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.pdfdreadful, formidable, awful, audacious, frighten (frightened; frightened), scared (scared; scared), upsetting.
2.Определите и отметьте в тексте синтаксические конструкции, выражающие качество объекта. Дайте характеристику основных объектов, упомянутых в тексте.
3.Проанализируйте структуру каждого абзаца, выделяя и называя все виды предложений, входящих в каждый абзац.
4.Разделите текст на смысловые части и озаглавьте каждую.
5.Разделите текст на вводную часть (зачин), информационную (основную) и заключительную (концовку).
6.Установите, повторяется ли главная мысль в тексте. Сколько раз? В каком структурном компоненте текста она формируется?
Text 7
Today’s program is all about eyes. When it comes to relationships, people’s eyes can be a window into their hearts. This means that their eyes can tell a lot about how they feel. We will tell a story about a man and woman who are teachers at the same school. The woman is interested in the man. She uses many methods to catch his eye, or get him to notice her. Once he sets eyes on her, or sees her, she might try to get him interested in her by acting playful. In other words, she might try to make eyes at him or give him the eye.
Let us suppose that this man gets hit between the eyes. In other words, the woman has a strong affect on him. He wants to spend time with her to get to know her better. He asks her out on a date.
She is so happy that she may walk around for days with stars in her eyes. She is extremely happy because this man is the apple of her eye, a very special person. She might tell him that he is the only person she wants, or "I only have eyes for you."
On their date, the couple might eat a meal together at a restaurant. If the man is really hungry, his eyes might be bigger than his stomach. He might order more food than he can eat. When his food arrives at the table, his eyes might pop out. He might be very surprised by the amount of food provided. He might not even believe his own eyes. If fact, all eyes would
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be watching him if he ate all the food. This might even cause raised eyebrows. People might look at the man with disapproval.
During their dinner, the couple might discuss many things. They might discover that they see eye to eye, or agree on many issues. They share the same beliefs and opinions. For example, they might agree that every crime or injury should be punished. That is, they firmly believe in the idea of an eye for an eye. They might also agree that it is wrong to pull the wool over a person’s eyes. This means to try to trick a person by making him believe something that is false. But the man and woman do not believe in the evil eye, that a person can harm you by looking at you.
The next day, at their school, the woman asks the man to keep an eye on, or watch the young students in her class while she is out of the classroom. This might be hard to do when the teacher is writing on a board at the front of the classroom. To do so, a teacher would need to have eyes in the back of his head. In other words, he would know what the children are doing even when he is not watching them.
1.Определите значения слов: notice (noticed; noticed), suppose (supposed; supposed), affect (affected; affected), provide (provided; provided), disapproval, issue, belief, injury, punish (punished; punished), firmly.
2.Определите и отметьте в тексте синтаксические конструкции, выражающие качество объекта. Дайте характеристику основных объектов, упомянутых в тексте.
3.Проанализируйте структуру каждого абзаца, выделяя и называя все виды предложений, входящих в каждый абзац.
4.Разделите текст на смысловые части и озаглавьте каждую.
5.Разделите текст на вводную часть (зачин), информационную (основную) и заключительную (концовку).
6.Установите, повторяется ли главная мысль в тексте. Сколько раз? В каком структурном компоненте текста она формируется?
Text 8
Expressions about water are almost as common as water itself. But many of the expressions using water have unpleasant meanings.
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The expression "to be in hot water" is one of them. It is a very old expression. "Hot water" was used five-hundred years ago to mean being in trouble. One story says it got that meaning from the custom of throwing extremely hot water down on enemies attacking a castle.
That no longer happens. But we still get in "hot water." When we are in "hot water," we are in trouble. It can be any kind of trouble – serious or not so serious. A person who breaks a law can be in hot water with the police. A young boy can be in hot water with his mother, if he walks in the house with dirty shoes.
Being in "deep water" is almost the same as being in hot water. When you are in deep water, you are in a difficult position. Imagine a person who cannot swim being thrown in water over his head.
You are in deep water when you are facing a problem that you do not have the ability to solve. The problem is too deep. You can be in deep water, for example, if you invest in stocks without knowing anything about the stock market.
