Учебное пособие 1583

out.

2.Supposing you had heard/had been heard telling me, what would have happened?

3.He acted as if he owns/owned the house.

4.I wish I went/had gone to the library yesterday.

5.I would have made a cake if I know/had known you were

coming.

6. It's about time we employed/had employed some new

staff.

7.If she had won/won the competition, she would have had a

party.

8.I'd rather you didn't interrupt/hadn't interrupted me when I'm talking.

9.Suppose you saw/had seen a crime being committed, what would you do?

10.If only you told/had told me, I would have understood.

11.He would have sent a card if he realised/had realised it

was your birthday.

12. If you met/had met John now, you wouldn't recognise

him.

13.It's high time you learnt/had learnt how to drive.

14.I'd rather you hadn't misbehaved/didn't misbehave at the party last night.

15.They spoke as if they knew/had known each other for

years.

Exercise 17. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1.Would you rather ...come... (come) shopping with me or stay at home?

2.If only I ......................................... (not/confide) in her; now everybody knows my problems.

8.She didn't understand the question, but she looked as though she ....…………. (understand) it.

9.Liz studied Art at university, but she says she would

Exercise 18. Correct the mistakes.

1.You wouldn‘t be better late for your interview.

2.We would better go soon.

3.It's high time you tidy your bedroom.

4.We'd better to do the washing-up.

5.I'd rather the guests come at eight o'clock.

6.Unless you don't study, you won't pass the exams.

7.I wish we would afford a new car.

8.If you will need any help, just call me.

Exercise 19. Cross out the unnecessary word.

1.You‘d better to apply to your interview tomorrow.

2.As long as you will book early, you won't have a problem

finding a seat.

3.I wish if someone would do something about it.

4.John would rather his sister had made less noise every time

she comes back from a party.

5.It's time Paul had stopped acting like a child.

6.They won't let you in unless you will wear a suit and tie.

7.Unless you not ask him, he won't come.

8.Even if he offered to lend me the money, or I wouldn't take

it.

9.I prefer playing cards than to playing board games.

10.Had if we been there, we would have offered to help.

11.Emma would rather to study Medicine than Chemistry.

12.If they will practise hard, they may win the match.

Exercise 20. Choose the correct answer.

MODAL VERBS

Modal verbs make up a small group of structural words having certain semantic and grammatical peculiarities.

The most important modal verbs are: can (could), may (might), must, need, ought, should, shall, will (would).

Besides, there is a group of the so-called equivalents of modal verbs, namely the verbs to be (to) and to have (to) and the phrase to be able to. Being different from modal verbs morphologically, they have much in common with them in meaning and function. Unlike all other verbs, modal verbs do not denote an action but are used to express abstract modal meanings of possibility, necessity, volition, etc. Sometimes they are also used to express different emotions such as doubt, surprise, reproach, etc.

As far as their function in the sentence is concerned, modal verbs are structural. Due to the fact that they express modal relations, they are never used as independent parts of a sentence. They are always used in combination with the infinitive making up part of the compound modal predicate.

She cannot deceive me. You must not allow children to do it.

The infinitive associated with a modal verb may be used in any form, i.e. non-perfect or perfect, non-continuous or continuous, active or passive.

Modal verbs express the grammatical categories o f tense and mood.

Some modal verbs, for instance must, should, ought, have only one unchangeable form.

Modal verbs are called defective because they lack some grammatical forms:

1.They do not take the s-inflexion in the 3rd person singular.

2.All of them lack verbals and analytical forms.

3.All of them, except ought and sometimes need, are followed by the infinitive without the particle to.

Most of the modal verbs have more than one meaning. Some of their meanings may be found in all kinds of sentences; others occur only in affirmative or negative or interrogative sentences.

Different meanings may be associated with different forms of the infinitive.

If modal verbs have more than one form (can — could, may

—might, will— would, to have and to be), their different meanings are not necessarily found in all those forms.

CAN

The verb can is used to express:

(1) Physical or mental ability; in this meaning it is used only with the indefinite infinitive in all kinds of sentences.

Can you swim? Could anyone run faster? He can read

French. She could speak English fluently. I can't promise you anything. He couldn’t help me last time.

Its equivalent to be (un)able + infinitive is used in the meaning of physical ability especially with reference to the future or past.

Our baby will be able to walk in a few weeks. Henry was unable to move, as he had been badly hurt in the game.

(2) Possibility due to circumstances; in this meaning it is also used with the indefinite infinitive.

