Object-oriented languages

There are many object-oriented programming languages in use today. But the leading commercial o-o languages are the following:

• C++

• Smalltalk

• Java

C++

C++ is an object-oriented version of C. It is compatible with C, so that existing C code can be incorporated into C++ programs. C++ programs are fast and efficient, but it loses some flexibility in order (чтобы, для того чтобы) to remain efficient. C++ uses compile-time binding.

C++ is one of the most popular programming language for graphical applications, such as those that run in Windows and Macintosh environments.

Smalltalk

Smalltalk is a programming language that was designed to support the concepts of object-oriented programming. Unlike C++, Smalltalk was not built on the syntax of a procedural language; it is a "pure" object-oriented language.

Smalltalk uses run-time binding. Its programs are faster to develop than C++ programs. A rich class library can be easily reused via inheritance.

Java

Java is a programming language designed for use in the distributed environment of the Internet. It was designed to have the "look and feel" of the C++ language, but it is simpler to use than C++. Java can be used to create complete applications that may run on a single computer or be distributed among servers and clients in a network. It can also be used to build a small application module or applet for use as part of a Web page. Applets make it possible for a Web page user to interact with the page.

Ex.9 Give a short summary of the text.

Ex.10 Enumerate programming languages you know.

Lesson 12

Text. General Operating System Concepts.

Structure. Imperative Sentences.

Ex 1. Read and memorize the following words:

1. multitasking [´mʌltı´ta:skıŋ] – многозадачный, многозадачность

2. (to) attach [Ə´tæʧ] – присоединять, прикреплять

3. dial-up [´daıƏl ´ʌp] – коммутируемый, удаленный

4. (to) occur [Ə´kƏ:] – происходить, иметь место

5. (to) offload [´ɔ(:)flƏud] – сбрасывать, разгружать

6. batch [bæʧ] – пакет, блок; пакетный, командный

7. shell [ʃel] - оболочка

8. kernel [´kƏ:nƏl] - ядро

9. unique [ju:´ni:k] – уникальный, единственный

10. (to) keep (kept,kept) [ki:p (kept,kept)] – хранить, держать

to keep track –отслеживать, следить

11. extension [ıks´tenʃ(Ə)n] - расширение

12. ability [Ə´bılıtı] - способность

13. (to) describe [dıs´kraıb] – описывать

14. (to) handle [hændl] – манипулировать, обрабатывать

15. layout [´leıaut] – компоновка, расположение

16. abbreviate[Ə´bri:vıeıt]- сокращать

17. internal[ın´tƏ:nl]-внутренний

18. initiate[ı´nıʃıeıt] – вводить, знакомить, начинать

19. major[´meıʤƏ] – основной,главный

20. particular[pƏ´tıkjulƏ] – определенный, особый

Ex 2. Read and translate into Russian:

General operating system concepts

1. An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as "OS") is the program that manages all the other programs in a computer. The other programs are called applications. The applications use the operating system by making requests for services through a defined application program interface. In addition, users can interact directly with the operating system through an interface such as a command language. An operating system performs these services for applications. In multitasking operating systems where multiple programs can be running at the same time, the operating system determines which applications should run in what order and how much time should be allowed for each application before giving another application a turn. It manages the sharing of internal memory among multiple applications. It handles input and output to and from attached hardware devices, such as hard disks, printers, and dial-up ports. It sends messages to the applications or interactive user (or to a system operator) about the status of operation and any errors that may have occurred. It can offload the management of what are called batch jobs (for example, printing) so that the initiating application is freed from this work. On computers that can provide parallel processing, an operating system can manage how to divide the program so that it runs on more than one processor at a time. All major computer platforms (hardware and software) require and sometimes include an operating system.

2. A shell is a software interface between the user and the computer's operating system. The shell interprets commands entered by the user, and passes them on to the operating system. DOS shells are COMMAND.COM and DOS shell; some UNIX shells are the Bourne shell (sh), the C shell (csh), and the Korn shell (ksh).

3. A file is a set of data available to system users. The file must have a unique name within its own directory. Some operating systems and applications describe files with given formats by giving them a particular file name suffix. (The file name suffix is also known as a file name extension.) For example, a program or executable file is sometimes given or required to have an ".exe" suffix.

4. A directory is a collection of files with a name, or a special area on your hard disk drive.

5. Multitasking is allowing a user to perform more than one computer task at a time. The operating system is able to keep track of where you are in these tasks and go from one to the other without losing information.

6. What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG). It is the ability of a computer to present an image of a page layout or graphic on its screen that shows how the actual page will look like when it comes out of the printer.

Ex.3 Enumerate the main functions of an operating system.

Ex.4 Restore the words:

1. a - -l- -ation

2. ba - ch

3. - - ovi - e

4. r - q - - st

5. - nte - n - l

6. re - - ire

7. m - - s - ge

8. - an - le

9. in - e - - c - ive

Ex.5 Make up derivatives:

e.g. to communicate – communication

1. to divide

2. to interact

3. to describe

Ex.6 Make up derivatives:

e.g. operation – to operate

1. extension

2. collection

3. addition

Ex.7 Make up words:

e.g. lief = file

wrehrada

lehls

necres

meiga

tsmyes

geap

Ex. 8 Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice:

1. The applications use the operating system.

2. An operating system manages the sharing of internal memory.

3. The shell interprets commands.

Ex.9 Choose the right definition:

shell , multitasking, operating system, directory, file;

1. __________ is the program that manages all the other programs in a computer.

2. __________ is a software interface between the user and the computer's operating system.

3. __________ is a set of data available to system users.

4. __________ is a collection of files with a name, or a special area on your hard disk drive.

5. __________ is allowing a user to perform more than one computer task at a time.

Ex.10 Fill in the necessary prepositions:

1. The applications use the operating system ___ making requests for services ___ a defined application program interface.

2. In multitasking operating systems where multiple programs can be running ___ the same time, the operating system determines which applications should run ___ what order and how much time should be allowed for each application ___ giving another application a turn.

3. It manages the sharing of internal memory ___ multiple applications.

4. It handles input and output ___ and ___ attached hardware devices, such as hard disks, printers, and dial-up ports.

5. A shell is a software interface ___ the user and the computer's operating system.

6. The shell interprets commands entered ___ the user, and passes them on to the operating system.

7. The operating system is able to go from one to the other tasks ___ losing information.

Ex.11 Make up a sentence of your own using as many words as you can:

Requests, a (an interactive) user, a set of, parallel processing, internal memory, batch jobs, applications, dial-up ports, commands, computer platforms.

Ex.12 Give the full form of the abbreviation: