ORNATE ARCHITECTURAL OBJECTS

specific area owns it, rather the community itself. National parks are a protected area of IUCN category II. The largest national park in the world is the Northeast Greenland National Park, which was established in 1974.

In the United States the concept of preserving landscapes for the pleasure of the people was established on June 30, 1864, when President Abraham Lincoln signed the bill creating the Yosemite Grant. A policy of preservation, rather than co-usage as in the National Forests, where grazing, farming and logging are licensed, was implemented four decades later during the presidential administration of Teddy Roosevelt, and Yosemite became a national park. Tourism and, later, recreation were the intended purposes of the lands Roosevelt set aside in the system. John Muir was instrumental in this effort.

These parks were termed national parks and today are looked after by the U.S. National Park Service. There are also nationalИparks in many other

countries.

Urban parks. A park is an area of Дopen space provided for recreational use, usually owned and maintained by a local government. Parks commonly resemble savannas or open woodlands, the types of landscape that human beings find most relaxing. Grass isАtypically kept short to discourage insect pests and to allow for the enjoyment of picnics and sporting activities. Trees are chosen for their beauty and toбprovide shade.

Some early parks include the la Alameda de Hércules, in Seville, a promenaded public mall,иurban garden and park built in 1574, within the historic center of Seville; the City Park, in Budapest, Hungary, which was property of the BatthyányСfamily and was later made public.

The earliest purpose built public park, although financed privately, was Princes Park in the Liverpool suburb of Toxteth. This was laid out to the designs of Joseph Paxton from 1842 and opened in 1843. The land on which the park was built was purchased by Richard Vaughan Yates, an iron merchant and philanthropist, in 1841 for £50,000. The creation of Princes Park showed great foresight and introduced a number of highly influential ideas. First and foremost was the provision of open space for the benefit of townspeople and local residents within an area that was being rapidly built up. Secondly it took the concept of the designed landscape as a setting for the suburban domicile, an idea pioneered by John Nash at Regent's Park, and re-fashioned it for the provincial town in a most original way. Nash's remodeling of St James's Park from 1827 and the sequence of processional routes he created to link The Mall with Regent's Park completely transformed the appearance of London's West End. With the establishment of Princes Park in 1842, Joseph Paxton did something similar for the benefit of a provincial town, albeit one of

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international stature by virtue of its flourishing mercantile contingent. Liverpool had a burgeoning presence on the scene of global maritime trade before 1800 and during the Victorian era its wealth rivalled that of London itself.

The form and layout of Paxton's ornamental grounds, structured about an informal lake within the confines of a serpentine carriageway, put in place the essential elements of his much imitated design for Birkenhead Park. The latter was commenced in 1843 with the help of public finance and deployed the ideas he pioneered at Princes Park on a more expansive scale. Frederick Law Olmstead visited Birkenhead Park in 1850 and praised its qualities. Indeed Paxton is widely credited as having been one of the principal influences on Olmstead and Calvert's design for New York's Central Park of 1857.

Another early public park is the Peel Park, Salford, England opened on 22

August 1846. Another possible claimant for status as the world's first public park is Boston Common (Boston, Massachusetts,ИUSA), set aside in 1634,

whose first recreational promenade, Tremont Mall, dates from 1728. True park

status for the entire common seems to haveДemerged no later than 1830, when

the grazing of cows was ended and renaming the Common as Washington Park was proposed (renaming the bordering Sentry Street to Park Street in 1808 already acknowledged the reality). А

Parks can be divided into active and passive recreation areas. Active recreation is that which hasбan urban character and requires intensive development. It often involves cooperative or team activity, including playgrounds, ball fields,иswimming pools, gymnasiums, and skateparks. Active recreation such as team sports, due to the need to provide substantial space to congregate, typicallyСinvolves intensive management, maintenance, and high costs. Passive recreation, also called "low intensity recreation" is that which emphasizes the open-space aspect of a park and allows for the preservation of natural habitat. It usually involves a low level of development, such as rustic picnic areas, benches and trails. Passive recreation typically requires little management and can be provided at very low costs. Some open space managers provide nothing other than trails for physical activity in the form of walking, running, horse riding, mountain biking, snow shoeing, or cross-country skiing; or sedentary activity such as observing nature, bird watching, painting, photography, or picnicking. Limiting park or open space use to passive recreation over all or a portion of the park's area eliminates or reduces the burden of managing active recreation facilities and developed infrastructure. Many ski resorts combine active recreation facilities (ski lifts, gondolas, terrain parks, downhill runs, and lodges) with passive recreation facilities (crosscountry ski trails).

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Many smaller neighborhood parks are receiving increased attention and valuation as significant community assets and places of refuge in heavily populated urban areas. Neighborhood groups around the world are joining together to support local parks that have suffered from urban decay and government neglect.

A linear park is a park that has a much greater length than width. A typical example of a linear park is a section of a former railway that has been converted into a park called a rail trail or greenway (i.e. the tracks removed, vegetation allowed to grow back). Parks are sometimes made out of oddly shaped areas of land, much like the vacant lots that often become city neighborhood parks. Linked parks may form a greenbelt.

typical of the countryside rather than the town.

Private parks are owned by individualsДor businesses and are used at the discretion of the owner. There are a few types of private parks, and some which once were privately maintained and used have now been made open to the public. А

Hunting parks were originally areas maintained as open space where residences, industry and farmingбwere not allowed, often originally so that nobility might have a place to hunt – see medieval deer park. These were known for instance, as иdeer parks (deer being originally a term meaning any wild animal). Many country houses in Great Britain and Ireland still have parks of this sort, whichСsince the 18th century have often been landscaped for aesthetic effect. They are usually a mixture of open grassland with scattered trees and sections of woodland, and are often enclosed by a high wall. The area immediately around the house is the garden. In some cases this will also feature sweeping lawns and scattered trees; the basic difference between a country house's park and its garden is that the park is grazed by animals, but they are excluded from the garden.

Задание 1. Дайте определение понятию park.

Задание 2. Заполните пустую графу таблицы.

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Задание 3. Постройте развернутый план текста, отразив в нем ключевую информацию.

Задание 4. Определите, какие модели аннотирования применимы к следующей информации: Park design is influenced by the intended purpose and audience, as well as by the available land features:

-Most scientists think that…

-Evaluating the situation the conclusion can be drawn that…

-The writer attracts our attention to the fact that…

Задание 5. Какие из представленных ниже предложений можно описать, используя следующую модель аннотирования: The main idea of

предложения:

My aim is to explain...

Let me attract your attention to the main idea (theme, events)… My report is devoted to the problem of…

It touches upon…Он касается… The subject of my report is… Let me emphasize the fact that…

In examining the problem I paid much attention to…the phenomenon of...

(the nature of... )

I’ll provide some examples of...

Now I’ll give you a chance (possibility) to think about… In summing up I’d like to tell…

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Задание 8. Классифицируйте понятие парк, укажите основание для сделанной вами классификации. Устно представьте доклад по данной теме.

Задание 9. Опишите, какие объекты архитектуры вы видите на рис. 103 –113. В описание включите характеристику объектов.

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