One can use either the definite or the indefinite article in this case. Can I have my photo taken right now? You could see this picture at the exhibition last year.

This meaning is occasionally expressed by be able to, which is usually found with a future or past time reference.

He will be (was) able to get the book from the library tomorrow (yesterday).

The subjunctive could + indefinite infinitive is used with a present or future time reference when there is an idea of condition.

Could you get another job (if you left this one)? I could get a copy if you want.

The subjunctive could + perfect infinitive is used for possibility in thepast; when:

(a) the action was not performed

He could have stopped the train (but he didn't). I could have lent you the money if you had asked me.

(b) we don't know whether it was performed or not

―The money has disappeared! Who could have taken it?‖ ―Tom could have (taken it); he was here alone yesterday.‖

(3) Doubt, uncertainty, improbability; in these meanings can/could is found interrogative and negative sentences.

Can/could it be true? Неужели это правда? It can't/couldn't be true. Не может быть, чтобы это было так.

(The subjunctive form could expresses a greater doubt.)

Depending on the time reference, can/could is used with different forms of the infinitive. Thus, if reference is made to the present, the indefinite infinitive is found with verbs that cannot have the continuous form (see the above examples). With verbs that can have the continuous form, the continuous infinitive is used.

Can/could she be telling lies? She can't/couldn't be telling

lies.

Can + perfect infinitive is used to refer the action to the past. Can he have said it? Неужели он сказал это? He can't have said it. Не может быть, чтобы он сказал это. (Он не мог этого сказать.)

The subjunctive could is occasionally used to express the same meanings.

―Who brought the piano upstairs?‖ ―Perhaps it was Tom.‖ ―He can't/couldn't have done it by himself.‖

Either can/can't or could/couldn't can be used when the deduction is made in the present. However, only could/couldn't must be used when the deduction is made in the past or when the event mentioned is disconnected from the present.

We were silent... Could we have run out of conversation so quickly? Could I have dropped my wallet in the shop? I turned to go back... I knew that he couldn't have caught the 9.00 train for he only left his house at 9.15. He was not old. He couldn't have been more than fifty. ―A man answered the phone. I suppose it was her husband.‖ ―No, it couldn't have been her husband. He's been away from London for months.‖

(4) Request, permission, prohibition; can/could is followed by the indefinite infinitive in all kinds of sentences.

―Can I take your dictionary?‖ ―Yes, you can.‖ (Please do.) ―No, you can't.‖

You can use my phone. (== You have my permission to do

it.)

Can used for permission is an informal alternative to may. Both can I? and could I? are used for requests, could being

more polite.

Can I/could I borrow your dictionary?

Could you? is used for a polite request as an alternative to would you?

Could you show me the way? Could you wait half an hour?

Couldn’t you? is also possible as a request.

Couldn't you come a little earlier? I'm afraid I'll be in a hurry.

Can/could with all persons in the affirmative expresses the idea of having permission.

You can park outside my house. He said we could park outside his house.

Can't/couldn't expresses prohibition.

You can't leave before six. (== I don't allow you. You are not allowed.) The junior clerks couldn't use the front door. (== weren't allowed to)

Note. When an action was permitted and performed, it is better to use was/were allowed.

Each child was allowed to take one book home. Mary chose "Robinson Crusoe".

Exercise 1. Fill the following spaces, using can for present, could for past and shall/will be able for future. Put to where necessary before the infinitives.

1.…. you stand on your head?

I …….. when I was at school but I ……. now.

2.When I‘ve passed my driving test I …….. hire a car from our local garage.

3.At the end of the month the Post Office will send him an enormous telephone bill which he ……………… pay.

(negative)

4.I ……….. remember the address (negative). ……… you even remember the street? (negative)

5.When the fog lifts we ………. see where we are.

6.You‘ve put too much in your rucksack; you never

……………. carry all that.

7.When I was a child I …………… understand adults, and now that I am an adult I ………………. understand children

(negative, negative).

8.When you have taken your degree you ………………. put letters after your name.

9.Don‘t try to look at all pictures in the gallery. Otherwise when you get home you ………………… remember any of them (negative).

10.When I first went to Spain I …………….. read Spanish but I ……………… speak it. (2nd verb negative)

11.……………. you type? – Yes, I ……………. type but I

……………do shorthand (2nd verb negative).

12.I‘m locked in. I …………… get out! (negative).

13.…………… you squeeze between the bars? (negative) – No! I ……………; I‘m too fat. (negative)