Учебное пособие 1583

reason why you shouldn’t get on very well together? Нет причины, почему бы вам не ладить друг с другом. I don‘t see any reason why they shouldn’t be happy. Я не вижу причины, почему бы им не быть счастливыми. The door opened and who should come in but Tom. Дверь открылась,

и кто бы, вы думали, вошел? Не кто иной как Том!

Exercise 14. Fill in the blanks with must, should or need.

1. I‘m suggesting that you … marry me, Midge. 2. She … be picking cherries in the orchard, tell her to come into the house. 3.

―Well‖, said Emily with calm, ―you … not get into such fusses when we tell you things.‖ 4. Is it necessary, do you think, that the police … know about it? 5. You … not be afraid of him. He‘s a kind old man. 6. It is essential that he … be prepared for it. 7. Soft music filled the room. ―That … be a gramophone record‖, thought he. 8. I propose that the prize … be divided. 9. Oh, I don‘t know. It‘s really rather odd that he … ever have been taking her to the Ball. 10. You … have seen that film when it was here last week. 11. It is strange that you … remember the place. 12. Why … not I talk to Catherine? Do you think I‘m not worthy to, or something? 13. Poor boy! He … have suffered so. 14. You … not answer all my questions if you don‘t want to. 15. Why … you say such disagreeable things? 16. Go upstairs at once. You … change your wet clothes. 17. It was only proper that Dora< who was young and healthy, ... give her seat to that old lady. 18. I think I‘ll come on time, but if I … be late, please keep a seat for me. 19. He ordered that the gate … be locked. 20. She confiscated the morning papers so that the children … not see them. 21. You … not wake up before seven o‘clock. We‘ll start at half past eight. 22. I was just wondering if my wife was here. – No, she isn‘t here. Why … she be? 23. You … not work so hard after your illness. 24. Henrietta suggested to Gerda that they … go and look at the kitchen garden.

Exercise 15. Complete the sentences with should (have) + the verb in brackets.

M o d e l: 1. Margaret should pass the exam. She‘s been studying hard. (pass)

2. You missed a great party last night. You should have come. (come)

1.We don‘t see you enough. You ………………. and see us more often. (come)

2.I‘m in difficult position. What do you think I

………………………..? (do)

3.I‘m sorry that I didn‘t take your advice. I

…………………….. what you said. (do)

4.I‘m playing tennis with Jill tomorrow. She

…………………. – she‘s much better than me. (win)

5.We lost the match but we ……………………… . We were the best team. (win)

6.‗Is John here yet?‘ ‗Not yet, but he ……………………….

here soon.‘ (be)

7.I posted the letter three days ago, so it …………………..

by now. (arrive)

OUGHT (TO)

The verb ought is also unchangeable. It is always followed by the infinitive with to.

It is used to express moral obligation or necessity which is naturally expected.

You ought to help your friends. You ought to be more considerate to other people‘s feelings. I suppose I ought to say a word or two about myself. You are a Bachelor of Arts and you ought to know.

When used with the perfect infinitive ought shows that the obligation was not carried out.

You ought to have told the truth long ago. She ought to have known that the whole subject was too dangerous to discuss at night. We have done things we ought not to have done, and left undone things we ought to have done.

Exercise 16. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use ought (oughtn’t) followed by a correct form of the infinitive.

M o d e l: I felt it would be only proper to follow his advice. I felt I ought to follow his advice.

1. I knew it would be improper if I opened the letter. 2. I recommended you to finish your work before going out. 3. I advise you not to eat between meals; it will make you fat. 4. I disapprove of your smoking so much; you are wasting your money and doing harm to your health. 5. It‘s a pity I didn‘t take those books back to the library last week. 6. It was wrong of you not to tell our guide that you wanted to go sightseeing all by yourself. 7. You didn‘t wait till the lights were green before crossing the road, and it was wrong, you know. 8. It was unreasonable of you to have crossed the road when the lights were red. 9. I wish you had been there. The performance was wonderful. 10. If he starts at eight he will probably be there by one o‘clock.

Exercise 17. Fill in the blanks with ought, have to, be to or need followed by the appropriate infinitive.

1. Mother always tells me that I … (to be) more careful. 2. You … not (to tell) him my telephone number, he knows it. 3. You … not (to say) that! See how distressed she is. 4. I don‘t want to do it, but I … . 5. All the same, I think you … (to see) a doctor. There

must be something the matter with you. 6. Don‘t forget that you … (to get up) at seven! 7. But there was no other way out. I … (to communicate) with him. No one else knew her address. 8. Such things … not (to be allowed). 9. You … not (to write) such a long composition. The teacher only asked for 200 words, and you have written 400. 10. ―Perhaps I … not (to trouble) you.‖ He closed his lips tight. He was offended.

SHOULD AND OUGHT COMPARED

In the first place they both should be compared with must. Must sounds more forceful and imperative than either of them. Should and ought express obligation in a milder way.

