Interchange (road)

In the field of road transport, an interchange is a road junction that typically uses grade separation, and one or more ramps, to permit traffic on at least one highway to pass through the junction without directly crossing any other traffic stream. It differs from a standard intersection, at which roads cross at grade. Interchanges are almost always used when at least one of the roads is a controlled-access highway (freeway or motorway) or a limited-access divided highway (expressway), though they may occasionally be used at junctions between two surface streets.

The High Five in Dallas, Texas, United States: an example of interchange design. This is a complicated five-level stack interchange due to the proximity of frontage roads. This hybrid design is based on parts of a four-level-stack for

A complete interchange has enough ramps to provide access from any direction of any road in the junction to any direction of any other road in the junction. A complete interchange between a freeway and another road (not a freeway) requires at least four ramps. Complete interchanges between two freeways generally have at least eight ramps, as having fewer would considerably reduce capacity and increase weaving. Using U-turns the number for two freeways can be reduced to six, by making cars that want to turn left either pass by the other road first, then make a U-turn and turn right, or turn right first and then make a U-turn. Depending on the interchange type and the connectivity offered other numbers of ramps may be used. For example, if a

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highway interchanges with a highway containing a collector/express system, additional ramps can be used to strictly link the interchanging highway with the collector and express lanes respectively. For highways with high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, ramps can be used to service these carriageways directly, thereby increasing the number of ramps used.

An incomplete interchange has at least one or more missing ramps that prevent access to at least one direction of another road in the junction from any other road in the junction. This is usually done so that users will have to pay toll if it is a tolled expressway.

the Salle du Manège in Paris, France

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Moscow Manege is a large oblong building which gives its name to the vast Manege Square, which was cleared in the 1930s, adjacent to the more famous Red Square. A manège is an indoor riding academy.

Designed by Spanish engineer Agustín de Betancourt with a unique roof without internal support for 45 m (the building's width), it was erected from 1817 to 1825 by the Russian architect Joseph Bové, who clothed it in its Neoclassical exterior, an order of Roman Doric columns enclosing bays of arch-headed windows in a blind arcade, painted white and cream yellow. The roof, with its internal rafters and beams exposed, rests on external columns of the Manege.

The structure was used first as a traditional manège, to house parades of horsemen and a training school for officers. The 180 m long Manege was large

Hector Berlioz and Nikolai Rubinstein performed at the Manege before a crowd

enough to hold an entire infantry regiment - over two thousand soldiers − as well as an invited audience. Since 1831 it has beenИan exhibition place. In 1867,

was there that Nikita Khrushchev (in)famously chided avant-garde artists for promoting degenerate art.

of 12,000. During the Soviet years, the buildingДwas used as an art gallery. It

caused the fire. On 18 FebruaryА2005 the restored Manege resumed its operation as an exhibitionиhall by mounting the same exposition that had been

On 14 March 2004 the building caught fire and burnt out, killing two

firefighters. The wooden beams and rafters collapsed, leaving the walls remaining on site. The officialбinvestigation concluded that a short-circuit

scheduled on the day of the fire (р с. 60). С

Рис. 60

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Town hall

In local government, a city hall, town hall, civic centre, (in the UK or Australia) a guildhall, or (more rarely) a municipal building, is the chief administrative building of a city town or other municipality. It usually houses the city or town council, its associated departments, and their employees. It also usually functions as the base of the mayor of a city, town, borough, or county / shire.

By convention, until the mid 19th-century, a single large open chamber (or 'hall') formed an integral part of the building housing the council. The hall may be used for council meetings and other significant events. This large

chamber, the 'town hall', (and its later variant 'city hall') has become synonymous with the whole building, and with the administrative body housed in it. The terms 'council chambers', 'municipal building'Иor variants may be used locally in preference to 'town hall' if no such large hall is present within the building. Д

The local government may endeavour to use the town hall building to promote and enhance the quality of life of the community. In many cases, "'town halls' serve not only as buildingsАfor government functions, but also have facilities for various civic and cultural activities. These may include art shows, stage performances, exhibits andбfestivals. Modern town halls or "civic centres" are often designed with a great variety and flexibility of purpose in mind.

As symbols of localиgovernment, city and town halls have distinctive architecture, and the buildings may have great historical significance - for example the Guildhall,СLondon. City hall buildings may also serve as cultural icons that symbolize their cities (р с. 61–69).

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