Учебное пособие 1583

of manner (the question asked is How?). They are introduced by the conjunction as if or as though.

The Past Subjunctive is used to show that the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with that of the main clause.

She speaks of the man as if she knew him very well. She moved about as if she were made of glass.

The Past Perfect Subjunctive is used to show that the action of the subordinate clause is prior to that of the main clause.

She speaks of the book as if she had read it. He looked at me as if I had gone mad.

The rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed in this kind of clause.

(3) Clauses of concession introduced by the conjunction even if or even though, have much in common with conditional clauses. Complex sentences with clauses of concession are built up on the same pattern as sentences of unreal condition: the Past or Past Perfect Subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause and the analytical form should or would + simple or perfect infinitive— in the main clause.

Even if he knew about it, he wouldn't tell us anything. Even if he had known about it, he wouldn’t have told us anything.

Note 1. In complex sentences with a clause of concession introduced by though, although, no matter how, whenever, wherever, etc. the Indicative Mood is used in both clauses.

Though it will be cold we shall go skating. No matter how hard you try, you fail to do it.

Note 2. In literary style may (might) + infinitive is occasion

Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps with if or when and a verb in the present tense, as in the examples.

1. We might go for a walk tomorrow. ...If we go… we will take the dog with us.

2. The guests will arrive soon. ...When they arrive,... we will greet

NOTES ON RENDERING SUBJUNCTIVE FORMS IN RUSSIAN

(1) In many cases the English Subjunctive Mood can be conveyed by the corresponding Subjunctive Mood forms in Russian.

If she had seen me there, she would have been puzzled.

Если бы она встретила меня там, это ее очень удивило бы.. They passed her in silence as if she did not exist. Они молча прошли мимо нее, как будто бы ее вообще не существовало.

(2) However, the English Subjunctive is occasionally replaced by the Indicative Mood in Russian translation.

He dropped his voice so that the other men in the room should not hear him. Он заговорил тише, чтобы другие люди в комнате

не слышали его. He withdrew his eyes lest she should read them.

Он отвел глаза в сторону, чтобы она не догадалась обо всем по их выражению. She urged that they should go to Europe. Она настаивала на том, чтобы они поехали в Европу.

(3) When the subject of the subordinate clause is the same as that of the principal clause, the infinitive may be used in Russian to render the English Subjunctive Mood.

It was raining and I suggested we should stay at home. Шел дождь, и я предложил остаться дома. We hurried up so that we should not miss the train. Мы поторопились, чтобы не опоздать на поезд.

(4) The Subjunctive Mood forms used in object clauses after the verb wish can be rendered in two ways:

(a) either by the subjunctive forms Я бы хотел, Мне бы хотелось followed by the infinitive or the object clause, with the predicate in the Indicative;

(b) or by Как жаль, что... followed by the object clause of the Russian sentence, with the predicate verb in the Indicative.

I wish I deserved your compliment.

1.Я очень бы хотел быть достойным вашего комплимента.

2.Как жаль, что я не достоин вашего комплимента.

I wish you didn't interrupt me.

1.Мне хотелось бы, чтобы вы меня не перебивали.

2.Как жаль, что вы меня перебиваете.

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. Use type 1 conditionals.

Note: Type 1 conditionals are the sentences in which the verb in the if-clause is in the present tense and the verb in the main part is in future simple. If-clause refers to the future but the verb is in the present tense. We use type 1 conditional sentences if we think the situation in if-clause is possible or probable. Type 1 conditionals often refer to the future but can refer to the present.

1.If I see him I (give) him a lift.

2.The table will collapse if you (stand) on it.

3.If he (eat) all that he will be ill.

4.If I find your passport I (telephone) you at once.

5.The police (arrest) him if they catch him.

6.If he (read) in bad light he will ruin his eyes.

7.Someone (steal) your car if you leave it unlocked.

8.What will happen if my parachute (not open)?

9.If he (wash) my car I'll give him £10.

10.If she (need) a radio she can borrow mine.

11.If you (not go) away I'll send for the police.

12.I'll be very angry if he (make) any more mistakes.

13.If he (be) late we'll go without him.

14.She will be absolutely furious if she (hear) about this.

15.If you put on the kettle I (make) the tea.

16.If you give my dog a bone he (bury) it at once.

17.If we leave the car here it (not be) in anybody's way.

18.He'll be late for the train if he (not start) at once.

19.If you come late they (not let) you in.

20.If he (go) on telling lies nobody will believe a word he says.

Exercise 3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. Use type 2 conditional sentences.

Note: Type 2 conditional sentences are the sentences in which the verb in the if-clause is in the past simple tense, and the verb in the main part is would + infinitive. Type 2 conditional sentences refer to the present or future. The past tense in the if- clause doesn’t indicate past time. It is “unreal past” and indicates unreality or doubt. If he had a garden indicates that he doesn’t have a garden. The if-clause refers to the present.

1. If I had a typewriter I (type) it myself. 2. If I (know) his address I'd give it to you. 3. He (look) a lot better if he shaved more often. 4. If you (play) for lower stakes you wouldn't lose so much. 5. If he worked more slowly he (not make) so many mistakes. 6. I shouldn't drink that wine if I (be) you. 7. More tourists would come to this country if it (have) a better climate. 8. If I were sent to prison you (visit) me? 9. If someone (give) you a helicopter what would you do with it? 10. I (buy) shares in that company if I had some money. 11. If he (clean) his windscreen he'd be able to see where he was going. 12. If you drove your car into the river you (be able) to get out? 13. If you (not belong) to a union you couldn't get a job. 14. If I (win) a big prize in a lottery I'd give up my job. 15. What you (do) if you found a burglar in your house? 16. I could tell you what this means if I (know) Greek. 17.

