2132

14. Form cognate words from the given ones using the following suffixes and guess their meaning:

-ity – indispensable, mobile, permissible; -ment – assess, assign, move;

-tion – commensurate, incorporate, congest;

Fill in the gaps in the sentences using some of these words.

1)The students will be asked to write a short passage in English for … .

2)Salary will be … with age and experience.

3)The boundaries of these areas should be clearly … .

4)In order to solve the problem X and Y must be … a value.

5)Plans to introduce … charging were dropped until after the election.

6)This book is … to anyone interested in space exploration.

15.Find in this square as many words connected with the topic “Roads and their classification) as you can (there are at least 15 of them):

16. Study the following table devoted to classification criteria. Say what type of classification these criteria correspond with, why.

Give an example of each type of road in our region. Explain your reasons.

17. Find more detailed information about structural and administrative road classifications. Present the results of your survey using PowerPoint. (Project work)

18. Read the text devoted to zoning system in Great Britain and using the given information try to explain the following road numbers: A 6144(M), A 57(M), M 271, A 48(M). Guess what the letter (M) means. Try to find these routes in the British road map.

ZONING SYSTEM

In England and Wales the road numbering system for all-purpose (i.e. nonmotorway) roads is based on a radial pattern centred on London. In Scotland the same scheme is centred on Edinburgh. In both cases the main single-digit roads normally define the zone boundaries, with the exception of Zones 1 and 2.

Zone 1: North of the Thames, east of the A1 covering Greater London, Essex, Cambridgeshire, East Anglia, Lincolnshire, parts of Yorkshire, Cleveland, Tyne and Wear, Northumberland, parts of the Scottish Borders, East Lothian and on up to Edinburgh.

Zone 2: South of the Thames, east of the A3 covering Surrey, Sussex and Kent. Zone 3: North/West of the A3, south of the A4 covering Hampshire, the Isle of Wight, Dorset and South West England.

Zone 4: North of the A4, south/west of the A5 covering the south and west Midlands, Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Buckinghamshire, south, west and mid Wales. Zone 5: North/East of the A5, west of the A6, south of the Solway Firth/Eden Estuary covering North Wales, North Midlands, Cheshire, Cumbria and Lancashire. In Central London, the A40 (Holborn Viaduct, Holborn, High Holborn and Oxford Street) provides a border between the 4 and 5 zones east of Marble Arch. The A5183 also provides such a border being originally part of the A5, and north of St Albans the A1081 provides an Eastern border.

Zone 6: East of the A6 and A7, west of the A1 covering North East England, Yorkshire, Scottish Borders and the Lothians. Between St. Albans and Luton, the A1081 provides the Western border of the 6-zone.

Zone 7: North of the Solway Firth/Eden Estuary, west of the A7, south of the A8 covering Dumfries and Galloway, Ayrshire and Central Scotland.

Zone 8: North of the A8, west ofthe A9 covering Highland and the Western Isles. Zone 9: North of the A8, east of the A9 covering North East Scotland, Orkney and Shetland.

The first digit in the number of any road should be the number of the furthest – anticlockwise zone entered by that road. For example, the A38 road, a trunk road running from Bodmin to Mansfield starts in Zone 3, and is therefore numbered with an A3x number, even though it passes through Zones 4 and 5 to end in Zone 6. Additionally, the A1 in Newcastle upon Tyne has moved twice. Originally along the Great North Road, it then moved to the Tyne Tunnel, causing some of the roads in Zone 1 to now be in Zone 6, and some were renumbered. It was later moved to the western bypass around the city, and roads between the two found themselves back in Zone 1, and were renumbered

wholesale. This did not always happen, however, and when single-digit roads were bypassed, roads were often re-numbered in keeping with the original zone boundaries. In a limited number of cases road numbering doesn’t necessarily follow the rules with some anomalously numbered.

