. 20. … I speak to Mr. Pitt, pleas? – I‘m afraid he‘s out at the moment. … ring back later?

PART II

VERBALS

The verbals include three non-finite forms of the verb in English: the infinitive, the gerund and the participle.

Unlike the finite forms of the verb, they do not express the grammatical categories of person, number or mood. Therefore they cannot be used as the predicate of a sentence.

What are the main characteristics of the verbals in modern English?

1. Their syntactical functions differ from those of the finite verb and are typical of parts of speech other than the verb.

2. They are widely used in the so-called predicative constructions, consisting of two elements nominal and verbal. The components are related to each other like the subject and the predicate of a sentence. They make up a syntactical unit (or a complex) treated as one part of a sentence.

3.The verbals have relative tense, distinctions showing whether the action expressed by the verbal is simultaneous with. or prior to, the action expressed by the finite verb. Thus they have non-perfect and perfect forms.

4.They also express the category of voice represented by the opposition of active and passive forms.

5.Like all other verbs, the verbals take objects and are associated with adverbial modifiers.

THE INFINITIVE

FORMS

The infinitive is the most verbal of all the non-finite forms of the verb.

Besides the categories of relative tense and voice common to all the verbals, the infinitive also has the category of aspect.

MEANING AND FUNCTIONS

Having developed from the verbal noun, the infinitive cannot be used in the function of the predicate; however, it can form part of the predicate when used in combination with a finite form of a verb, or, very often, with a modal verb.

He began to work. He can speak English.

When used as an independent part of a sentence, the infinitive can function as

1. Subject

To err is human. To live in a world without fear is the goal of progressive mankind.

2. Object

I want to study French. I have never learnt to dance.

3. Attribute (in post-position)

I've got a lot of things to do. He wants something to read.