The difference in the meanings of these two verbs is sometimes very vague. Therefore they are often interchangeable.

I ought to have married; yes, I should have married long ago. In war-time, a man should not part with his rifle. It‘s murder, and we ought to stop it.

Unlike the verb should which is used to express an individual opinion, the verb ought expresses something which is generally accepted or naturally expected under the circumstances. This is something that ought to be done from the standpoint of common decency.

He was a lawyer, and thought that things ought to be done according to judicial formulas which he had learned. I know that from every practical standpoint, from the standpoint of common decency, from the standpoint of what is right and wrong, I have done what I ought to do. Many students in Great Britain have a strong sense of what ought to be done not only in relation to their colleges and universities but in society as a whole.

SHALL

Shall is still used to express obligation with the second and third person, but at present this use is restricted to formal or even archaic style and is mainly found in subordinate clauses.

It has been decided that the second reading shall not be opposed.

At present it is generally used to express volition, or determination on the part of the speaker, i.e. promise, threat or warning directed to the second or third person.

Who seeks blows shall perish by blows. I must speak and you must listen. You shall listen. He shall not go. I wish him to remain. That‘s the last time. You shall never see me again.

The verb shall is used only with the indefinite infinitive.

In interrogative sentences with the first and the third persons it denotes a request for instructions addressed to the second person. The speaker uses this form to ask after the will of the person addressed.

Shall I begin? Shall he go there right now? Shall he call you up or will you call back?

Thus in these sentences shall functionally means asking for advice or making a suggestion. It does not mean future tense in these sentences.

Note: shall with the second and third person is frequently used in the texts belonging to the sphere of law, e.g. in contracts:

Both parties shall be bound to obey…

WILL

The modal verb will has three forms: the present and the past indicative (will - would) and the subjunctive (would).

It is used to express:

1. Volition or determination on the part of the speaker. In this meaning the verb will is used in the first person and is followed by the indefinite infinitive.

We stand for peace, and we will do all in our power to ensure that it shall be a lasting peace.

The same meaning is sometimes expressed by the subjunctive would.

A good dictionary is, of course, indispensable to anyone who would know words and their use.

When used with a negation the verb will expresses unwillingness or refusal to do something.

I want him to go away but he won’t. I told him to do it, but he wouldn’t listen to me.

2.Order or suggestion on the part of the speaker directed to the second or third person.

You will read three pages for tomorrow. The battalion will start out at 5 a.m.

3.Polite address or request. This meaning is found either in interrogative sentences

Will you come in, please? Will you lend me your dictionary? Would you pass me the salt?

or in if – clauses:

I‘ll join you, if you will wait for me. If you will lend me your dictionary I shall be very much obliged to you. if you would help me I should be very grateful.

There is hardly any difference between the use of will and would here; would makes the request still more polite.

4. Supposition.

You will note that proper names begin with a capital letter. I knew his father Professor Harold Pyle – you‘ll have heard of him. He will have gone another way. Parliament will have heard of this early in the week.

The modality expressed here may be rendered in Russian by

вероятно, должно быть.

Exercise 18. Fill in the blanks with shall or will.

1. Where … we put this vase? 2. I want to be helpful to you both; if you … let me. 3. Don‘t you worry about anything. I … be all right. 4. ―You must always come to me if anything goes wrong.‖ ―Of course, I …,‖ she said as if she were soothing him. 5. … there be time to buy the tickets? 6. I‘ll begin again and you … stop me this time! (negative) 7. ―Do give my love to Christine,‖ said Dora. ―Surely I …,‖ said Michael. 8. Children, have you been playing with my umbrella? It … open. (negative) 9. They … not pass! 10. … you have something to drink? 11. How long … your friends be here? 12. You … have it back tomorrow. 13. As he can‘t create anything himself, he is determined you … . (negative) 14. … you come to tea tomorrow? 15. He … never come here again! I‘ll take care of it. 16. If you … wait here a moment, I‘ll fetch you a chair.

REVISION EXERCISES ON TENSE, VOICE, MOOD AND MODAL VERBS

Exercise 1. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous instead of the infinitives in brackets.

1. What you (to think) of this drawing? – I (to think) it (to be) excellent. 2. A holiday camp usually (to have) its own swimmingpool and tennis courts. 3. She (to play) at the concert tonight. 4. You (to like) to spend your holidays with hundreds of other people? 5. What you (to listen) to? – It (to seem) to me I (to hear) a strange noise outside. 6. You (to read) anything in English now? – Yes, I

(to read) a play by Oscar Wilde. 7. I‘ll join them in their trip with pleasure if they (to invite) me. 8. I (not to see) what you (to drive) at. 9. You (to enjoy) the trip? 10. Can I see Doctor Trench? – I‘m sorry you can‘t; he (to have) his breakfast. 11. I (not to like) the girl; she continually (to bother) me with silly questions. 12. Nell (to have) a rest in the south, too, I (to guess). – Yes, you (to guess) right. 14. You often (to get) letters from her? – Not so very often.

