54.Give example and explain the model of discussion/conclusion section.

The discussion/conclusion should contain sufficient detail for readers to replicate the work done and obtain similar results. When you write a research article, people will be learning from you. Therefore you now need to be able to communicate information about a new procedure, a new method, or a new approach so that everyone reading it can not only carry it out and obtain similar results, but also understand and accept your procedure.

Discussion/conclusion section consist of 4 components:

1^st: REVISITING PREVIOUS SECTIONS; SUMMARISING/REVISITING GENERAL OR KEY RESULTS

2^nd : MAPPING (RELATIONSHIP TO EXISITING RESEARCH)

3^rd : ACHIEVEMENT/CONTRIBUTION;

REFINING THE IMPLICATIONS

4^th : LIMITATIONS;

CURRENT AND FUTURE WORK;

APPLICATIONS

Our model consists of sentences, it starts from In Sentence 1 the writer revisits previous research. In Sentence 2 the writer revisits the Introduction to recall specific weakness in the methodology used in previous studies and ends In Sentence 12 the writer suggests a specific area to be addressed in future work. Basic components are very important too, because for example, if you think the first sentence of the Discussion/conclusion corresponds to number 1 in our model, write 1 after it, etc.

55. Explain how to create title of research paper and give examples.

Creating a Title

Many people will read the name, what is abstract, and many others will read the abstract, than the entire paper. This is because the name is abstract, tells readers whether or not a research article will be useful for them. A good title will attract the attention of readers and, more importantly, will attract relevant readers.

How to begin to build the title.

Start by looking at your research objective or issue that you are trying to answer. Try to include a question or problem in the title.

        The name should describe and predict the content of the paper, how exactly as much as possible. If your document is a good example, the name should reflect this: metal corrosion.  If it is a more general examination of the name must be indicated as follows: Corrosion of pipes subsequently react with acids.

         The title should include keywords that make the paper recovered easily in the search engines. It need not be a proposal, but still makes sense. Please note that the name of scientific papers do not usually use capital; they are usually written in sentence case.

        Here are some grammar issues that are worth noting. When you use the keywords in the building name, be careful about creating complex compound nouns. Electronic brevity compound noun is very tempting for non-native writers of English and has a high level of tolerance for such nouns, but make sure that the compound noun can be understood without ambiguity. Please note that the noun on the right side of the compound noun is "real" and a noun, any noun or noun the left of it there is a function of the adjective in the sense that they change the rules a noun. Also note that between nouns that make up the compound noun relationships may include options that you have not considered:

- butter jar that can hold oil ... .or may be empty, but it normal use must contain oil

butyric can opener opener for cans, which may contain oil

- Oil opener repair man is a man who is able to restore the banks that may contain oil

- Oil opener repair program is a program of training people train men repair openers for cans, which may contain oil butyric opener repair the problem person training program funding

-problem with the financing of training programs to prepare men repair openers for cans, which may contain oil

Another aspect of the grammar, which often causes problems - not only in

headline - is the use of prepositions, such as by by, with, on, in, for. Prepositions is not just a type of glue to keep words together; they have a profound effect in the sense and in the title, this effect is particularly important. Prepositions, for example, can mean either having or using. The evidence for something is evidence that, as a rule, support or confirm that it is present or that it exists. Evidence of something is the actual observable sign of its presence or existence

56. Imagine that you have just completed a research project to design a bicycle cover which can protect the cyclist from injury, pollution, or just from rain. Write the introduction of your research paper, the title of your research paper is A COVER FOR THE SPPPV (Single-person pedal-powered vehicle) and your introduction should be between 200-400 words.

Concern about global warming and urban air pollution have become central issues in transport policy decision-making, and as a result much research in recent years has focused on the development of vehicles which are environmentally friendly. Air quality in cities is currently significantly lower than in rural areas1 and this has been shown to be directly linked to the level of vehicle emissions from private cars.2 Due to the fact that urban

transport policy in the UK is designed to reduce or discourage the use of private cars,3 there has been an increase in the sale of non-polluting vehicles such as the SPPPV (Single-Person Pedal- Powered Vehicle). However, although the number of SPPPV users has increased, safety and comfort issues need to be addressed if the number of users is to increase to a level at which a significant effect on environmental pollution can be achieved. Researchers have studied and improved many aspects of the SPPPV. In 1980, Wang et al. responded to the need for increased safety by designing an SPPPV surrounded by a ‘cage’ of safety bars, 4 and in 2001 Martinez developed this further with the introduction of a reinforced polymer screen which could be fitted to the safety bars to protect the cyclist’s face in the event of a collision. 5 The issue of comfort has also been addressed by many design teams; in 1998 Kohl et al. introduced an SPPPV with a built-in umbrella, which could be opened at the touch of a button,6 and more recently, Martinez7 has added a mesh filter which can be placed over the entire cage to reduce the risk of environmental pollution. However, the resulting ‘cage’ or cover is aerodynamically ineffective due to the shape of the umbrella and the weight of the mesh filter. In this study, we used computer simulation to model the aerodynamic effect of the existing safety and comfort features and we present a new design which integrates these features in an optimally-effective aerodynamic shape.

