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many people.

BMost unidentified flying objects are just natural phenomena.

CPeople need to believe in something.

DThe CIA is lying and covering up alien landings.

5.Определите, является ли утверждение: «Unidentified flying objects include everything moving within the visible band of electromagnetism.»ложным / втекстенетинформации/истинным.

6.Составьте второе предложение с предложенным словом таким образом, чтобы оно имело тот же смысл, что и первое предложение.

1. Belief in aliens in UFOs is akin to belief in supernatural beings.

common

Belief in aliens in UFOs …………………………. belief in supernatural beings.

2. We cannot explain these sightings by conventional means.

be

These sightings …………………………… by conventional means. 3. It is more probable that with more information those 2 % would be

identified as meteors, aircraft, etc., than that they are alien spacecraft. had

…………………………………. those 2 % would be identified as meteors, aircraft, etc., than that they are alien spacecraft.

7. Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: There are as many photographs of UFOs and they are of equal quality: blurs and forgeries.

АThe reasoning in the paper is very difficult to follow. B The paper includes only the minimum of material.

C As far as understand the author wanted to show his attitude to … D On reading the article we realize the fact that…

8.Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: We can make a conclusion that…

АThe ancient gods have been transformed into space voyagers.

B A UFO is an Unidentified Flying Object which has been identified as a possible or actual alien spacecraft.

C Most unidentified flying objects are eventually identified as hoaxes

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or astronomical events, aircraft, satellites, weather balloons, or other natural phenomena.

D Belief in aliens in UFOs is akin to belief in supernatural beings.

Text 42. What Is Fashion?

(1)Fashion is something we deal with everyday. Even people who say they don't care what they wear choose clothes every morning that say a lot about them and how they feel that day.

One certain thing in the fashion world is change. We are constantly being bombarded [bom’ba:did ]with new fashion ideas from music, videos, books, and television. Movies also have a big impact on what people wear. Ray-Ban sold more sunglasses after the movie Men In Black. Sometimes a trend is world-wide. Back in the 1950s, teenagers everywhere dressed like Elvis Presley.

(2)Who dictates fashion?

Musicians and other cultural icons have always influenced what we're wearing, but so have political figures and royalty. Even folks in the 1700s pored over [разглядывать] fashion magazines to see the latest styles. Women and dressmakers outside the French court [двор короля] relied on sketches [набросок] to see what was going on. The famous French King Louis XIV said that fashion is a mirror. Louis himself was renowned [известный] for his style, which tended towards extravagant laces and velvets [бархат].

Clothes separate people into groups. Fashion is a language which tells a story about the person who wears it. "Clothes create a wordless means of communication that we all understand," according to Katherine Hamnett, a top British fashion designer. Hamnett became popular when her T-shirts with large messages like "Choose Life" were worn by several rock bands.

(3) There are many reasons we wear what we wear.

-Protection from cold, rain and snow: mountain climbers wear hightech outerwear [верхняя одежда] to avoid frostbite [обморожение].

-Physical attraction.

-Emotions: we dress "up" when we're happy and "down" when we're

upset.

-Religious expression: Orthodox Jewish men wear long black suits and Islamic women cover every part of their body except their eyes.

-Identification and tradition: judges wear robes, people in the military wear uniforms, brides wear long white dresses.

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(4)Fashion is big business. More people are involved in the buying, selling and production of clothing than any other business in the world. Everyday, millions of workers design, sew [шить], glue [клеить], dye [красить], and transport clothing to stores. Ads on buses, billboards [рекламный щит] and magazines give us ideas about what to wear, consciously, or subconsciously.

Clothing can be used as a political weapon. In nineteenth century England, laws prohibited people from wearing clothes produced in France. During twentieth century communist revolutions, uniforms were used to abolish [упразднять] class and race distinctions.

Fashion is an endless popularity contest.

High fashion is the style of a small group of men and women with a certain taste and authority [авторитет] in the fashion world. People of wealth and position, buyers for major department stores, editors and writers for fashion magazines are all part of Haute Couture ("High Fashion" in French). Some of these expensive and often artistic fashions may triumph [восторжествовать] and become the fashion for the larger majority. Most stay on the runway [подиум].

Popular fashions are close to impossible to trace. No one can tell how the short skirts and boots worn by teenagers in England in 1960 made it to the runways of Paris, or how blue jeans became so popular in the U.S., or how hip-hop made it from the streets of the Bronx to the Haute Couture fashion shows of London and Milan.

(5)Fashion Tips

Lay out your clothes before putting them on and check the proportions. Juggle jackets, scarves & belts to re-arrange the clothes to get the look you want.

-Thinner fabrics are more slimming.

-Tops and bottoms of one color will make you look thinner.

-Wear clothes that fit.