If everybody (give) £1 we would have enough. 18. He might get fat if he (stop) smoking. 19. If he knew that it was dangerous he (not come). 20. If you (see) someone drowning what would you

do?

Exercise 4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. Use type 3 conditional sentences.

Note: Type 3 conditional sentences are the sentences in which the verb in the main clause is would + perfect infinitive and the verb in the if-clause is in the past perfect tense (had +past participle). We use type 3 conditional sentences if we refer to the past and to an action that did not happen.

If I had seen him I would have warned him. (But I did not see him and did not warn him).

1. If I had known that you were in hospital I (visit) you. 2. The ground was very soft. But for that, my horse (win). 3. If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier you would have got a seat. 4. You would have seen my garden at its best if you (be) here last week. 5. But for his quickness I (be) killed. 6. I shouldn't have believed it if I (not see) it with my own eyes. 7. If he had slipped he (fall) 500 metres.

8. If he had asked you, you (accept)? 9. If I (had) a map 1 would have been all right. 10. If I (know) that you were coming I'd have baked a cake. 11. I (offer) to help him if I had realized that he was ill.

12. If you had left that wasp alone it (not sting) you. 13. If I (realize) what a bad driver you were I wouldn't have come with you. 14. If I had realized that the traffic lights were red I (stop). 15. But for the fog we (reach) our destination ages ago. 16. If you had told me that he never paid his debts I (not lend) him the money. 17. If you (not sneeze) he wouldn't have known that we were there. 18. If you (put) some mustard in the sandwiches they would have tasted better. 19. The hens (not get) into the house if you had shut the door. 20. If he had known that the river was dangerous he (not try) to swim across it.

Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. Use mixed types of conditional sentences.

1.If you (find) a skeleton in the cellar don't mention it to anyone.

2.If you pass your examination we (have) a celebration.

3.What (happen) if I press this button?

4.I should have voted for her if I (have) a vote then.

5.If you go to Paris where you (stay)?

6.If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you (choose)?

7.The flight may be cancelled if the fog (get) thick.

8.If the milkman (come) tell him to leave two pints.

9.Someone (sit) on your glasses if you leave them there.

10.You would play better bridge if you (not talk) so much.

11.What I (do) if I hear the burglar alarm?

12.If you (read) the instructions carefully you wouldn't have answered the wrong question.

13.I could repair the roof myself if I (have) a long ladder.

14.Unless they turn that radio off I (go) mad.

15.If you were made redundant what you (do)?

16.We'll have a long way to walk if we (run) out of petrol here.

17.If you shake that bottle of port it (not be) fit to drink.

18.I'll probably get lost unless he (come) with me.

19.You (not have) so many accidents if you drove more slowly.

20.If you (wear) a false beard nobody would have recognized you.

Exercise 6. Finish these sentences, taking care to use the correct tenses.

1 If he had taken my advice ...

2.If you ate less . ..

3.We'll send for the doctor if...

4.If she practised more . . .

5.If there isn't enough wine in that bottle . . .

6.If you had checked the petrol before we started . . .

7.This clock wouldn't have run down if...

8.Try on the blue one if ...

9.If these gates are locked . . .

10.If we leave before breakfast . . .

11.If the river rises any higher . . .

12.Her life might have been saved if ...

13.If the volcano starts erupting ...

14.The grass would look better if...

15.Unless it is a nice day ...

16.If you don't put enough stamps on a letter, the person who gets

it ...

17.He would lend it to you if...

18.Unless this hotel gets another cook ...

19.If the storm becomes worse . . .

20.If your uncle sees you . . .

Exercise 7. Conditional forms are used in requests. Fill the gaps in the following dialogue with a suitable verb form.

Telephone conversation

ANN:... I... to Mr Wash, please? WASH: Wash . . .

ANN: Good morning, Mr Wash. This is Ann Jones of 10 Cyprus Road. . . . you come and . . . my windows one Saturday this month?

WASH: I'm afraid I... (negative). The next six Saturdays are already booked.

But I ... ... on Wednesday morning.

ANN: . . . you . . . very early on Wednesday? I leave at 8.15 on weekdays.

WASH: I... ... to you by 8.30. . . . that be early enough?

ANN: No, it . . .! There ... be nobody to let you in. I ... the flat at 8.15.

WASH: Oh 8.15! I... you ... 8.30! Well, I suppose I ... ... to you by 8.00 as you're an old customer.

But I ... (negative)... a habit of it.

It means . . . breakfast at 6 and my wife . . . (negative) that.

Exercise 8. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. (A variety of tenses will be needed, as well as some conditionals and imperatives).

Part 1.

Dear Hilda

1. I just (hear) that my mother isn't very well, and I (like) to go and see her. The trouble is I can't take my dog Tim with me. 2. You (think) you (be able) possibly look after him for a week? 3. You (have) him for week last year, you (remember), and you (say) he (be) no trouble, and (get) on well with your dog. 4. If you (be able) have him, I (be able) bring him along any time that (suit) you. 5. He (have) his own bed and bowl, and I (bring) enough tinned dog food to last him a week. 6. But if it (not be) convenient, (not hesitate) to say so. 7. There (be) quite good kennels near here, and they (take) him if I (ask). 8. He (be) there once before and (seem) to get on all right.