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.pdfTRAFFIC REGULATION
Учебное пособие по английскому языку
Омск 2012
Министерство образования и науки РФ
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Сибирская государственная автомобильно-дорожная академия (СибАДИ)»
TRAFFIC REGULATION
Учебное пособие по английскому языку
Омск
СибАДИ
2012
УДК 811. 111 ББК 81.432.1 Т 82
Авторы:
Т.А. Воробец, Е.В. Лобкова, О.В. Бондарчик, Я.И. Высоцкая
Рецензенты:
кандидат филологических наук, доцент Л.Г. Пушкарева (ФГБОУ ВПО «Омский государственный аграрный университет имени П.А. Столыпина»);
кандидат филологических наук, доцент М.Г. Васильева (ФГБОУ ВПО « Сибирский государственный университет физической культуры и спорта»)
Работа одобрена редакционно-издательским советом академии в качестве учебного пособия по английскому языку для студентов-бакалавров II курса по направлению «Технология транспортных процессов» профиль «Организация и безопасность движения».
Т 82 Traffic regulation: учебное пособие по английскому языку / Т.А. Воробец и др. – Омск: СибАДИ, 2012. – 180 с.
Пособие направлено на освоение профессиональной лексики и развитие навыков профессионального общения на английском языке, а также навыков анализа, аннотирования и реферирования текстов профессиональной тематики. Предназначено для студентов-бакалавров II курса по направлению «Технология транспортных процессов» профиль «Организация и безопасность движения».
ФГБОУ ВПО «СибАДИ», 2012
CONTENTS
PART I. TRANSPORT ENGINEERING |
5 |
Reading
Transport engineering 6 Main branches of engineering10 Transportation planning 14
Business communication
How to write business letters 16
PART II. HISTORY OF ROADS |
22 |
Reading
From the history of ancient roads 23 Main characteristics of Roman roads 25 Macadam and Telford’s systems of road construction 31 Roads in the USA36 Portland cement concrete pavement37
Business communication
Writing e-mail40
PART III. MODERN CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROADS |
46 |
Reading
Types of roads 48 Functional classification of roads55 Zoning system 61 Great Britain road numbering scheme62
Business communication
Writing fax letters65
PART IV. TYPES OF ROAD JUNCTIONS AND PAVEMENT |
71 |
Reading
Road junctions 73 Interchanges74 Intersections 81 Traffic circles82 Roundabouts86
Business communication
Write complaint letters that get results 90
PART V. DIVERSITY OF VEHICLES |
97 |
Reading |
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Kinds of vehicles |
98 |
Advantages and disadvantages of trams |
105 |
Use of buses |
107 |
Business communication |
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How to write letter of inquiry? |
110 |
PART VI. TRAFFIC LIGHTS |
116 |
Reading |
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Traffic lights |
117 |
History of traffic lights |
119 |
Lights for public transport |
121 |
LED street lights |
124 |
Business communication |
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Writing resume |
126 |
PART VII. TRAFFIC SIGNS |
134 |
Reading |
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Traffic signs |
135 |
Evolution of traffic signs |
138 |
European traffic sign standard |
142 |
Business communication |
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How to write a memo |
144 |
PART VIII. PROBLEMS OF ROAD TRAFFIC SAFETY |
150 |
Reading |
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Road traffic crash and its consequences |
151 |
Vehicle safety features |
157 |
Human factor in traffic crashes |
159 |
Business communication |
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Knowledge control |
162 |
APPENDIX |
167 |
ADDITIONAL TASKS |
178 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY |
179 |
PART I
TRANSPORT
ENGINEERING
READING
1.Read the following words and learn them by heart:
movement – движение, передвижение, перемещение
Transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another.
civil engineer – инженер-строитель
In some places, a civil engineer may perform land surveying; in others, surveying is limited to construction surveying, unless an additional qualification is obtained.
urban planning – городское планирование
The ancient Romans used a consolidated scheme for urban planning, developed for military defense and civil convenience.
to forecast – предсказывать (погоду, события)
They forecast that an earthquake would occur. estimation – суждение, мнение, взгляд
He is the cleverest of men in my estimation.
mode – 1) метод; 2) образ действий, манера поведения; 3) вид, форма
Mode choice analysis allows the modeler to determine what mode of transport will be used.
to assign – давать, поручать, распределять (задание, работу)
They assigned us to make a scheme of the district. residential – жилой
Zoning for residential use may permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude business and industry.
lane – узкая дорога; полоса, ряд движения на автостраде
A new six-lane highway will be built next year. pavement – тротуар
The surface of the pavement soon became very uneven. vehicle – транспортное средство
Land vehicles are classified broadly by what is used to apply steering and drive forces against the ground: wheeled, tracked, railed, or skied.
sidewalk – амер., канад. тротуар
A sidewalk may accommodate moderate changes in grade (height) and is normally separated from the vehicular section by a curb.
sign – знак, символ
The police put up a sign that the road was closed. to mark – размечать
Different devices are used to mark a road surface.
toll – плата (за пользование дорогой, мостом, за перевозку)
Structures for which tolls are charged include toll roads, toll bridges and toll tunnels.
ramp – наклонная плоскость, соединяющая два разных уровня; наклонный въезд на автомагистраль, съезд с автомагистрали
Complete interchanges typically use four to eight dedicated ramps to connect various directions of travel.