-Wearing too large clothes will exaggerate your figure not hide it.

-Avoid belts unless you have a slim waist.

-Use accessories carefully.

You can make your wardrobe impressive with mix and match jewelry. Shoes depend less on your body shape than you height. Do not buy clothes on impulse. Plan before you buy a blouse or pants. Be somewhat scientific about shopping, consider your body type, and colors.

(6) Ask yourself some questions:

- Do you have anything you can mix and match with it? Does it

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match your lifestyle?

-Will it be comfortable and easy to wear?

-Is it machine wash or dry clean only?

-Will it fit your budget? Is it appropriate?

-Is it a fad, can it be worn more than one season?

-Is it of good quality? Quality counts, it is better to have four or five mix and match outfits of quality, than 8 or 10 'steals.'

Think in terms of outfits when you shop, and be practical. When you buy a new dress, be sure you have shoes and other accessories to go with it. May be a jacket or scarf to wear over it to give it a different look.

(7) Clothes Styles and Body Shapes:

-High collars shorten necks.

-Shoes with straps shorten your legs. The torso can be shortened or narrowed with seam lines, belts, bows, and collars.

-A short necklace can shorten your neck.

-A scarf or belt that hangs down toward the legs will make the legs appear longer.

-Thicker vertical lines lengthens and slims.

1.Продолжите предложение: According to the passage, the fashion is…

A style of dress. B music.

C video.

D a popular style in clothing, music, videos, books, and television.

2.Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

A It doesn’t matter what clothes you wear. B Styles of dressing are rather predictable. C Films can dictate fashion.

D It is not necessary to be practical buying things.

3.Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.

A Musicians have always influenced what we are wearing. B Clothes is a means of communication.

C We never choose clothes according to our traditions.

D If people are plump, they should better hide their figures under large clothes.

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4. Ответьте на вопрос.

How to make a wardrobe impressive?

5.Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) содержится ответ на вопрос.

How to look fashionable for less money?

6.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) соответствует следующая идея.

To look attractive it is not necessary to have a perfect figure.

7.Определите, является ли утверждение: «It is better to have four or five things of good quality, than ten cheap dresses.» ложным / в тексте

нетинформации/истинным.

8.Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: Think in terms of outfits when you shop, and be practical.

АThe author touches upon…

B The author advised the reader…

C The author introduces…

D The author characterizes…

9. Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: In examining the problem the author points out that…

А When you buy a new dress, be sure you have shoes and other accessories to go with it.

B You can make your wardrobe impressive with mix and match jew-

elry.

C High fashion is the style of a small group of men and women with a certain taste and authority in the fashion world.

D Shoes depend less on your body shape than you height.

Text 43. Family Relationships

(1) The traditional image of the family in both Britain and the USA is a stable family unit consisting of a married couple and two or more children. As a result of the social changes and changes in legislation in recent years, the majority of families no longer conform to this image. Family

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size is decreasing and the average number of children per family is less than two. Many couples live together without being married and the stigma that used to be associated with illegitimacy is disappearing. The trend towards early marriage that was evident in the 1960s has been reversed. In Britain the average age for people marrying for the first time is 26 for men and 24 for women. Changes in legislation have made it easier to obtain a divorce. About one in three marriages in Britain and one in two in the USA end in divorce. Many people marry again after divorce so that a high proportion of children live with a step-parent. The proportion of families, led by a single parent, normally the mother, has also increased.

(2)People often move to different parts of the country to work, so that many children have little contact with their grandparents, aunts, uncles and cousins except at family reunions, held traditionally at Christmas. Students often leave home when they go to university and people may leave home to find work from the age of 16. People may marry at 16 with their parents' consent and at 18 without it. It is usual for young people to move away from home once they are adult, and many young single people live alone, as do many retired people.

Most parents encourage their children to become independent and the relationship between parents and children is more relaxed than in the past. Fathers often play a greater part in the care and upbringing of children reflecting the changes in the respective role of both parents as more mothers work outside the home.

(3)Relationships in the family are to a great extent connected with the role of women in the society. The professional activities of women, especially from middle class and upper-middle class, tend to be more strenuous. One of the main developments in the present-day life has been the increasing number of women in paid employment. This has come about not only because of the recognition of the important contributions women can make, but also as a result of the altered nature of family life. The trend towards later marriage means that women usually work some years before marrying and having children, and many women combine a job with raising a young family, although many find it difficult because of a shortage of child care provision. There is a degree of flexibility in some jobs and some employers provide help with child care for working mothers but they are still in a minority. In Britain in the late 1980s about half of all married women of working age had a job or were looking for one. This is a higher proportion than anywhere else in Europe except Denmark.

(4)On the whole, possible to say that family, as a social institution is

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now undergoing major changes which may be ascribed to the altering nature of the people's professional and social activities.

