d. The Exhaust Stroke.

As the piston reaches ... again, the exhaust valve ... . The piston moves upward on the exhaust stroke, forcing the burned gases out of the ...

through the ... ... . At the instant that the piston once more reaches ... , the

Задание 9. Просмотрите видео «How Car Engine Works» необходи-

мое вам количество раз.

Выпишите определения терминов, которые вы увидите на эк-

Приготовьте устное сообщение о работе двигателя.

Задание 2. Найдите соответствующий вариант перевода каждого английского словосочетания:

A) The combustion chamber; the burning of the gas; design characteristics; the head of the piston; the explosion stroke; the compression ratio; water jacket; anti-detonation qualities.

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B) Горение газа; степень сжатия; камера сгорания; головка цилиндра; такт взрыва; противодетонационные качества; конструкционные характеристики; водяная рубашка.

Задание 3. Прочтите текст и найдите в нем следующие предло-

жения.

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СибАДИ1. Мощность зависит от используемого топлива.

2. Пр ч ной шума является вибрация стенок камеры сгорания. 3. Алюм н евые поршни головки цилиндра могут работать в

условиях большей степени сжатия по сравнению с чугунными и стальными.

COMBUSTION CHAMBER

The combustion chamber is the space within the cylinder above the piston where the burning of the gas occurs.

Since early days of the industry research is continued on the design characteristics of the combustion chamber.

The trend in design has been, and is, to concentrate as much of the expansive force as possible directly on the head of the piston and avoid dissipation of the expansive force in directions that do not produce power.

Another trend is towards the creation and control of turbulence or movement of the air and gasoline mixture within the cylinder to create a more uniform and better mixture of the gasoline and air. It has been recognized for many years that the more the explosive mixture is compressed within the cylinder before it is ignited, the more power will be developed by the explosion stroke.

The amount of power depends also upon the characteristics of the fuel used. One of these characteristics is the tendency of the fuel “to ping” or “knock” as the compression pressure is raised. This knocking, known as detonation, is attributed to irregular and to rapid expansion of explosion of the gasoline and air mixture.

The noise comes from vibration of the walls of the combustion chamber.

The material of which the combustion chamber is made and the efficiency of the cooling system also has a distinct bearing on the compression ratio that can be used in a given engine.

For example, aluminium pistons and aluminium cylinder heads can operate at higher compression ratios than could cast iron or steel.

One reason for this is perhaps that the heat of combustion is dissipat-

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ed more rapidly to the cooling water due to the superior heat conducting ability of aluminium. Aluminium can be used for cylinder heads as the cylinder heads in practically all modern engines are detachable.

Aluminium would not be suitable for the engine cylinders as it is too soft to wear well. In the early days individual cylinders were sometimes

made of cast iron with a copper outer jacket or water jacket attached to СибАДИ47 them, as copper is also an excellent conductor of heat. This construction was expensive and would also be impractical for modern engines, where

cylinders are cast in blocks.

It is entirely practical to make the cylinder casting including the wa-

ter jacket out of aluminium and insert a cast iron cylinder sleeve or barrel inside the aluminium. This is an ехсellent arrangement where the cost of aluminium makes this construction economically feasable. An aluminium cylinder block with cast iron sleeves in combination with aluminium cylinder head and aluminium pistons provides excellent heat dissipation and an- ti-detonation qualities.

Задан е 4. Законч те следующие предложения, используя текст.

1. The combustion chamber is...

2. Since early days the industry research is continued on…

3. The trend in design is to concentrate as much of the expansive force

as possible directly on...

4. Another trend is toward the creation and control of...

5. The amount of power depends also upon...

6. The material of which the combustion chamber is made and the effi-

ciency of the cooling system also have a distinct bearing on...

7. Aluminium would not be suitable for the engine cylinders as...

Задание 5. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов: burn, continue, concentrate, dissipate, produce, create, move, mix,

develop, depend, tend, press, detonate, vibrate, conduct, detach, combine.

Задание 6. Найдите ответ, соответствующий содержанию текста.

1.What do we call a combustion chamber?

2.For what purpose is the turbulence within the cylinder created?

3.What is the relation between the compression and the power?