2.Guess the meaning of the following words:
a)basing on their phonetic and graphic similarity with the Russian words:
transport, signal, aspect, technique, infrastructure, design; b) basing on the known English words:
sub-discipline, transportation, assignment, marker, marking, tolling.
3. Read the text and formulate the main goals of every transport engineering aspect.
Aspect of transport engineering |
Its main goals |
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TRANSPORT ENGINEERING
Transport engineering (or transportation engineering) is the science of safe and efficient movement of people and goods (transport). It is a subdiscipline of civil engineering.
The planning aspects of transport engineering relate to urban planning, and involve technical forecasting decisions and political factors. Technical forecasting of passenger travel usually involves an urban transportation planning model, requiring the estimation of trip generation (how many trips for what purpose), trip distribution (destination choice, where is the traveler going), mode choice (what mode is being taken), and route assignment (which streets or routes are being used). More sophisticated forecasting can include other aspects of traveler decisions, including auto ownership, trip chaining (the decision to link individual trips together in a tour) and the choice of residential or business location (known as land use forecasting). Passenger trips are the focus of
transport engineering because they often represent the peak of demand on any transportation system.
The design aspects of transport engineering include the sizing of transportation facilities, determining the materials and thickness used in pavement, designing the geometry of the roadway (or track).
Operations and management involve traffic engineering, so that vehicles move smoothly on the road or track. Older techniques include signs, signals, markings, and tolling. Newer technologies involve intelligent transportation systems, including advanced traveler information systems (such as variable message signs), advanced traffic control systems (such as ramp meters), and vehicle infrastructure integration. Human factors are an aspect of transport engineering, particularly concerning driver-vehicle interface and user interface of road signs, signals, and markings.
4.Give definitions to the following words using the text:
1)Urban planning is … .
2)Trip generation is … .
3)Trip distribution is … .
4)Mode choice is … .
5)Route assignment is … .
6)Land use forecasting is … .
5.Find synonyms to the following words in the text: road, transport, mark, opinion, to predict, journey, include, clever.
6.Correct this text replacing small letters with capital letters where it is necessary:
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as bridges, roads, canals, dams and buildings civil engineering is the oldest engineering discipline after military engineering, and it was defined to distinguish non-military engineering from military engineering it is traditionally broken into several sub-disciplines including environmental engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, transportation engineering, municipal or urban engineering, water resources engineering, materials engineering, coastal engineering, surveying, and construction engineering civil engineering takes place on all levels: in the public sector from municipal through to federal levels, and in the private sector from individual homeowners through to international companies until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations referring to the same person, often used interchangeably in the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering
in 1818 the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London, and in 1820 the eminent engineer Thomas Telford became its first president the institution received a Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognising civil engineering as a profession its charter defined civil engineering as the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man, as the means of production and of traffic in states, both for external and internal trade, as applied in the construction of roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, river navigation and docks for internal intercourse and exchange, and in the construction of ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the art of navigation by artificial power for the purposes of commerce, and in the construction and application of machinery, and in the drainage of cities and towns
7.Look through the text and find the information when and where the modern definition of civil engineering appeared.
8.Match the words with their definitions and complete the following sentences using them:
civil |
a hard-surfaced path for pedestrians alongside and a little |
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engineering |
higher than a road |
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roundabout |
the profession of applying scientific principles to the |
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buildings, bridges, roads, etc |
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pavement |
a board, placard, etc., displayed in public and inscribed with |
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words or designs intended to inform, warn, etc |
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traffic |
any sign, gesture, token, etc., that serves to communicate |
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engineering |
information |
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sign |
a road junction in which traffic streams circulate around a |
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central island US and Canadian name: traffic circle |
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signal |
the newest |
technologies, what include |
advanced |
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information |
and control traffic systems |
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intelligent |
a discipline which includes the design of highways and |
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transportation |
pedestrian ways, the study and application of traffic |
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systems |
statistics, and the environmental aspects of the transportation |
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of goods and people |
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1)A point in a video is identified by its position (two-dimensional) and by the time at which it occurs, so a video … has a three-dimensional domain. Analog video has one continuous domain dimension (across a scan line) and two discrete dimensions (frame and line).
2)In the 18th century, the term … was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military engineering.
3)Uses of … are varied. They might include: the indication or mark of something, a display of a message (i.e. a notice), evidence of an underlying cause (for instance, the symptoms of a disease are signs of the disease), a character for a mathematical operation, a body gesture. So it is an entity which signifies another entity.
4)According to the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (third edition 1933) the term … (pavement) was still in occasional use in the UK was also used for: “a piece of paved work”; “the superficial covering of a floor, yard, street etc” as well as for “the paved part of a public thoroughfare, but now only the paved footway by the side of the street”.
5)A … is a type of circular junction in which road traffic must travel in
one direction around a central island. Signs usually direct traffic entering the circle to slow down and give the right of way to drivers already in the circle.
6) The term … refers to efforts to add information and communications technology to transport infrastructure and vehicles in an effort to manage factors that typically are at odds with each other, such as vehicles, loads, and routes to improve safety and reduce vehicle wear, transportation times, and fuel consumption.
9. Fill in the crossword:
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