1.Найдите в тексте выражения: традиционный образ, устойчивая единица, состоять, в результате, уменьшаться, число детей в расчете на одну семью, клеймо, незаконность, законодательство, заканчиваться разводом, приемный родитель, семейные праздники, уехать из дома, поощрять, забота о детях и воспитание детей, взрослые, пенсионеры, изменившийся характер семейной жизни, сочетать работу с заботой о молодой семье, тенденция к более позднему вступлению в брак, ухудшение условий, быть в меньшинстве.

2.Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

A Nowadays the majority of families have two or more children. B More and more people contract early marriages.

C It is difficult to obtain a divorce.

D It is not uncommon that children live with one parent.

3.Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.

A Many people marry again after divorce.

B It is usual for many young people to live alone.

C Fathers often play a greater part in upbringing of their children. D Young people don’t need their parents' consent to marry.

4.Ответьте на вопрос.

How has family relationships been changed due to the professional activities of women?

5.Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос.

What is the average age for people marrying for the first time in the

UK?

6.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея.

Women pay more attention to their carrier than starting a family.

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7. Определите основную идею текста.

AFamily size is decreasing.

BFamily is still a social institution even if its image has been

changed.

CMost parents encourage their children to become independent.

DIt is good that some employers provide help with child care for working mothers.

8.Определите, является ли утверждение: «Many children have little contact with their relatives.» ложным / в тексте нет информации / ис-

тинным.

9.Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: Family, as a social institution is now undergoing major changes which may be ascribed to the altering nature of the people's professional and social activities.

А On the whole, possible to say that…

BThe paper suggests approaches to understanding...

CThe author starts with a brief account of...

DIn addition to his analyses, results the author tells us about…..

10.Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: The aim of the article is to provide the reader with some material on…

А The traditional image of the family in both Britain and the USA.

BAbout one in three marriages in Britain and one in two in the USA end in divorce.

CThe trend towards later marriage.

DRelationships in the family.

Text 44. Communication

(1) Communication is a form of human interaction. People cannot maintain normal life, share experience, work-related and everyday skills without communicating with, and influencing once another. Communication enables people to form a view of the world, reach mutual understanding and find a "common language". However, it is also an exchange of actions, acts, thoughts and emotions with others, as well as drawing on one's own inner world – memories, consciousness and aspirations. The "secret" of communication lies in one's desire and ability to live

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with other people in harmony and in atmosphere of good will, generously sharing with them the riches of one's own heart.

(2)Communication is a combination of education and self-education in which people influence one another without didacticism or moralizing. This makes the issue of the moral content and cultural forms of communication very important.

Genuine human communication is a form of creative activity that helps bring out one's best qualities. Communication is based on respect for the dignity, of others, for basic universal moral standards.

The spoken work is the most meaningful, embracing and expressive means of communication. An ability to talk, listen and converse is an essential condition for mutual understanding and a means for checking on the truth or error of one's own view and ideals.

(3)What might be called the "mute language" of communication of emotions has in its arsenal the look and the gesture that may be warm or offensive, nice or vulgar, covering sympathy or antipathy, while posture, manner in conversation, etc., are also a measure of civilization and breeding.

The manner and means of communication have an ethical, humanistic meaning in that they indicate the extent to which one is able to put oneself in place of another. Formation and development of the need for communication is a major task of moral education. It is also a guarantee of proper orientation in the evolution of sociability, of the standards of communication itself.

1.Продолжите предложение: According to the passage, communication is…

A an exchange of actions, acts, thoughts and emotions with others. B desire and ability to live with other people.

C a form of human interaction. D basic universal moral standards.

2.Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

A Communication helps people find a "common language".

B Understanding depends on an ability to talk, listen and converse. C An ability to persuade contributes to better understanding.

D Mute language is based on the look and gestures.

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3. Ответьте на вопрос.

What is the purpose of communication?

4.Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос.

What is the most meaningful means of communication?

5.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея.

Communication makes possible for people to form a worldview.

6.Составьте второе предложение с предложенным словом таким образом, чтобы оно имело тот же смысл, что и первое предложение.

1.People cannot maintain normal life without communicating with one another.

should

To maintain normal life ……………………………… one another.

2.Genuine human communication is based on respect for basic universal moral standards.

the

Respect for basic universal moral standards

……………………………….. genuine human communication.

3.Posture and manner in conversation are a measure of civilization and breeding.

extent

Posture and manner in conversation are an ………………………….

to which one is able to put oneself in place of another.

7.Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: Communication is a form of human interaction.

А The author determines the nature of...

B The author analyses such question as …. C Finally, the author suggests…

D At the end of the article the author sums up…

8.Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: In addition to his results the au-

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