бGrotto

A grotto is any typeиof natural or artificial cave that is associated with modern, historic,Сor prehistoric use by humans. When it is not an artificial garden feature, a grotto is often a small cave near water and often flooded or liable to flood at high tide. The picturesque Grotta Azzurra at Capri and the grotto of the villa of Tiberius in the Bay of Naples are outstanding natural seashore grottoes. Whether in tidal water or high up in hills, they are very often in limestone geology where the acidity dissolved in percolating water has dissolved the carbonates of the rock matrix as it has passed through what were originally small fissures.

In modern times, many people purchase artificial grottos for ornamental and devotional purposes when it comes to placing statues of saints, particularly the Blessed Virgin, in outdoor gardens. The well-known apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes to Bernadette Soubirous took place in a grotto, which is visited by many Catholics. Numerous garden shrines are modeled after these apparitions, and can commonly be found displayed in gardens and Churches, among other places.

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Mantic springs that issued from grottoes were a feature of Apollo's oracles at Delphi, Corinth, and Clarus. The new-built Hellenistic city of Rhodes was provided with rock-cut artificial grottos with "naturalistic" features. At the great Roman sanctuary of Praeneste south of Rome, the oldest portion of the primitive sanctuary was situated on the next-to-lowest terrace, in a grotto in the natural rock where there was a spring that developed into a well. Such a sacred spring had its native nymph, who might be honored in a grotto-like nymphaeum, where the watery element was never far to seek.

Tiberius filled his grotto with sculptures to recreate a mythological setting, perhaps Polyphemus' cave in the Odyssey. The numinous quality of the grotto is still more ancient, of course: in a grotto near Knossos in Crete, Eileithyia had been venerated even before Minoan palace-building, and farther

crypt). It is related by a historical accident to the word grotesque in the following way: in the late 15th century, Romans unearthed by accident Nero's Domus Aurea on the Palatine Hill, a series of rooms underground (as they had become over time), that were decorated in designs of garlands, slender architectural framework, foliations, and animals. The Romans who found them thought them very strange, a sentiment enhanced by their 'underworld' source.

Задание 3.Определите, какие модели аннотирования применимы к следующей информации: they are very often in limestone geology where the acidity dissolved in percolating water has dissolved the carbonates of the rock matrix as it has passed through what were originally small fissures:

The author warns that…

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The author points out that…

We can make a conclusion that…

Задание 4. Какие из представленных ниже предложений можно описать, используя следующую модель аннотирования: The author takes into account the fact that…:

- Numerous garden shrines are modeled after these apparitions, and can commonly be found displayed in gardens and Churches, among other places.

- In modern times, many people purchase artificial grottos for ornamental and devotional purposes when it comes to placing statues of saints, particularly the Blessed Virgin, in outdoor gardens.

- The well-known apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes to Bernadette

- In modern times,…

- When it is not an artificial garden feature,…

Задание 6. Используя информацию текста, продолжите

finally …

on the whole … in other words … on the one hand …

on the other hand … thus …

therefore … consequently … hence…

Задание 7. Опишите, какие объекты архитектуры вы видите на рис. 124, 125. В описание включите характеристику объектов.

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Fountains were originally purely functional, connected to springs or aqueducts and used to provide drinking water and water for bathing and washing to the residents of cities, towns and villages. Until the late 19th century most fountains operated by gravity, and needed a source of water higher than the fountain, such as a reservoir or aqueduct, to make the water flow or jet into the air.

In addition to providing drinking water, fountains were used for decoration and to celebrate their builders. Roman fountains were decorated with bronze or stone masks of animals or heroes. In the Middle Ages, Moorish and Muslim garden designers used fountains to create miniature versions of the gardens of paradise. King Louis XIV of France used fountains in the Gardens of Versailles to illustrate his power over nature. The baroque decorative fountains of Rome in the 17th and 18th centuries marked the arrival point of restored Roman aqueducts and glorified the Popes who builtИthem.

By the end of the 19th century, as indoor plumbing became the main source of drinking water, urban fountainsДbecame purely decorative.

Mechanical pumps replaced gravity and allowed fountains to recycle water and to force it high into the air. The Jet d'Eau in Lake Geneva, built in 1951, shoots water 140 metres (460 ft) in the air. The highest such fountain in the world is King Fahd's Fountain in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, which spouts water 260 metres (850 ft) above the Red Sea.

music, controlled by a computer, for dramatic effects. Drinking fountains provide clean drinking water in public buildings, parks and public spaces.

Fountains are used todayбto Аdecorate city parks and squares; to honor individuals or events; forиrecreation and for entertainment. A Splash pad or spray pool allows city residents to enter, get wet and cool off in summer. The musical fountain Сcombines moving jets of water, colored lights and recorded

Задание 1. Дайте определение понятию fountain.

Задание 2. Заполните пустую графу таблицы.

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Задание 3. Постройте развернутый план текста, отразив в нем ключевую информацию.

Задание 4. Определите, какие модели аннотирования применимы к следующей информации: The musical fountain combines moving jets of water, colored lights and recorded music, controlled by a computer, for dramatic effects.:

-Besides that in the article we may find information about…

-At the beginning of the novel the author describes …

-The author provides much information on…

Задание 5. Какие из представленных ниже предложений можно

- By the end of the 19th century, as indoor plumbing became the main source of drinking water, urban fountains became purely decorative.

- Fountains are used today to decorate city parks and squares; to honor individuals or events; for recreation and for entertainment.

Задание 7. Используя информацию текста, продолжите предложения:

Passing on to…, I’d like to say that…

I’ll give you a detailed (brief) analyses of… They tried to find answers (solutions)….

One of the most interesting question, problem, theory, point of view is… I’ve compared different theories, points of view, results…

Let me call your attention to the fact that…

Задание 8. Опишите, какие объекты архитектуры вы видите на рис. 127–129. В описание включите характеристику объектов.

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