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Modal Verbs

Настоящее время / Утвердительная форма

Должествование

Возможность

Разрешение

Вероятность

Необходимость

Способность

 

 

must do должен

can do

may do может

must be doing

обязан

может

разрешено

должно

умеет

should do

be allowed to do

быть,

должен, следует

be able to do

is allowed to/

наверняка

have to do

is able to/ are

are allowed to/

(делает)

have to/ has to

able to/ am

am allowed to

may (might)

able to

может

be doing

вынужден,

может,

возможно,

разрешено

приходится

умеет

может быть

be to do

 

 

(делает)

 

 

 

is to/ are to/ am to

 

 

 

должен по плану,

 

 

 

по расписанию

 

 

 

Прошедшее время / Утвердительная форма

have to do had to

пришлось

be to

was to/ were to

был должен

(по плану, по расписанию)

should

should have done

следовало сделать (но не было сделано)

can do could do

мог,

умел

be able to do was able to/ were able to

мог,

смог

might do

must have

было разрешено

done

be allowed to do

должно

was allowed to/

быть,

наверняка

were allowed to

было разрешено

(сделал)

may (might)

 

have done

 

возможно,

 

может быть

 

(сделал)

 

 

251

Modal Verbs

Будущее время / Утвердительная форма

have to

 

be able to do

be allowed to do

 

 

will have to

 

will be able to

will be allowed

 

 

придется

 

сможет

разрешат

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Настоящее время / отрицательные предложения

Запрет

 

Отсутствие

Отсутствие

 

Невероятность

 

необходимости

возможности

 

 

 

must

have to

can

 

can’t (couldn’t)

mustn’t

 

don’t have to /

can’t

 

be doing

 

 

не может

не должен,

 

doesn’t have to

be able

 

нельзя

 

не нужно

is not able/ are

 

быть

 

 

may

 

 

 

may

need

not able/ am

 

 

 

 

needn’t

not able

 

may (might) not

may not

 

не может

 

возможно не

 

не нужно

 

to be allowed to

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

is not allowed

 

 

 

 

 

 

to/ are not

 

 

 

 

 

 

allowed to/ am

 

 

 

 

 

 

not allowed to

 

 

 

 

 

 

не должен,

 

 

 

 

 

 

нельзя

 

 

 

 

 

 

should

 

 

 

 

 

 

shouldn’t

 

 

 

 

 

 

не

 

 

 

 

 

 

следует

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

252

Modal Verbs

Прошедшее время / Отрицательные предложения

may might not

to be allowed to

was not allowed to/ were not allowed to

не должен был

было нельзя should

shouldn’t have done

не следовало делать (но было сделано)

have to

didn’t have to

не нужно need

needn’t have done

можно было не делать (но было сделано)

can

can’t (couldn’t)

couldn’t

have done

не может

be able

быть

was not able/

were not able

 

не мог

 

 

 

Будущее время / Отрицательные предложения

to be allowed to

have to

be able

 

will not be

will not have to

will not be able

 

allowed to

не придется,

to

 

не будет

будет не нужно

не

 

разрешено

сможет

 

 

 

 

 

253

Sequence of Tenses

Statements

He lives in New York.

Одновременное действие в

I thought he lived in New York.

главном и придаточном

 

предложениях.

 

 

Mother is sleeping.

Одновременное действие в

I knew that mother was sleeping.

главном и придаточном

 

предложениях.

 

 

He has returned from London.

Предшествующее действие

I was told that he had returned from

в придаточном

London.

предложении.

 

 

He bought a new car.

Предшествующее действие

They heard he had bought a new car.

в придаточном

 

предложении.

 

 

Mary will send us a letter.

Последующее действие в

I supposed Mary would send us a letter.

придаточном предложении.

 

 

Sequence of Tenses

Special Questions

“What is Nick doing?”

Mother asked what Nick was

 

doing.

 

 

“Where do you live?”

The policeman asked me where I

 

lived.

 

 

“When did you come home

Dad wondered when I had come

yesterday?”

home the day before.

 

 

“When will your mother come

The teacher wondered when

home?”

our mother would come home.