57. Imagine that you are writing up a research project which has carried out the first-ever attempt to cook chicken. You have to write a recipe for cooking chicken as if it were the Materials/Methods section of a research paper.

Chicken

The dish was cooked chicken. Chicken bought at the supermarket small. For this dish quite 3kg of chicken.In addition to preparing meels need sour cream with te percentage of fat greater than 20% and spices. Meat should not be frozen, and it must be fresh and pitted. The name of this dish Birthe.

In order to start the preparation of this dish is necessary to thoroughly wash the chicken. Recipe for this dish invented Hanks Boles. Further, after the cleaning fillet is cut into strips, the diameter was 0,5 cm, and the width of the pieces was about 3cm.

Oil was pured into a pan and heated at 110 degrees for 10 minutes. In a heated frying pan gently put the chicken, then fry for 15 minutes.

Resulting in the chicken add sour cream and seasonings, then quenched 5 min. This disserved with a side dish. Birthe is in great demand in many elite restaurants of the world.

58. Imagine that you have just completed a research project which has been investigating a possible link between UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) sightings and earthquake prediction. The task in this exercise is to evaluate your data and findings as if you were writing the Results section of a research paper. Using table below, write the Results section of this paper. The title of your research paper is The earthquake lights theory: an analysis of earthquake-related UFO sightings. You should write approximately 300-400 words.

Table: UFO sightings within 300 km of epicentre.

Country	UFO sightings for 7 days prior to earthquake	Earthquake magnitude	Average weekly UFO sightings	Description of UFO
Russia	55	3.2	11	Green ball of light
India	15	4.4	18	Fast-moving disc
Australia	120	6.0	30	White flashes of light
USA	275	5.6	75	Clusters of high-speed
Canada	42	2.6	6	Blue-green egg-shaped object

Scientists compared the findings from different countries, who have examined the UFO. In their opinion the UFO is observed in countries located closer to the epicenter. Most of all the people of closely spaced countries have seen a UFO. Due 60 an earthquake in these countries the number of UFO observed. In Russia in the last 7 days before the earthquake there was a UFO 55 numbers. But this result is higher than the number of UFO in India and Canada. Less in Australia and the USA magnetic stall earthquake in Australia showed 6,0 points. This is the highest result compared to other countries. Average weekly UFO sighting in the US showed 75. The highest result compared to other countries. UFO on location of the country saw different kinds. For example in Russia a UFO was seen like a ball of green light, and in India it was seen as a rapid movement of the disc. In Australia a UFO was seen white flashes of light . UFO in the US passed a cluster of high speed of light. Canadian people watched the blue green object in the shape of an egg .Scientists came to this conclusion :UFO observed closely spaced countries and seen in different kinds.

59. Imagine that you and your team have designed a machine which can remove chewing gum from floors and pavements by treating the gum chemically to transform it into powder and then using vacuum suction to remove it. In the Results section, you showed results of these trials. You compared the performance of Gum Gone with Gumsucker and Vacu-Gum. Your results were very good, and they can be seen in the tables below. Now write the discussion/conclusion.

Table: Gum removal as a percentage of total sample

	Gumsucker	Vacu-gum	GumGone
Wooden floor	77	73	80
Stone floor	78	78	82
Carpeted floor	56	44	79

Table: Floor damage/staining

	Gumsucker	Vacu-gum	GumGone
Wooden floor	minimal	minimal	none
Stone floor	significant	some	none
Carpeted floor	significant	significant	minimal

Жауабы: Nowadays Gum removal technology has traditionally presented the problem of effective gum removal with minimal damaging different types of floor surfaces. CGRMs such as Gumsucker and Vacu-Gum use steam heat and steam injection respectively to remove gum and although both are fairly effective, the resulting staining and damage to floor surfaces, particularly carpeted floors, is often significant. In this study the design and manufacture of a novel CGRM, GumGone, is presented. GumGone reduces the gum to a dry powder using a non-toxic chemical spray and then vacuums the residue, leaving virtually no stain. In trials, GumGone removed a high percentage of gum from all floor surfaces without causing floor damage. The floor surfaces tested included carpeted floors, suggesting that this technology is likely to have considerable commercial use. Percentage removal levels achieved using GumGone were consistently higher than for existing CGRMs on all types of floor surface. This was particularly noticeable in the case of carpeted floor, where 79% of gum was removed, as opposed to a maximum of 56% with existing machines. This represents a dramatic increase in the percentage amount of gum removed. Our results confi rm the theory of Gumbo et al. that chemicals can be used to dissolve gum into dry powder and make it suitable for vacuuming. The greatest advantage over existing CGRMs, however, lies in the combination of the two technologies in a single machine. By reducing the delay period between gum treatment and gum removal, the GumGone system resulted in negligible staining of floor surfaces. This represents a new approach which removes the need for stain treatment or surface repair following gum removal. As noted earlier, only one wattage level was available in the GumGone prototype. Research work is needed to determine the power level at which gum removal is maximised and floor damage.