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removing the soil from the cut and depositing it elsewhere on shallow ground (fill). Many dozer blades have a reinforced center section with this purpose in mind, and are called "bull blades."

The bulldozer s primary tools are the blade and the ripper. The ripper is the long claw-like device on the back of the bulldozer. Rippers can come singly (single shank/giant ripper) or in groups of two or more (multi shank rippers). Usually, a single shank is preferred for heavy ripping. The ripper shank is fitted with a replaceable tungsten steel alloy tip.

Ripping rock lets the ground surface rock be broken into small rubble easy to handle and transport, which can then be removed so grading can take place. Agricultural ripping lets rocky or very hard earth be broken up so otherwise unploughable land can be farmed. For example, much of the best land in the California wine country consists of old lava flows. With heavy bulldozers the lava is shattered, allowing agriculture. Also, hard earth can be ripped and decompacted to allow planting of orchards where trees could not otherwise grow.

Blade. The bulldozer blade is a heavy metal plate on the front of the tractor, used to push objects, and shoving sand, soil and debris. Dozer blades usually come in three varieties:

A Straight Blade ("S-Blade") which is short and has no lateral curve, no side wings, and can be used for fine grading.

A Universal Blade ("U-Blade") which is tall and very curved, and has large side wings to carry more material.

A "S-U" combination blade which is shorter, has less curvature, and smaller side wings. This blade is typically used for pushing piles of large rocks, such as at a quarry.

In military use, dozer blades are fixed on combat engineering vehicles and can optionally be fitted on other vehicles, such as artillery tractors like the Type 73 or M8 Tractor. Combat applications for dozer blades include clearing battlefield obstacles and preparing fire positions.

The first bulldozers were adapted from Holt farm tractors that were used to plough fields. Their versatility in soft ground for logging and road building led directly to their becoming the armoured tank in World War I.

In 1923, a young farmer named James Cummings and a draftsman named J. Earl McLeod made the first designs for a bulldozer. A replica is on display at the city park in Morrowville, Kansas where the two built the first bulldozer. By the1920s, tracked vehicles became common, particularly the Caterpillar 60. To dig canals, raise earth dams, and do other earthmoving jobs, these tractors were equipped with a large thick metal plate in front. This metal plate (it got its curved shape later) is called a "blade". The blade peels layers of soil and pushes

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it forward as the tractor advances. Several specialized blades have been developed: for high volume loads such as coal, rakes to remove only larger boulders, or blades with razor sharp edges to cut tree stumps. In some early models the driver sat on top in the open without a cabin. These attachments, home built or by small equipment manufacturers of attachments for wheeled and crawler tractors and trucks, appeared by 1929, widespread acceptance of the bull-grader does not seem to appear before the mid-1930s, and the addition of powered down force made them the preferred excavation machine for large and small contractors alike by the 1940s, by which time the term "bulldozer" referred to the entire machine and not just the attachment.

Over the years, bulldozers got bigger and more powerful in response to the demand for equipment suited for ever larger earthworks. Firms like Caterpillar, Komatsu, Fiat-Allis, John Deere, International Harvester, Case, Liebherr, Terex and JCB manufactured large tracked-type earthmoving machines.

Bulldozers grew more sophisticated as time passed. Important improvements include more powerful engines, more reliable drive trains, better tracks, raised cabins, and hydraulic (instead of early models cable operated) arms that enable more precise manipulation of the blade and automated controls. As an option, bulldozers can be equipped with rear ripper claw(s) to loosen rocky soils or to break up pavement (roads). A more recent innovation is the outfitting of bulldozers with GPS technology, such as manufactured by Topcon Positioning Systems, Inc., Trimble Inc, or Mikrofyn[www.mikrofyn.com] for precise grade control and (potentially) "stakeless" construction.

The best known maker of bulldozers is probably Caterpillar which earned its reputation for making tough durable reliable machines. There are however other manufacturers of bulldozers for instance Fiat, Komatsu or Allis Chalmers. Although these machines began as modified farm tractors, they became the mainstay for big civil construction projects, and found their way into use by military construction units world-wide. Their best known model, the Caterpillar D9, was also used to clear mines and demolish enemy structures.

2.Write down a plan of your report.

3.Find in the text

Supporting factual data (structural, historical, statistical)

Analytical findings

Solutions ( or conclusion)

Recommendations or predictions

4.Find the terms in this text. Were they explained enough?

5.What kind of visual illustration does this report need?

6.What kind of presentation would be proper for it?

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Wheel Loader

The Wheel loaders we supplied, are rated load 1.0-8.0 ton, CAT/Cummins engine, ZF transmission, Meritor/ZF axle. Main type, under mine type, normal type, LW221, LW220, LW166, LW168G, LW100, LW321F, ZL30G, ZL40G, ZL50G, LW541F, LW640G, LW820G. etc.

Now the best-seller model is ZL50G, this loader feature is fully hydraulic powered steering with flow-amplified system. Pilot operated control for loader hydraulic system, power shift transmission makes convenient and flexible operating. XCMG new Z-bar linkage, high breakout force, shorter hydraulic cycle time, automatic leveling on any position, and greater productivity. Special quadrate type transmission shaft of construction machinery. Power transmission is more reliability. EG-TM combination is supported on three points by dual directions, vibration-isolators. Reducing resonance and fatigue failure of structure. Optimized structure of diesel engine air intake system reduces dust into air filter. Prolonging the durability of engine, convenience the service of air filter element. Optimized cooling system, drops overall heat balance temperature. Integral operable hood, made by compound material, reduces noise and vibration, makes convenient and flexible operation and service.

Equipped with SHANGHAI STYRE,CAT or CUMMINS diesel engine, electric starting, electric stopping, having excellent performance and reliability.