Exercise 2. Use the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous instead of the infinitives in brackets.

1. ―How long you (to be) here?‖ she demanded angrily. 2.

This pair of shoes is just what I (to look for) to match my new frock. 3. I want you to remember that I never (to ask) you for anything before. 4. What‘s that noise? – Mary (to break) a tea-cup. 5. I (to think) about it the last three days, it‘s such a bother to me.

So it really is a relief to talk it over with you. 6. Listen to me, all of you! I (to come) with the most tremendous news. 7. I see you (not to do) much. What you (to do) all the morning? 8. It‘s hard to believe that it (to be) only two years and a half since I met him. 9. We (not to see) Edward for a long time. He (to change) very much?

– No, he is just the same. 10. Of course, we trust her. After all, Margaret and I (to know) Lucy all our lives. 11. I (not to wear) this dress for two years. 12. My watch (to go) for three days and it (not

to stop) yet. 13. Jack (to go) to Bulgaria for a holiday, I hear. I myself never (to be) there.

Exercise 3. Use the Past Simple or the Present Perfect instead of the infinitives in brackets.

1. It is half past eight and you (not to do) your morning exercise yet. 2. I (to get up) with a headache today and (to decide) to walk to my office instead of taking a bus. Now I am feeling much better. 3. You (to meet) any interesting people at the holiday camp? 4. She (not to have) a holiday for two years. 5. You (to enjoy) Mary‘s singing? 6. Where you (to buy) these lovely gloves?

7. Where she (to go)? Maybe she is in the lab? – No, I just (to be) there. It‘s locked. 8. Why you (to shut) your book? Please open it again on page ten. 9. I am sorry. What you (to say), Mr. Hartley?

10.His face seems familiar to me. When and where I (to see) him?

11.I hear you just (to get) married. When the ceremony (to take place)? 12. Old George (not to be) here for years! 13. You (to read) ―The Man of Property‖? – I (to begin) the book last week and just (to finish) it. 14. A few months ago they (to pull) down some old houses in our street and (to begin) to build a new block of flats. 15. Do you remember my name, or you (to forget) it? 16. When I (to call) on him I (to find) that he (to be) out. 17. His first question to the girl (to be): ―Where you (to see) the man?‖ 18. What (to be) her answer to your question? 19. Where you (to put) my umbrella? I need it. 20. He (to sit) there quietly for a while and then (to leave) unnoticed.

Exercise 4. Use the required past tense instead of the infinitives in brackets.

1. It (to be) the poorest room Hilary ever (to see). 2. No sooner she (to arrive) at the station than a fast London train (to come in). 3. It (to be decided) to say nothing to Sidney until the answer (to be received). 4. Arthur (to go) up to his room. Nothing in it (to be changed) since his arrest. 5. No wonder he (to be) very

tired. He (to work) too hard for the last three months. 6. I (to tremble) like a leaf. 7. Mr. Dennant, accustomed to laugh at other people, (to suspect) that he (to be laughed) at. 8. She (to say) it in a voice he never (to hear) before. 9. I (to look) into the kitchen. Mary-Ann (to put) the supper on a tray to take it into the diningroom. 10. I (to be) fifteen and just (to come) back from school for the summer holiday. 11. It (to rain) heavily since the morning and she (not to allow) the children to go out. 12. Soon I (to get) a letter from her to the effect that she (to return) from the South of France; she (to want) me to meet her. 13. Trafalgar Square (to be laid) about a hundred years ago. 14. I (to finish) my work for the day and (to rest) quietly in my arm-chair, thinking of the days that (to go) by. 15. George, who (to laugh) loudly, suddenly (to break off). 16.

When Bamby‘s mother (to stand) up her head (to be hidden) among the branches. 17. She (to read) the book ever since she (to come) from school and couldn‘t tear herself away from it. 18. She (to know) Jim for more than ten years, ever since her husband, who (to teach) at that time in a Grammar school in London, first had made his acquaintance through the Labour Party. 19. He (to say) he (to wait) for more than an hour. 20. I (to be) sure they (to talk) about me, because they (to break off) as soon as I (to enter). 21. He (to say) he (to get) two letters from Alice. 22. The rain that (to fall) since the morning (to cease) by the afternoon, but a strong wind still (to blow) and the sky (to be covered) with dark clouds.

Exercise 5. Use the required future or present tense instead of the infinitive in brackets where necessary.

1. How you‘ve grown! Good gracious me, you (to get) a moustache soon! 2. I hope you (not to forget) all this by tomorrow! 3. By next Sunday you (to stay) with us for five weeks. 4. If we (not to get) there before seven, they (to do) everything. 5. I probably (to want) to see the book before he (to finish) it. 6. You must not eat any solid food until your temperature (to go down). 7. I know you (to whisper) when Peg (to go). You always do. 8. When we (to get) back they (to have) supper. 9. Look! The leaves are yellow, they (to