Задание 6. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке, используя вопросы задания 5 как план пересказа.

При ответе используйте следующие выражения:

the text is about...; the text deals with the problem...; the main prob-

Задание 2. Найдите соответствующий вариант перевода каждого английского словосочетания:

A) Driving wheels; flexible drive systems; chain drive vehicle; basic design; roller bearing; double-hinged joint; -v-shaped yoke; driving shafts; driven shaft; slip joint; hollow shafts; rear axle.

B) Полый вал; роликовый подшипник; ведущие колеса; основная конструкция; ведущий вал; задняя ось; кардан со скользящей вилкой (скользящее соединение); ведомый вал; гибкая система управления; двухшарнирное соединение (петля); транспортное средство c цепным приводом; V-образная вилка.

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Задание 3. Прочтите текст “Universal Joints” и найдите в нем ответы на следующие вопросы.

1.Для какой цели служат универсальные шарниры в автомобилях?

2.Kaк работают универсальные шарниры?

UNIVERSAL JOINTS

СибАДИ82 As the automobile engine is ordinarily mounted on the frame and the driving wheels are free to move up and down in relation to the frame, it is

necessary to have some sort of flexible drive system between the engine and drive wheels. In early vehicles of the chain drive type, the flexible chain was so mounted that it could compensate for relative movement between the frame and wheels.

With the adoption of shaft drive it became necessary to utilize universal joints for this purpose. While universal joints are said to have been used as early as the 13th century, it was not until after 1500 that Cardan developed the basic design used today. Modern designs are based on the Cardan principle but are highly developed in design, material and construction. Many of them are roller bearings on the journals and are equipped with effective sealing devices to keep lubricant in and dirt out of the bearing surfaces.

A simple universal joint is a double-hinged joint consisting of two- V-shaped yokes, one on the driving shaft and the other on the driven shaft, and a cross-shaped member called the spider. The four arms of the spider, known as trunnions, are assembled into bearings in the ends of the two shaft yokes. The driving shaft causes the spider to rotate, and the other two trunnions of the spider cause the driven shaft to rotate.

When the two shafts are at an angle to each other, the bearings in the yokes permit the yokes to swing round on the trunnions with each revolution. A variety of universal joints have been used on automobiles, but the two types now in most common use are the spider and two-yoke design and ball-and-trunnion design.

The spider and two-yoke is essentially the same as the simple universal joint, except that bearings are often of the needle type.

Slip Joint. A slip joint consists of outside splines on one shaft and matching internal splines on the mating hollow shaft. The splines cause the two shafts to rotate together but permit the two to move endwise with each other. This accomodates any effective change of length of the propeller shaft as the rear axles move toward or away from the car frame.

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Задание 4. Закончите следующие предложения, используя текст

“Universal Joints”.

1.As the automobile engine is ordinarily mounted on....

2.Modern desingns are based on....

3.Many of them use....

4.A simple universal joint is....

СибАДИ83 5.A variety of universal joints have been used....

6.The spider and two-yoke design is....

7.A slip joint consists of....

8.The splines cause....

9.

Задан е 5. Дайте возможные производные от следующих слов: use, ordinary, drive, free, move, relate, flex, compensate, adopt, utilize, universe, develop, base, design, high, construct, equip, effect, lubricate, assemble, simple, except.

Задан е 6. Найд те ответ, соответствующий содержанию текста.

1.Why is it necessary for an automobile to have any sort of flexible drive system between the engine and the drive wheels?

2.For what purpose are the universal joints utilized in vehicles? 3.How do the universal joints operate?

4.Of what does a slip joint consist?

5.How do splines function?

Задание 7. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке, используя упражнение 6 как вопросы плана пересказа.

При ответе используйте следующие выражения:

the text is about... ; the text deals with the problem... ; the main subject of the text is... ; it should be noted, that… .

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Задание 2. Найдите соответствующий вариант перевода каждого английского словосочетания:

A) Rear-axle housing; right-angle turn; reduction gear; gear ratio; gear set; dead axle; live axle; car weight; side thrust; driving torque.