1.ZL50G wheel loader features fully hydraulic poered steering with flowamplified system, Pilot operated control for loader hydraulic system, power shift and electric shift optional transmission makes convenient and flexible operating.

2.XCMG wheel loader new Z-bar linkage, high breakout force,short hydraulic cycle time,automatic leveling on any position,and higher prductivity.

3.Special quadrat type transmission shaft of construction machinery. Power transmission is more reliable for heavy equipment.

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4.Integral new luxury cab, excellent visibility, safty and reliability for wheel loader.

5.EG-TM combination is supported on three points by dual directions, vibration-isolators. Reducing resonance and fatigue failure of structure.

6.Optimized structure of diesel engine air intake system reduces dust into air filter, Prolonging the durability of the engine and conveniencing the service of air filter element. Optimized cooling system drops overall heat balance temperature.

7.Integral openable hood made of compound material reduces noise and vibration,and makes operation and service more convenient and flexible.

8.ZL50G wheel loader Equipped with SHANGHAI,STYRE,or CUMMINS

diesel engine, which is of electric starting,electric stopping and excellent performance and reliability. It approves to be one of the best wheel loader in China.

Motor Grader

Graders are the necessary construction machinery in the construction of national defense project, mining construction, urban and rural road, and water conservancy construction and farmland reconstruction.

A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, a blade, a maintainer or a motor grader, is an engineering vehicle with a large blade used to create a flat surface. Typical models have three axles, with the engine and cab situated above the rear axles at one end of the vehicle and a third axle at the front end of the vehicle, with the blade in between.

Motor graders history is fairly well documented, beginning with horsedrawn equipment that first appeared in the 1870s. Then there is a class of motor graders significantly with smaller size are be used for specialty work in confined work spaces, often as multi-purpose tool carrier with a variety of attachments and often using hydrostatic drives geared drive trains. More even that motor

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graders are used extensively for snow removal, especially in northern rural areas.

In civil engineering, the grader s purpose is to "finish grade" (refine, set precisely) the "rough grading" performed by heavy equipment or engineering vehicles such as scrapers and bulldozers.

Graders can produce inclined surfaces and surfaces with cambered crosssections for roads. In some countries they are used to produce drainage ditches with shallow V-shaped cross-sections on either side of highways.

Graders are commonly used in the construction and maintenance of dirt roads and gravel roads. In the construction of paved roads they are used to prepare the base course to create a wide flat surface for the asphalt to be placed on. Graders are also used to set native soil foundation pads to finish grade prior to the construction of large buildings. And our GR series of grader are mainly used in large area ground leveling such as road, airport and farmland and the operation of ditching, slope scraping, bulldozing, scarifying and snow-removing.

In some locales such as Northern Europe, Canada and places in the United States, graders are often used in municipal and residential snow removal. In scrubland and grassland areas of Australia and Africa, graders are often an essential piece of equipment on ranches, large farms and plantations to make dirt tracks where the absence of rocks and trees means bulldozers are not required.

XCMG GR series Motor Grader operating weight range from 11T~17T, with imported Cummins, Shangchai D6114ZGB engine, power from 100-225 kW (133-300 hp). ZF or hangchi transmission, Mertor axle, imported hydraulic parts, import differential. And there are front dozer and rear ripper for option.

Feature:

The engine adopt PLC controller ,the whole machine reach the standard of EIII let.

Worm wheel case with overload protection and blade with floating function.

Hydraulic system with load sensing.

Colorful liquid display dummy meter, electron checking and third level failure warning system.

The gearbox shift by power of electron and hydraulic, shift mode is shape.

Wet brake driving axle, double circuit brake

Ornament cab, cool and warm air-condition can defrost and bring fresh air.

High intensity and wearable reamer

The whole machine had past CE.

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operate many hundreds of miles or kilometers offshore with infrequent crew rotation.

Our XCMG XR series Rotary drilling rigs are mainly used for road or building base construction. Drilling depth from 40m to 88m, rated power from 138kw to 298kw. Model is XR120, XR160, XR200, XR220, XR250, XR280.

XR120 rotary drilling rig main configure: Max drilling dia.1500mm, Max drilling depth 51m, Max torque 120KN.M,Import Cummins engine with turbo(138KW), Import hydraulic, electric parts, telescopic crawler chassis, 51m(5 parts)friction drilling pipe, φ800 mm Auger.

Technical Features:

Load sensing hydraulic system.

Color LCD makes the operation flexible and convenient, automatic measuring and control of the boring depth and vertical rake, and automatic failure control and alarming system.

Utmost power control system and automatic slewing positioning function.

Telescopic crawler chassis, H-shape frame structure.

The whole machine (without removing the drill pipe) can be transported in long distance.

2.Discuss the properties of each type of the equipment.

3.What is common and distinguishing between them?

4.Discuss the possible target audience of these reports.

Language practice

1. Match English words with their Russian definitions:

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3. Make all possible word combinations:

Materials technology

Sports materials

Glass-fiber composites

Water absorption

Plastics industry

High-performance ceramics

Writing

1.Using phrases and word structures from section “Language practice” write your own report about “Trucks” (types, structure, sphere of use, functions).

2.Look through the text.

3.Divide it into passages.

4.Give a headline to the text

5.Give a headline to each passage.

A forklift (also called a lift truck, a high/low, a stacker-truck, or a side loader) is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials. Truck Frame - is the base of the machine to which the mast, axles, wheels, counterweight, overhead guard and power source are attached. The frames usually have fuel and hydraulic fluid tanks constructed as part of the frame assembly. Counterweight - is a heavy cast iron mass attached to the rear of the forklift truck frame. The purpose of the counterweight is to counterbalance the load being lifted. In an electric forklift the large lead-acid battery itself may

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