4.Upon what does the amount of power depend?

5.Of what material can cylinders be made?

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Задание 7. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке, используя план:

1.The purpose of the combustion chamber.

2.The ways of the developing power

a) design characteristics;

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b) compression ratio;

c) characteristics of the fuel;

d) the material of which the combustion chamber is made; e) the efficiency of the cooling system.

При ответе спользуйте следующие выражения:

the text is about...; the text deals with the problem of...; the main problem of the text is...; it should be noted that...; I know, that...; it is worth mentioning.

Задание 2. Найдите соответствующий вариант перевода каждого английского словосочетания.

A) Flexible “piston rings”; fitting closely; to transmit the force of the explosion; mechanical and thermal conditions; installed with the utmost care; to avoid excessive inertia forces; to generate excessive friction.

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B) Передавать силу взрыва; установленный с предельной точностью; эластичные поршневые кольца; механические и температурные условия; создавать чрезмерное трение; избегать избыточных сил инерции; прилегающий плотно.

Задание 3. Прочтите текст “Piston” и найдите в нем эквиваленты

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СибАДИследующих слов словосочетаний: внутри цилиндра; чугун; рабочая температура; шатун; газонепроницаемость.

PISTON

The usual form of piston for an internal combustion engine is an inverted bucket-shape, machined to a close (but free sliding) fit in the cylinder barrel. Gas tightness is secured by means of flexible “piston-rings” fitting closely in grooves turned in the upper part of the piston.

The pressure of the gases is transmitted to the upper end of the connecting rod through the “gudgeon pin” on which the “small end” of the connecting-rod is free to swing.

Conventional pistons for internal combustion engines are shaped like a bucket, but many variations in the specific design are possible. They are usually made of cast iron or aluminium, carry three or four piston rings and may be flat, concave or convex on the outer surface of the closed end.

The piston pin may turn in the piston and be anchored in the upper end of the connecting rod.

Engine pistons serve several purposes; they transmit the force of the explosion on the crankshaft through the connecting rod they act as a guide for the upper end of the connecting rod, they also serve as a carrier for the piston rings used to seal the piston in cylinder.

Pistons operate under exceedingly difficult mechanical and thermal conditions and therefore must be made and installed with the utmost care. They must be strong enough to stand the force of the explosion and yet be as light as possible to avoid excessive inertia forces when their direction of travel is reversed twice each revolution.

As they must slide freely within the cylinder they cannot be fitted too tightly. If too closely fitted in the cylinder they will knock and rattle.

Pistons are made of cast iron and semi-steel. This material is strong enough for the stresses imposed; it has a melting point above the cylinder operating temperature, expands at the same rate as the cylinders and does not generate excessive friction when properly lubricated.

The principal objection is that of weight.

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Aluminium is also used as a material for pistons. It is lighter than cast iron.

Between the piston and cylinder a certain amount of clearance is provided. The amount of clearance depends upon the design of the engine cylinders and cooling system, the piston design and material and to a cer-

tain extent the service conditions under which the engine operates. Surface СибАДИ50 treatment will also have a bearing on the piston clearance.

The clearance between cylinders and piston is measured in most саsеs by means of a feeler gauge inserted between the piston and cylinder.

Задан е 4. Составьте план текста на русском языке.

Задан е 5. Законч те предложения, используя текст “Piston”.

1.Gas tightness is secured by means of...

2.Conventional pistons for internal combustion engines are shaped

like...

3.The pistons are usually made of...

4.Pistons operate under...

5.The amount of clearance depends upon...

6.The clearance between cylinder and piston is measured...

Задание 6. Найдите ответ, соответствующий содержанию текста.

1. What form does a piston have?

2. By means of what is the gas tightness of a piston secured? 3. Of what metal are pistons usually made?

4. Why can semi-steel be well used for making pistons? 5. Under what conditions must pistons operate?

6. What purposes do engine pistons serve?

Задание 7. Передайте содержание текста на английском языке, используя вопросы задания 6 как план пересказа.

При ответе используйте следующие выражения:

the text is about...; the text deals with the problem of...; the main subject of the test is...; I know, that ...; it is worth mentioning…; it is known, that ...; it should be noted... .

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