Unit 6

Section A. Determining the report format

Theory

Before actually writing, organize your information into an outline form. You can formulate an outline for your report by choosing the major and supporting ideas, developing the details, and eliminating the unnecessary ideas you have gathered. This outline becomes the basic structure of your report.

A report could be represented as a memo report, a standardized form report, or a formal report. The report you will be assigned in this course will be a memo report intended for an audience within your organization.

Your business report will have the following five steps.

Create a working framework outline by jotting down these five steps and filling in the information from the gathered material that would best fit into each

category.

the report structure. However,Аmany reports are often technical, seeking specific formats for recommendations or outcomes. So adapt an approach which best fits the individual report style. Expert writers often use this technique. They know that

Based on the outline begin writing your report. Write a rough draft. Do not be overly concerned about proof reading and editing at this point. Just get the key

thoughts down.

Be systematic if possible. Start at the beginning and work your way through

block in creativity. Write first reviewДand edit later.

they can write the opening paragraph or page at a later time. Remember, do not

think about editing when writing the first draft. Editing often proves a stumbling И

In writing the report, you might want to use headings for each of these sections of the report. Headings and subheadings are used as organizational tools in writing to identify major parts of the report. Headings serve as guideposts for a reader to understand.

When writing headings be sure they are descriptive, parallel, sequential in transition.

Questions:

1.What should one do with information before writing?

2.What forms of presentation do you know?

3.Enumerate five report’s steps.

4.Describe writing strategy of report.

5.What is called organizational tools in writing?

6.What is the aim of headlines for a reader?

7.What qualities should have headlines?

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Section B. Maintenance, repair and operations (Part 1)

Reading

7. What should be done to make it better?

иelectrical device should it become out of order or broken (known as repair, unscheduled or casualty maintenance) as well as performing the routine actions which keep the device in working order (known as scheduled maintenance) or

8. Improve the report (pay attention to the target audience and target

market).

MAINTENANCE, REPAIR AND OPERATIONS

prevent troubleбfrom arising (preventive maintenance). MRO may be defined as, «all actions which haveАthe objective of retaining or restoring an item in or to a state in which it can perform its required function. The actions include the combination of all technical and corresponding administrative, managerial, and

Maintenance, repair and operations is fixing any sort of mechanical or

supervision actions».

MRO operations can be categorized by whether the product remains the property of the customer, i.e., a serviceДis being offer or whether the product is brought by the reprocessing organization and sold to any customer wishing to make the purchase. The former of these represents a closed loop supply chain and usually has the scope of maintenance, repair or overhaul of the product. The latter of the categorizations is an open loop supply chain and is typified by refurbishment and remanufacture. The main characteristic of theИclosed loop system is that the demand for a product is matched with the supply of a used product. Neglecting asset write–offs and exceptional activities the total population of the product between the customer and the service provider remains constant.

Car maintenance

Car maintenance describes the act of inspecting or testing the condition of car subsystems (e.g., engine) and servicing or replacing parts and fluids. Regular maintenance is critical to ensure the safety, reliability, drivability, comfort and longevity of a car. During preventive maintenance, a number of parts are replaced to avoid major damage or for safety reasons, e.g. timing belt replacement.

The actual schedule of car maintenance varies depending on the year, make, and model of a car, its driving conditions and driver behavior. Car makers recommend the so–called extreme or the ideal service schedule based on impact parameters such as

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•number of trips and distance traveled per trip per day;

•extreme hot or cold climate conditions;

•mountainous, dusty or de–iced roads;

•heavy stop–and–go vs. long–distance cruising;

•towing a trailer or other heavy load.