B) Вес автомобиля; прямоугольный поворот; вращающий момент; ведущая ось; боковое дaвлeниe; нeпoдвижнaя ось; передаточное число; комплект зубчатых колес; редукционная (замедлительная, понижающая) передача; картер заднего моста.

Задание 3. Прочтите текст “Rear Axles and Differentials”, найдите ответы на следующие вопросы:

1.Что такое дифференциал?

2.Какие типы осей существуют?

REAR АХLES AND DIFFERENTIALS

The differential is a part of the rear-axle housing assembly, which includes the differential, rear axles, wheels, and bearings. As was previously explained, a differential is required to compensate for the difference the

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rear wheels travel when the car rounds a turn. If a right-angle turn were made with the inner-rear wheel turning on a 20 feet radius, it would travel about thirty-one feet, while the outer rear wheel would travel about thirtynine feet. The differential permits application of power to both rear wheels while allowing the wheels to turn different amounts, when the car is round-

ing a curve. СибАДИ85 There may be bevel differential which use bevel wheels and spur dif-

ferentials which utilize spur wheels.

This secures additional gear reduction through the differential and thus provides a higher gear ratio between the double -reduction differentials.

In this type of differential the pinion meshes with a ring gear assembled to a shaft on which there is a reduction drive-gear set. The reduction drive-gear set drives a driven-gear set that has a greater number of gear teeth. Gear reduction is thus obtained between the drive pinion and the ring gear and also between the two reduction-gear sets. The driven gear set is attached to the differential case, with the case being supported bу bearings in the differential housing.

Types of rear axle. There are two basic types of axles: dead axles and live axles. The dead axle does not rotate; the wheel rotates on it. A common example is the axle on a horse-drawn wagon. Live axles are attached to the wheel so that both the wheel and the axle rotate together. Live axles are of three general types. They are classified according to the manner in which they are supported; semi-floating, three-quarter floating, and fullfloating.

In the semi-floating axle, the wheel end of the axle is supported by a bearing in the axle housing. The differential end of the axle is splined into the differential side gear. The side gear and the axle are both supported by the differential case, which in its turn is supported by bearings in the differential housing. The differential end of the axle can thus be said to “float” since it is not directly supporting car weight. The wheel end of the shaft not only transmits driving movement to the wheel but also supports the car weight and resists bonding movement from side thrust when the car rounds a curve or skids.

In the three-quarter floating axle, the differential end of the axle floats, as in the semi-floating axle. The wheel end of the axle is attached to the wheel hub, and the wheel is supported by a bearing on the outside of the axle housing. This relieves the axle shaft of the car weight, since this weight is carried through the bearing on the axle housing. The shaft is

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merely required to transmit the driving torque and resist bending movements from side thrust when the car turns skids. In the full-floating axle, the differential end of the axle floats, as in the other types of axles described above.

The wheel end of the axle is attached to the wheel hub with the

wheel being supported by bearings placed on the outside of the axle- СибАДИ86 housing in a manner similar to that used in the three quarter floating axle.

There is difference between two bearings (usually roller bearings) which support the wheel on the axle housing. The bearings carry the load and also keep, the wheel in alignment thus relieving the axle of both these jobs. The axle has but one job to perform, and that is to transmit the driving torque to the wheel. This type of axle is used in heavy-dute applications where large loads are carried.

Задан е 4. Законч те следующие предложения, используя текст

“Rear Axles and Differentials”.

1.The differential is... .

2.The differential is required to... .

3.There may be bevel differentials... .

4.The reduction drive-gear set drives... .

5.There are two basic types of axles... .

6.The dead axle does not rotate... .

7.Live axles are attached to... .

8.In the semifloating axle... .

9.In the three-quarter floating axle... .

10.In the full-floating axle... .

Задание 5. Образуйте новые слова, используя приставки: re-/, semi-/, sub-/, pre-.

Construct, build, load, cover, elliptical, conductor, divide, stress, assemble, move, place, floating.

Задание 6. Найдите ответ, соответствующий содержанию текста.

1.What is a differential?

2.What is the function of double-reduction differentials?

3.How is the gear reduction obtained?

4.What types of axles are there?

5.Of what type can live axles be?

6.In what manner are live axles classified?

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