 

 

“What have your prepared for the

The class-master wanted to know

lesson?”

what Peter had prepared for the

 

lesson.

 

 

254

Sequence of Tenses

General Questions

“Do you play chess?”

Fred asked me if I played chess.

“Did you skate last winter?”

Alex wondered whether I had

 

skated last winter.

“Are you listening to me?”

The doctor asked if I was

 

listening to him.

“Have you done your homework?”

The class master wondered

 

whether I had done my

 

homework.

“Will you see Alice tomorrow?”

Peter asked if I would see

 

Alice the next day.

“Are you busy?”

Ann asked me if I was busy.

Imperatives

 

 

“Keep quiet!”

The teacher asked me to keep

 

quiet.

 

 

“Don’t make noise!”

She told me not to make noise.

 

 

При переводе предложений из прямой речи в косвенную не забывайте заменять обстоятельства времени, как указано в таблице:

Прямая

Косвенная

Прямая

Косвенная

речь

речь

речь

речь

today

that day

yesterday

the day before

tomorrow

the next day

…….ago

…….before

this……

that…

here

there

last year

the year before

last month

the month before

last….

the…..before

next…..

the following…..

now

then

 

 

 

 

 

 

255

Conditionals

Реальное условие

 

 

Нереальное условие,

 

Нереальное условие,

 

относящееся к настоящему

 

относящееся к прошлому

(I тип)

 

 

или будущему (II тип)

 

(III тип)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Главное

 

Главное

Придаточн

 

Главное

Придаточн

Придаточн

 

ое

 

 

 

ое

 

ое

 

 

 

 

 

He would

 

I’ll come

if I am free.

 

I should

if I were

if he had

 

 

 

 

 

come

free.

have come

been free.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

yesterday

 

Я приду,

если буду

 

Я бы

если бы

Он бы

если бы

 

свободен.

 

пришел,

был

пришел

был

 

 

 

 

 

 

свободен.

вчера,

свободен.

He did it

if he was

 

He would

if he were

He would

if he had

 

free.

 

 

do it

free.

have done it

been free.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

before

 

Он сделал

если был

 

Он бы это

если бы

Он бы это

если бы

это,

свободен.

 

сделал,

был

сделал

был

 

 

 

 

 

 

свободен.

раньше,

свободен.

I am never

if my watch

 

I should

if my watch

I should not

if my watch

late

is right.

 

 

never be

were right.

have been

had been

 

 

 

 

 

late

 

 

late

right.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

yesterday

 

Я никогда

если мои

 

Я бы

если бы

Я бы не

если бы

не

часы идут

 

никогда не

мои часы

опоздал

мои часы

опаздываю,

правильно.

 

опаздывал,

шли

вчера,

шли

 

 

 

 

 

 

правильно.

 

правильно.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

256

Таблица неправильных глаголов

Infinitive

Past

Participle II

Перевод

 

Indefinite

 

 

to be

was, were

been

быть

to beat

beat

beatten

бить

to become

became

become

становиться

to begin

began

begun

начинать(ся)

to blow

blew

blown

дуть

to break

broke

broken

ломать

to bring

brought

brought

приносить

to build

built

built

строить

to burn

burnt

burnt

гореть, жечь

to buy

bought

bought

покупать

to catch

caught

caught

ловить, поймать

to choose

chose

chosen

выбирать

to come

came

come

приходить

to cost

cost

cost

стоить

to cut

cut

cut

резать

to do

did

done

делать

to draw

drew

drawn

тащить; рисовать

to drink

drank

drunk

пить

to drive

drove

driven

везти

to eat

ate

eaten

есть, кушать

to fall

fell

fallen

падать

to feel

felt

felt

чувствовать (себя)

to fight

fought

fought

бороться

to find

found

found

находить

to fly

flew

flown

летать

to forget

forgot

forgotten

забывать

to get

got

got

получать

to give

gave

given

давать

to go

went

gone

идти; ехать

to grow

grew

grown

расти

to have

had

had

иметь

to hear

heard

heard

слышать

to hold

held

held

держать

to keep

kept

kept

держать; хранить

to know

knew

known

знать

to lead

led

led

вести

to learn

learnt

learnt

учиться; узнавать

 

 

257

 

to leave

left

left

покидать, оставлять

to lend

lent

lent

давать взаймы

to let

let

let

позволять

to light

lit

lit

зажигать

to lose

lost

lost

терять

to make

made

made

делать, создавать

to mean

meant

meant

значить; иметь в виду

to meet

met

met

встречать(ся)

to put

put

put

класть, ставить

to read

read

read

читать

to ring

rang

rung

звонить, звенеть

to run

ran

run

бежать

to say

said

said

сказать, говорить

to see

saw

seen

видеть

to sell

sold

sold

продавать

to send

sent

sent

посылать, отправлять

to set

set

set

помещать, класть

to shine

shone

shone

светить, сиять

to show

showed

shown

показывать

to shut

shut

shut

закрывать

to sing

sang

sung

петь

to sit

sat

sat

сидеть

to sleep

slept

slept

спать

to speak

spoke

spoken

говорить

to spend

spent

spent

тратить; проводить

to stand

stood

stood

стоять

to sweep

swept

swept

мести, подметать

to swim

swam

swum

плавать

to take

took

taken

брать, взять

to teach

taught

taught

учить, обучать

to tell

told

told

сказать, рассказывать

to think

thought

thought

думать

to throw

threw

thrown

бросать

to understand

understood

understood

понимать

to upset

upset

upset

расстраивать,

to win

won

won

опрокидывать

to write

wrote

written

побеждать, выигровать

 

 

 

писать

258

WORD LIST

PART 1

acting classes

dreamy

modest

 

active

duty

mole

 

alien

easy-going

moustaches

analytical

emotional

necessity

 

aquiline

fair

neck

 

arms

feature film

nervous

 

back

feet

obsessed

 

bald

fiction

odd

 

beard

for that reason

on the

one

bold

forehead

(other) hand

bright kid

freckles

optimistic

broad-shouldered

full

oval

 

brows

full of life

pale

 

burden

good looks

encilled

 

bushy

good qualities

perfect

 

calm

guy

perhaps

 

carefree

hair

pleasant

 

careful

hands

plump

 

ceiling

handsome

practical

 

cheeks

hard-working

pragmatic

cheerful

harmful

pretty

 

chestnut

hazel

private

 

Christian

height

realistic

 

commandments

hollow

reflective

 

commercial

honest

reliable

 

commonplace

however

romantic

 

complexion

indecisive

round

 

complicated

independent

rumours

 

contemporary

influence

sacred right

contradictory

intellectual

self-centred

conviction

Jewish

sense

of

creator

jogging

rhythm

 

crooked

kind

sensitive

 

curly

lashes

short

 

dark

legs

shoulders

 

deep-set

lips

shy

 

dimples

masterpiece

sincere

 

drawbacks

middle-sized

slim

 

 

259

 

 

smart

to cook meals

to shock

sociable

to create

to sit with

soul

to describe

your legs

spell

to divorce

crossed

spiritual

to do crossword

to smoke

square

puzzles

cigars

star fever

to do shopping

to spoil

stout

to drive a car

to suggest

straight

to eat in the canteen

to take a

success

to face challenges

shower

tall

to follow

to travel by

teeth

to get up early

air

the rest

to go in for sport

to walk fast

thesis

to go out

to walk your

thick

to go skating

dog

thin

to go skiing

to wear jeans

to admire

to go to church

touching

to admit

to have friends in

tummy

to appear

to have parties

turned up

to attract attention

to have smth in

UFO

to be afraid of

common

(Unindentifie

to be equipped

to hope

d Flying

to be sure

to inherit

Object)

to believe

to interrupt people

ugly

to belong to

to keep in shape

underground

to boast of

to know one’s own

understandin

to celebrate

mind

g

to clean flat

to lose one’s temper

unhealthy

to come late

to mean

universe

to come on time

to protect

views

to complain about the

to refuse

well-

life

to remain

balanced

to consider

to seem

wrinkled

to contribute

to share

 

 

PART 2

 

ability

assignment

campus

admission

average

competitive

advanced

bachelor

compulsory

applicants

bright

contribution

260

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