Experienced service advisors in dealerships and independent shops

• inspect or replace windshield wipers;

• check or refill windshield washer fluid;

• inspect or replace brake pads;

• check or flush brake fluid;

• check or flush transmission fluid;

Some tasks that have equivalent service Иintervals are combined into one single service known as a tune–up. In modern cars, where electronics control most of the car's functions, the traditional tune–up doesn't apply anymore. Maintenance jobs like a tune–up used to mean getting the engine's performance back on track. Today embedded software takes care of it by constantly checking thousands of sensor signals, compensating for worn–out spark plugs, clogged filters, etc. The so–called limp–home function allows driving on limited power when the engine is in trouble. In the old days this might have meant a breakdown.

In some countries, the completed services are recorded in a service book which is rubber–stamped by the service center upon completion of each service. A complete service history usually adds to the resale value of a vehicle.

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Automobile repair shop

Some auto part stores also maintain service operations. Examples include Pep Boys, Walmart, and Sears Auto Center. There are also independently owned and operated businesses like Suchorski's Auto Repair in Milwaukee, WI or regional or national chains and franchises. Examples of chains and franchises include Midas and Firestone Complete Auto Care. A third type of repair shop is the service departments of car dealerships. These shops are the only ones authorized to perform warranty and recall repairs by the manufacturers and distributors, except

Сin the European Union.

и б А A Midas repair shopДin Durham, North Carolina

Automobile repair shops can be specialty shops like muffler shops, transmission specialists, body shop, tire shops and automobile electrification shops. Examples include MAACO and AAMCO. There are also independently–

1.What questions does this text need to answer?И

2.What type of information the author required answering these questions?

3.What kind of methodology was used in this text (explanation, description, proof, demonstration, comparison)?

4.Was the given information explained and illustrated enough?

5.What kind of solutions can be done from each passage?specialtyspecialistsInstead,Speakingowned

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Discussing

1.Look through the text.

2.Divide it into passages.

3.Give a headline to the text.

4.Give a headline to each passage.

An auto mechanic (or car mechanic in British English and motor mechanic in Australian English) is an auto mechanic who specializes in automobile maintenance, repair, and sometimes modification. A mechanic may be

Сknowledgeable in working on all parts of a variety of car makes or may specialize either in a specific area or in a specific make of car. In repairing cars, their main role is to diagnose the problem accurately and quickly. They often have to quote prices for their customers before commencing work or after partial disassembly for иinspection. The mechanic uses both electronic means of gathering data as well as their senses. Their job may involve the repair of a specific part or the replacement of one or more parts as assemblies. Basic vehicle maintenance is a fundamental part of a mechanic's work in some countries, while in others they are only consulted бwhen a vehicle is already showing signs of malfunction. Preventative maintenance is also a fundamental part of a mechanic's job, but this is not possible in the case of vehicles that are not regularly maintained by a mechanic. One misunderstood aspect of preventative maintenance is scheduled replacement of various parts, which occurs before failure to avoid far more expensive damage.

Because this meansАthat parts are replaced before any problem is observed, many vehicle owners will not understand why the expense is necessary. With the rapid advancement in technology, the mechanic's job has evolved from purely mechanical, to include electronic technology. Because vehicles today possess complex computer and electronic systems, mechanics need to have a broader base of knowledge than in the past. Lately,Дthe term «auto mechanic» is being used less and less frequently and is being replaced by the euphemistic title «automotive service technician». Fading quickly is the day of the 'shade tree mechanic', who needed little knowledge of today's computerized systems.

Due to the increasingly labyrinthine nature of the technology that is now incorporated into automobiles, most automobileИdealerships now provide sophisticated diagnostic computers to each technician, without which they may be unable to diagnose or repair electronic issues in modern vehicles. In Australia, an apprentice works under one or more qualified mechanics for a period of four years. During that time, they attend a Technical and Further Education (TAFE) college one day per week for three years.