Motorways first came to Britain over three decades after the advent of the A-road numbering event, and as a result required a new numbering system. They were given an M prefix, and in England and Wales a numbering system of their own not coterminous with that of the A-road network, though based on the same principle of zones. Running clockwise from the M1 the zones were defined for Zones 1 to 4 based on the proposed M2, M3 and M4 motorways. The M5 and M6 numbers were reserved for the other two planned long distance motorways. The Preston Bypass, the UK’s first motorway section, should have been numbered A6(M) under the scheme decided upon, but it was decided to keep the number M6 as had already been applied. The first full length motorway in the UK was the M1 motorway.

Shorter motorways typically take their numbers from a parent motorway in violation of the zone system, explaining the apparently anomalous numbers of the M48 and M49 motorways as spurs of the M4, and M271 and M275 motorways as those of the M27. This numbering system was devised in 1958-9 by the then Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation, and applied only in England and Wales. It was decided to reserve the numbers 7, 8 & 9 for Scotland. In Scotland, where roads were the responsibility of the Scottish Office, the decision was taken to adopt a scheme whereby motorways took the numbers of the all-purpose routes they replaced. As a result, there is no M7 (as no motorway follows the A7), and when the A90 was re-routed to replace the A85 south of Perth, the short M85 became part of the M90.

19. Using the information from these websites tell about the history of numbering roads in Great Britain.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom http://www.pathetic.org.uk/features/numbering/ http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/tpm/ltnotes/ltn1-94.pdf

20. Skim the text and make up a brief plan:

GREAT BRITAIN ROAD NUMBERING SCHEME

The Great Britain road numbering scheme is used to classify and identify all roads in Great Britain. Each road is given a single letter, which represents the road’s category, and a number, with a length of between 1 and 4 digits. Originally introduced to arrange funding allocations, the numbers soon became used on maps and as a method of navigation. Two schemes exist; one for roads of motorway standard (and classification), and another for non-motorway roads.

The scheme applies only to England, Scotland and Wales. Alternative systems are used in Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man and Jersey, Channel Islands.

Initial work on classification began in 1913 by the government's Roads Board to determine the quality and usage of British roads. This work was interrupted by the First World War and did not resume until the Ministry of Transport was formed in 1919 and given authority to classify highways to allocate funding for road maintenance. It created a classification system for the important routes connecting large population centers or for through traffic, which were designated as Class I, and roads of lesser importance, which were designated as Class II.

Shortly after this, the numbers started to appear in road atlases and on signs on the roads themselves, converting them into a tool for motorists. The numbers of the roads changed quite frequently during the early years of the system as it was a period of heavy expansion of the network. The Trunk Roads Act 1936 gave the Ministry direct control of the major routes and a new classification system was created to identify these routes. Originally these numbers beginning in T were to be made public, however this was eventually deemed unnecessary.

With the introduction of motorways in the late 1950s, a new classification M was introduced. In many cases the motorways duplicated existing stretches of A-road, which therefore lost much of their significance and were in some cases renumbered. There was no consistent approach to this renumbering - some retained their existing number as non-primary A roads (e.g. the A40 running alongside the M40), others were given 'less significant' numbers (e.g. the A34 in Warwickshire became the A3400 after the M40 was built) and the remainder were downgraded to B or unclassified roads (e.g. the A38, which has been replaced by the M5 between Tiverton and Exeter).

The Local Government Act 1966 repealed all previous legislation pertaining to road numbering and introduced the concept of a principal road with all roads being reclassified and renumbered. The principal roads were all Class I routes and were allocated numbers commencing with A, whilst the remaining Class I and II roads were given numbers beginning with a B. In practice, many roads were given the same number under the new scheme.

In England and Wales the main roads radiating from London have singledigit numbers, starting with the A1 which heads due north. The numbering continues sequentially in a clockwise direction, thus:

A1 London to Edinburgh, (previously known as the Great North Road) A2 London to Dover

A3 London to Portsmouth

A4 London to Bristol

A5 London to Holyhead

A6 Luton to Carlisle.

Similarly, in Scotland, important roads radiating from Edinburgh have single-digit numbers, thus:

A7 Edinburgh to Carlisle

A8 Edinburgh to Greenock, this effectively links Edinburgh to Glasgow A9 Falkirk to Thurso.

