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Across:

2) A sloping floor, path, etc., that joins two surfaces at different levels.

4)An amount of money levied for the use of certain roads, bridges, etc., to cover the cost of maintenance.

5)The act, process, or result of moving.

7)A considered opinion; judgment.

8)A vehicle used to transport goods or people.

10)Any sign, gesture, token, etc., that serves to communicate information.

11)A narrow road or way between buildings, hedges, fences.

Down:

1) A manner or way of doing, acting, or existing.

3) A hard-surfaced path for pedestrians alongside and a little higher than a road. 6) Facility for transportation people and goods.

9)To give out a task.

10.Look through the text “Main branches of engineering” and find all the branches mentioned in it. Distinguish the basis of their classification.

11. Read the following text and fill in the table:

MAIN BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

Highway engineers handle the planning, design, construction, and operation of highways, roads, and other vehicular facilities as well as their related bicycle and pedestrian realms. They estimate the transportation needs of the public and then secure the funding for the project. They also analyze locations of high traffic volumes and high collisions for safety and capacity and use civil engineering principles to improve the transportation system.

Railway engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of railroads and mass transit systems that use a fixed guideway (such as light rail or even monorails). Typical tasks would include determining horizontal and vertical alignment design, station location and design, and construction cost estimating. Railroad engineers can also move

into the specialized field of train dispatching which focuses on train movement control.

Port and harbor engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of ports, harbors, canals, and other maritime facilities. This is not to be confused with marine engineering.

Airport engineers design and construct airports. Airport engineers must account for the impacts and demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities. One such example is the analysis of predominant wind direction to determine runway orientation.

Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods. It focuses mainly on research and construction of the immobile infrastructure necessary for this movement, such as roads, railway tracks, bridges, traffic signs and traffic lights.

Increasingly however, instead of building additional infrastructure, dynamic elements are also introduced into road traffic management (they have long been used in rail transport). These use sensors to measure traffic flows and automatic, interconnected guidance systems (for example traffic signs which open a lane in different directions depending on the time of day) to manage traffic, especially in peak hours.

Therefore, managing traffic density by limiting the rate that vehicles enter

function (at the expense of increased delay for those waiting at the ramps). Highway safety engineering is a branch of traffic engineering that deals

with reducing the frequency and severity of crashes. It uses physics and vehicle dynamics, as well as road user psychology and human factors engineering, to reduce the influence of factors that contribute to crashes.

12. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and collocations: immobile infrastructure, traffic signs, traffic lights, dynamic elements, lane flow, traffic density, keep lane flows at bottlenecks high, entrance ramps, severity of crashes.

Make up sentences using them.

13.Answer the following questions:

1)What elements does the immobile infrastructure consist of?

2)Can you give definitions to the terms “light rail”, “monorails”.

3)What are the main dynamic elements of the traffic infrastructure?

4)What are the most important functions of a highway engineer?

14. Complete the following table with the missing forms and then complete each sentence with the correct word. Use one form of each base and do not repeat any words.

1)In the spring of 1860 a … drought caused most of the crops to fail.

2)The relationship between the mass of something and its size is … .

3)… you … the date for your wedding yet?

4)The organization … strongly … towards research.

5)The referendum blocked Switzerland’s … into the European Economic Area.

6)The car’s security device will … the ignition system.

7)A new road system has improved traffic … through the city center.

8)… is the science relating to the movement of objects and the forces involved in movement.

15.Change this writing into the text and try to define which of two models of planning (incremental planning model, rational planning model) is described in these texts.

Therationalplanningmodelistheprocessofrealizingaproblemestablishingande valuatingplanningcriteriacreatealternativesimplementingalternativesandmonitori ngprogressofthealternativesitisusedindesigningneighborhoodscitiesandregionsth erationalplanningmodeliscentralinthedevelopmentofmodernurbanplanningandtra nsportationplanningtheverysimilarrationaldecisionmakingmodelasitiscalledinorg anizationalbehaviorisaprocessformakinglogicallysounddecisionsthismultistepmo delandaimstobelogicalandfollowtheorderlypathfromproblemidentificationthroug h solution.

Incrementalismisamethodofworkingbyaddingtoaprojectusingmanysmall(oft

enunplanned)incrementalchangesinsteadofafew(extensivelyplanned)policychang ethiswasthetheoreticalpolicyofrationalitydevelopedbyLindblomtobeseenasamidd

that 2,000 new planners would be required by 2010 to avoid jeopardising the success of the Transport Ten Year Plan.

During 2006 the Transport Planning Society defined the key purpose of transport planning as to plan, design, deliver, manage and review transport, balancing the needs of society, the economy and the environment.

The following key roles must be performed by transport planners:

take account of the social, economic and environmental context of their work

understand the legal, regulatory policy and resource framework within which they work

understand and create transport policies, strategies and plans that contribute to meeting social, economic and environmental needs

design the necessary transport projects, systems and services

understand the commercial aspects of operating transport systems and services

know about and apply the relevant tools and techniques

must be competent in all aspects of management, in particular communications, personal skills and project management.

Transportation planning in the USA is in the midst of a shift similar to that taking place in the United Kingdom, away from the singular goal of moving vehicular traffic and towards an approach that takes into consideration the communities and lands which streets, roads, and highways pass through (“the context”). More so, it places a greater emphasis on passenger rail networks which had been neglected until recently. This new approach, known as Context Sensitive Solutions (CSS), seeks to balance the need to move people efficiently and safely with other desirable outcomes, including historic preservation, environmental sustainability, and the creation of vital public spaces.

The initial guiding principles of CSS came out of the 1998 “Thinking Beyond the Pavement” conference as a means to describe and foster transportation projects that preserve and enhance the natural and built environments, as well as the economic and social assets of the neighborhoods they pass through. CSS principles have since been adopted as guidelines for highway design in federal legislation. And in 2003, the Federal Highway Administration announced that under one of its three Vital Few Objectives (Environmental Stewardship and Streamlining) they set the target of achieving CSS integration within all state Departments of Transportation by September of 2007. The recent pushes for advancing transportation planning has led to the development of a professional certification program, the Professional Transportation Planner, to be launched in 2007.

19. Make a general descriptive annotation on the text above (to get more information about types of annotations and suitable phrases see Appendix).

6)Al Olsen

7)Mr. John Taylor, Director of Operations, ABC Corporation, 100 E Main Street, Vancouver, Washington 98685

8)Truly yours

4. Read the address and fill in the following table. Remember the correct order of writing an address.

Dr. Alexander Richmond, Avondale Medicine Center, 453 Camilla Drive, Atlanta, GA 30300, USA.

Addresser’s name

Addresser’s company name

Street address

Addresser’s city name

State abbreviation

The Zip Code of the state / county

The name of the country

5. Find synonyms among the following words and collocations: mailing address, sender address, addressee, addresser, recipient, inside address, return address, sender.

6. Study this envelope for a letter. Match information under definite number with its meaning.

(1)The Dolphin Hotel

(2)11114 Seventh Avenue New York, NY (3) 10033

Mr. John D. Enright

(4) Computronic Inc.

PO BOX 5230

(5) Austin, TX, (6) 7618

a)___ the Zip Code in the mailing address

b)___ the sender’s name

c)___ the Zip Code in the return address

d)___ the town in the mailing address

e)___ the addressee’s company name

f)___ the house number in the return address

7.Study the tables and remember information given in them.