"To keep your head above water" is a colorful expression that means staying out of debt. A company seeks to keep its head above water during economic hard times. A man who loses his job tries to keep his head above water until he finds a new job.
"Water over the dam" is another expression about a past event. It is something that is finished. It cannot be changed. The expression comes from the idea that water that has flowed over a dam cannot be brought back again.
When a friend is troubled by a mistake she has made, you might tell her to forget about it. You say it is water over the dam.
Another common expression, "to hold water," is about the strength or weakness of an idea or opinion that you may be arguing about. It probably comes from a way of testing the condition of a container. If it can hold water, it is strong and has no holes in it.
If your argument can hold water, it is strong and does not have any holes. If it does not hold water, then it is weak and not worth debating.
"Throwing cold water" also is an expression that deals with ideas or proposals. It means to not like an idea. For example, you want to buy a new car because the old one has some problems. But your wife "throws cold water" on the idea because she says a new car costs too much.
1. Определите значения слов: expression, break a law, face (faced; faced), solve (solved; solved), invest (invested; invested), debt, stocks,
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seek (sought; sought), argue (argued; argued), probably.
2.Определите и отметьте в тексте синтаксические конструкции, выражающие качество объекта. Дайте характеристику основных объектов, упомянутых в тексте.
3.Проанализируйте структуру каждого абзаца, выделяя и называя все виды предложений, входящих в каждый абзац.
4.Разделите текст на смысловые части и озаглавьте каждую.
5.Разделите текст на вводную часть (зачин), информационную (основную) и заключительную (концовку).
6.Установите, повторяется ли главная мысль в тексте. Сколько раз? В каком структурном компоненте текста она формируется?
7.Найдите в первом абзаце элементы, несущие наиболее значимую информацию.
8.Оцените важность информации, представленной в каждом абзаце.
9.Расположите предложения текста по степени важности информации.
10.Найдите избыточную информацию в тексте.
11.Исключите избыточную информацию из текста.
12.Работайте в паре. Сравните различные варианты исключения избыточных элементов информации, выберите тот, в котором наиболее полно сохранена существенная информация.
Text 9. Digital entropy
How much information does it take to control something? By combining thermodynamics with information theory, MIT researchers have determined the minimum amount of information one needs to bring an unruly object under control, providing quantitative answers to such subjects as
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taming chaos. From the perspective of thermodynamics, controlling an object means reducing its disorder, or entropy. Lowering the disorder of a hot gas, for example, decreases the number of possible microscopic arrangements in the gas. This in turn removes some of the uncertainty from the gas's detailed properties. According to information theory, this reduced uncertainty is tantamount to increased information about the gas. Applying this "digital entropy" perspective to the notion of control, the researchers found that controlling an object becomes possible when one acquires enough information about it (and then applies this information to the object) to keep the uncertainties in its properties at manageable levels. Chaotic systems are particularly hard to control because they constantly manifest new amounts of uncertainty in their properties. Perhaps there is no better everyday example of chaos than steering a car: a tiny change in steering can quickly be amplified into a huge change in course. For example, if a blindfolded driver initially knows that her car is within two feet from a curb, tiny fluctuations in steering can make this uncertainty 4 feet after one second, 8 feet after two seconds, and so on. Only if the driver receives sec- ond-by-second instructions for adjusting the steering to keep the uncertainty down to the two-feet level does she have any hope of controlling it. If the driver makes such steering adjustments only half as frequently, her car will go out of control (crash into the curb) but it will take exactly twice the amount of time than if no adjustments were made.
1.Укажите, в каких предложениях объясняется причина событий.
1.If the driver makes such steering adjustments only half as frequently, her car will go out of control.
2.Chaotic systems are particularly hard to control because they constantly manifest new amounts of uncertainty in their properties.
3.It will take exactly twice the amount of time than if no adjustments were made.
2.Соедините предложения с помощью подчинительных союзов.
1.A blindfolded driver initially knows that her car is within two feet from a curb. Tiny fluctuations in steering can make this uncertainty 4 feet after one second.
2.The driver has any hope of controlling it. The driver receives sec- ond-by-second instructions for adjusting the steering to keep the uncertainty down to the two-feet level.
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3.Найдите в первом абзаце элементы, несущие наиболее значимую информацию.