Other A roads are supplemented by two-digit codes which are routes that are slightly less important (but may still be classified as trunk routes), although many of these routes have lost a lot of their significance due to motorway bypasses, or the upgrading of other A-roads. These routes are not all centered on London, but as far as possible follow the general principle that their number locates them radially clockwise from the associated single digit route. For example, the A10 (London to King's Lynn) is the first main route clockwise from the A1, the A11 is the next, and so on. These roads have been numbered either outwards from or clockwise around their respective hubs, depending on their alignment.

The system continues to three and four digit numbers which further split and criss-cross the radials. Lower numbers originate closer to London than higher numbered ones. As roads have been improved since the scheme commenced, some roads with 3 or 4 digit numbers have increased in significance, for example the A127, A1079 and A414. New routes have also been allocated 3 or 4 digit numbers, for example the Edinburgh City Bypass is the A720.

Some sections of A roads have been improved to the same standard as motorways, but do not completely replace the existing road; they form a higher standard part of the route. These sections retain the same number but are suffixed with (M), for example the A1(M) and A404(M). There have been occasions where this designation has been used to indicate motorway bypasses of an existing road, but the original retains the A road designation, for example A3(M), A329(M), A38(M) and A48(M).

B roads are numbered local routes, which have lower traffic densities than the main trunk roads, or A roads. They are typically short, not usually more than 15 miles. The classification has nothing to do with the width or quality of the physical road, and B roads can range from dual carriageways to single track roads with passing places. B roads follow the same numbering scheme as A roads, but almost always have 3- and 4-digit designations. Many 3-digit B roads outside the London area are former A roads which have been downgraded owing to new road construction; others may link smaller settlements to A roads.

Roads and lanes with yet lower traffic densities are designated C, D and U (Unclassified) roads, but while these are numbered, in general this is done purely for the benefit of the local authorities who are responsible for maintaining them, and the numbering is arbitrary and does not, or should not, appear on any public signage. Some exceptions to this are known, however. These other classified roads, however, are taken into account when planning officers deal with certain planning applications, including the creation of a new vehicular access onto a highway.

21. Make a specialized descriptive annotation on the text above.

BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

Fax

1. Read the text and find out what fax etiquette is, what conditions are necessary for its functioning:

WRITING FAX LETTERS

Fax letters are those letters which are sent to the organization or individual through Fax. Faxing a letter is easier and faster than sending them through snail mail. This is, however, not the case for everyone because not all recipients have fax machines. Nevertheless, it is still best to know how you can write a fax letter.

When writing fax letters, it is best to choose a paper of high quality. If you are writing a formal or business letter, it is best to choose a plain white high quality paper that transmits cleanly through fax machines.

Once you are through writing your letter, send a test fax to yourself so that you will know how the letter will look like once sent to the recipient.

Generally, faxes are existing information that needs to be sent, in which case you would add a cover sheet. These covers are very important and serve several purposes. One reason to ensure that you send covered faxes is a matter of privacy and confidentiality. Most companies have one faxing machine for several people to use. Cover letters usually include the names and contact information for both the sender and receiver of the file, as well as the document page count that is being transmitted. The fax protocol and etiquette generally followed by most people is to take the papers printed by the machine, including the fax cover letters, and distribute them to their intended recipients without breaking the confidentiality of the document.

The format of a facsimile cover letter widely varies. There is no one definitive or authoritative source for this format. Most companies have a standard fax cover letter for their employees to use. If the sender’s company has such a letter then that should be used. Alternatively, there are templates online that can help create a professional fax cover letter in MS Word or MS Works.

If the sender must create his or her own template for the cover letter, it’s best to print out the information on company letterhead. If there is no letterhead available or if the letterhead isn’t fax-friendly, then the sender’s company’s name should be centered at the top of the cover letter. Below the company’s name, the words “Facsimile Cover Letter” should be written in large clear font. Some companies will find the words “Fax Cover Letter” acceptable.

The cover letter is the first page sent through the fax machine. The font of the cover letter and the rest of the correspondence needs to be clear enough and large enough to compensate for the degraded quality of the print out. Older fax machines do not print with the same quality as printers or copiers.