In some states, mechanics are required to be trade qualified and hold a tradesman's certificate to work as a mechanic, and the workshop in which they work is required to have a workshop license. In other states, no such licensing is required at this time. In the United States, several programs and schools that offer training for those interested in pursuing competencies as an automotive mechanic, or as an auto technician already exist (such as UNOH, WyoTech or UTI). A few of the aspects usually taught those studying for this career are: powertrain repair and diagnosis, emissions, and suspension. The National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation (NATEF) is responsible for evaluating technician training

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programs against standards developed by the automotive industry. NATEF certifies programs in four different categories: automotive, auto body, trucks (diesel technology) and alternative fuels. Some mechanics are ASE certified, which is a standardized method of testing skill level. While it's not required by law for a mechanic to be certified, some companies only hire or promote employees who have passed ASE tests. The technology used in automobiles changes very rapidly and the mechanic must be prepared to learn these new technologies and

Сsystems.

The auto mechanic has a physically demanding job, often exposed to temperature extremes and well as lifting heavy objects and staying in uncomfortable positions for extended periods as well as exposure to gasoline, иasbestos, and other toxic chemicals. In the UK there are different routes for people to become qualified the best route is to serve an apprenticeship with a local garage or franchised dealership while attending a college or a training centre to acquire UPK (underpinning Knowledge) the apprenticeship is split in to 2 levels. Level 2 this is theбstarting point under framework 4 of the qualifications set out by the Sector Skills Council and is in operation at the present time, (this is sometimes called a foundation modern apprenticeship) and is made of the following components: NVQ National vocational Qualification – this is achieved by the collection of evidence in the workplace by mentors and other qualified personnel that the apprentices Аcan actually do the job in question i.e. at this level the apprentice has to successfully remove and replace components to manufacturers guidelines and the vehicle be returned to the road for everyday use, this is usually recorded on a «jobcard» which details work done, parts used and time taken so that the appropriate charges can be passed on to the customer.

VRQ Vocational Related QualificationД– this is also sometimes called a «Tech cert» and is a series of tests and assignments designed to show that the candidate understands how things work i.e. Engines, Transmission, Chassis etc and is delivered in a variety of ways at a Training Centre (a lot of Major manufacturers have their own training and teaching centres) or at a local college, the VRQ is accredited (like the NVQ) by and awarding bodyИsuch as City and Guilds or the IMI. Key Skills – The UK Government decided that as well as the skills for any particular profession everyone embarking on an apprenticeship scheme should have the same level of skills in key areas these are Communications (English), Application of Number (Maths) and I.T. (use of computers and I.T.), these are required at level 1 for a level 2 apprenticeship.

Framework Certificate – When the candidate has achieved the required components listed above, an application is made to the awarding body for an Apprenticeship certificate to show competence at that level. After completing the Level 2 or FMA the candidate will usually complete the Level 3 or Advanced Modern Apprentice, at this level the candidate collects evidence in the same way as level 2, however they must prove at this level that they have used 2 stage diagnosis of the fault (stage 1 manufacturers systems, stage 2 use of other diagnostic equipment i.e. multimeter) to record actual system/component readings. The level 3 or AMA also requires the VRQ at level 3 and Key skills

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Communication level 2, Application of Number level 2 and I.T. level 1 when all components are successfully completed the AMA is applied for. Workplace evidence is usually assessed by a work based assessor from the training provider chosen to provide the apprentices training and this person must be Technically qualified and also hold an appropriate NVQ assessors qualification as well.Some other people who are not lucky enough to secure a work placement can attend local college to achieve a level 3 VRQ, although this will include some work experience

Сit is generally accepted that the standards are lower unless the college operates a RWE (Realistic Working Environment) where customers cars (usually not for profit) are repaired by candidates then returned to the road.

UK training Differs from American training and general practice in that a U.K. Mechanic will be expected to be able to repair all areas of the vehicle (apart from Bodywork and Painting) i.e. engines, suspension, brakes, electrical, chassis, transmission etc. as these are usually all covered in the same garage or workshop. This training usually takes 4– 5 years depending on many factors, after this term and apprentice is said to be «qualified» and is working alongside experienced

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Language practice

1. Match the words with the opposite meaning:

Where it can be used in automobile industry (by whom and how)?

4. Write down all possible derivatives of the following words:

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