4.Оцените важность информации, представленной в каждом абзаце.
5.Расположите предложения текста по степени важности информации.
6.Найдите избыточную информацию в тексте.
7.Исключите избыточную информацию из текста.
8.Работайте в паре. Сравните различные варианты исключения избыточных элементов информации, выберите тот, в котором наиболее полно сохранена существенная информация.
Text 10. Sandstone tortuosity
In conventional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, a liquid is the working substance. For example, the hydrogen nuclei in watery living tissue are weakly oriented by a powerful magnet, and then these nuclei signal their positions by emitting radio waves. By contrast, gas-phase NMR imaging has been difficult because of the low density of gases, which yields only a weak NMR signal. Recently, however, practical NMR imaging has been realized for noble-gas atoms by strongly orienting the nuclei (with polarized laser light) outside the sample and then injecting them into, say, the lungs, where they rapidly diffuse into the deepest of alleyways, providing data that can't be collected in any other way. In a new extension of gas-phase NMR to the study of porous materials such as oilbearing sandstone and carbonate rocks, the aim right now is not so much to provide images (the rapid diffusion of the gas atoms limits the spatial resolution, as one would expect for a moving target, to about one millimeter) as it is to characterize internal topology. Ronald Walsworth and his colleagues at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Schlum- berger-Doll inject xenon atoms into various porous rock samples filled with countless pores and connections, which affect the rate of gas diffusion and flow in the porous solid. They determine such things as the pore sur- face-area-to-volume ratio and a property called 'tortuosity,' which is an indication of how the structure of the porous medium restricts the flow of
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gases or liquids through the material. In this sense, tortuosity is to fluid flow what the structure of a wire (cross-section, length, etc.) is to the flow of electricity. Noble gases may be handier to use than liquids in NMR studies of rocks and other porous materials since the gas can flow further and faster through the pores without losing its orientation.
1.Укажите, в каких предложениях объясняется причина событий.
1.Noble gases may be handier to use than liquids in NMR studies of rocks and other porous materials since the gas can flow further and faster through the pores without losing its orientation.
2.Gas-phase NMR imaging has been difficult because density of gases was low.
3.The hydrogen nuclei in watery living tissue are weakly oriented by a powerful magnet, and then these nuclei signal their positions by emitting radio waves.
2.Соедините предложения с помощью подчинительных союзов.
1.The aim is not so much to provide images. It is to characterize internal topology.
2.A property called 'tortuosity' was determined. An experiment with xenon atoms injection into various porous rock samples filled with countless pores was conducted.
3.Прочтите сложные предложения, назовите союзы (союзные слова), которые используются для связи простых предложений.
1.Recently practical NMR imaging has been realized for noble-gas atoms by strongly orienting the nuclei outside the sample and then injecting them into, say, the lungs, where they rapidly diffuse into the deepest of alleyways, providing data that can't be collected in any other way.
2.Ronald Walsworth and his colleagues inject xenon atoms into various porous rock samples filled with countless pores and connections, which affect the rate of gas diffusion and flow in the porous solid.
4.Найдите в первом абзаце элементы, несущие наиболее значимую информацию.
5.Оцените важность информации, представленной в каждом абзаце.
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6.Расположите предложения текста по степени важности информации.
7.Найдите избыточную информацию в тексте.
8.Исключите избыточную информацию из текста.
9.Работайте в паре. Сравните различные варианты исключения избыточных элементов информации, выберите тот, в котором наиболее полно сохранена существенная информация.
Text 11. Extra invisible dimensions
Extra invisible dimensions are for particle physicists what they are for Star Trek captains: a device for covering a lot of ground quickly and explaining anomalous behavior. In physics the importation of extra dimensions into the standard theory helps to make peace between quantum mechanics and general relativity, but it doesn't explain the great disparity (the "hierarchy problem") between the temperature at which the weak and electromagnetic forces fuse together (10^2 GeV, expressed in energy units) and the temperature at which gravity joins up with the other forces (10^18 GeV), a temperature so hot, or an energy so high, that such conditions have not prevailed since a tiny moment after the big bang. Some theories contend that we are not aware of the extra dimensions because they extend only a very short distance, far smaller than the size of an atom. Yet, another way of playing with spacetime is to introduce a new dimension essentially infinite in extent but one in which gravitons, the carriers of gravity, would largely be locked up in localized regions, at least in the extra dimension. This exciting new idea, advanced by Lisa Randall of Princeton and Raman Sundrum, now at Stanford, has the effect of fusing gravity with the other known forces at the more reasonable energy of 10^3 GeV (rather than at 10^18 GeV), thus solving the hierarchy problem. One testable implication of the new hypothesis would be the existence of exotic new particles, which could be detectable at energies to be available in a few years at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) under construction in Geneva.