The next section contains the contact information for the sender and the recipient. Some companies list this information side by side. Other companies will list the sender’s information first or the recipient’s information first. All of these are acceptable as long as the needed information is present.

There needs to be a “to” line, “from” line, the phone number of the sender’s fax machine, contact information of the sender, the date the fax was sent, a “cc” line, a space for any additional notes, and the “total number of pages”. The total number of pages is critically important when sending a fax. This note is the only way the recipient knows that they received all of the fax. It should be noted if the total number of pages includes the cover letter or not. At the bottom of a proper cover letter there should be space for the name, title and signature of the sender as well as initials of the sender and the typist.

So that your fax does not get ignored, it is important that you compose the first paragraph in your own words with the provided fax text template. A personally composed fax letter has much more effectiveness than a letter where you have just put your name and address, as form letters have a tendency to be ignored in comparison to a personally worded letter expressing your feelings.

2.Formulate tips for writing and sending a fax letter basing on the information from the text above.

3.Show the main elements of a fax letter using the following picture as an example:

a)Company’s headline

b)Date

c)Number of pages

d)Sender’s name

e)Recipient’s name

f)Additional notes

g)Body (text)

h)Sender’s contact information

i)Recipient’s contact information

j)Subject of the letter

4.Read the text and find answers to the following questions:

1)What new tips on writing a fax letter does this text give?

2)What already mentioned tips became more detailed?

3)What is the psychological effect of a fax letters with cover sheets?

WRITING A GOOD COVER SHEET FOR A FAX

A fax cover letter plays an important role in the corporate world and used for business information exchange. It is a vital mode of two way communication, and an effective tool to save precious time.

Cover letters on international faxes serve multiple purposes, and writing a solid cover sheet gives your international fax many advantages.

First of all, faxes with cover sheets are generally treated as more important by companies or people that receive them. It’s probably just a psychological factor, but it works.

Second of all, a cover sheet is a cheap way to buff up the security of your faxes. Since most fax machines are kept in the middle of offices, it is important that your international faxes reach the intended recipient. Right near the top of your cover letter you should place “TO:[recipient]” to ensure that the international fax gets to the right person. If you sent the fax to the incorrect number, then the accidental recipient can notify you that the message was not meant for them.

In addition to being a good security measure, cover letters can also ensure the integrity of your message. By indicating on your cover letter the number of pages (including the cover sheet) it has, you can notify the recipient of the full length of your fax so he or she knows if a paper jam occurred and they didn’t get the entire fax. Also adding the date of the fax, the recipient’s fax number, and who you are gives anyone who picks up the fax all the necessary information they need to deliver the fax.

Formatting your fax cover sheet is also important. This ensures that your fax looks professional as well being easy to read. You want to make sure that the fonts you use on the cover sheet match the fonts you use in the body of your international fax. 12 pt Font should be a perfect size, but just make sure that it is not too big or too small. If you are including notes in your cover sheet, perhaps about the nature of the fax or to act as a cover letter, keep it to 3-5 paragraphs.

In Summary:

Use a cover letter to seem more important

Use “TO:” to secure your international fax

Write the number of pages (including the cover sheet)

The date

Your contact information

The recipient’s fax number

12 pt font

And use the same font as the body of your international fax.

5. Consider what should be changed in the following fax letter basing on all the tips from the texts:

6. Suggest what the fax letter containing the following information would look like:

A letter from Eva Roderick, an employee of Woodland Sales & Service Pvt. Ltd., located in Sea link Wing, New Hall City, Canada (phone No: 732602- 780, fax: 548 702 790), to Mr. Ray Hudson (fax: 540 620 345, fax: 620 795 459) was sent on September 22nd, 2010. It contained 4 pages.

The text of the cover letter:

Dear Mr. Hudson,

This Fax letter is from the behalf of Woodland Sales & Service Pvt. Ltd, consisting of your requested information regarding dealership of our company. Kindly note, you can find the four enclosed pages with this fax cover letter.

You can find the Memorandum of Understanding, Terms & Conditions and eligibility criteria required by Woodland Sales & Service Pvt. Ltd for