1.Укажите, в каких предложениях объясняется причина событий.
1.Some theories contend that we are not aware of the extra dimensions because they extend only a very short distance.
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2.After the effect of fusing gravity with the other known forces had been studied, the hierarchy problem was solved.
2.Прочтите сложные предложения, назовите союзы (союзные слова), которые используются для связи простых предложений.
1.Extra invisible dimensions are for particle physicists what they are for Star Trek captains.
2.In physics the importation of extra dimensions into the standard theory helps to make peace between quantum mechanics and general relativity, but it doesn't explain the great disparity between the temperature at which the weak and electromagnetic forces fuse together.
3.A temperature is so hot, or an energy is so high, that such conditions have not prevailed since a tiny moment after the big bang.
4.One testable implication of the new hypothesis would be the existence of exotic new particles, which could be detectable at energies to be available in a few years at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) under construction in Geneva.
3.Найдите в первом абзаце элементы, несущие наиболее значимую информацию.
4.Оцените важность информации, представленной в каждом абзаце.
5.Расположите предложения текста по степени важности информации.
6.Найдите избыточную информацию в тексте.
7.Исключите избыточную информацию из текста.
8.Работайте в паре. Сравните различные варианты исключения избыточных элементов информации, выберите тот, в котором наиболее полно сохранена существенная информация.
Text 12. Gravity's gravity
A new experiment at the University of Washington seeks to determine whether the gravitational binding energy of an object generates gravity of its own. As formulated by Albert Einstein, the Equivalence Principle
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(EP) states that if we stand in a closed room we cannot tell whether the weight we feel is the result of gravity pulling down or the force of a rocket carrying us forward through otherwise empty space. All of this gets complicated in some theories of gravity, which predict that the EP will be violated to a small degree since in addition to the usual gravity, carried from place to place by spin-two particles called gravitons, there should exist another, fainter kind of gravity carried by spin-zero particles (sometimes called dilatons). For this reason, and because recent observations of supernovas suggest that some repulsive gravitational effects might be at work in the cosmos, scientists want to explore the possibility of EP violations. Three decades of lunar laser ranging (bouncing light off reflectors placed on the Moon) show that the Moon and the Earth fall toward the Sun with the same acceleration to within half a part in a trillion (10^12). What the Washington physicists have done is focus attention on the subject of gravitational binding energy, or self-energy, and whether it too obeys the EP. To illustrate the concept of binding energy, consider that the mass of an alpha particle is actually about 28 MeV less than the sum of its constituents. This energy (about 7.6 parts in a thousand of the alpha mass) represents the energy (vested in the strong nuclear force) needed to hold two protons and two neutrons together inside the alpha. Gravity being very much weaker than the strong nuclear force, the gravitational binding energy, the selfenergy of gravity attraction, is almost infinitesimal. For example, selfenergy effectively reduces the mass energy of the Earth by a factor of only about 4.6 parts in 10^10. Is this tiny "mass" also subject to the EP? Supplementing existing lunar laser ranging results with new data from special test masses mounted on a sensitive torsion balance to take into account the different compositions of the Earth and Moon, the Washington physicists show that gravitational self-energy does obey the equivalence principle at the level of at least one part in a thousand. Thus, gravitational self-energy does indeed generate its own gravity.
1.Укажите, в каких предложениях объясняется причина событий.
1.A new experiment at the University of Washington seeks to determine whether the gravitational binding energy of an object generates gravity of its own.
2.Three decades of lunar laser ranging show that the Moon and the Earth fall toward the Sun with the same acceleration to within half a part in a trillion.
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