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Modal Verbs

Настоящее время / Утвердительная форма

Должествование	Возможность	Разрешение	Вероятность
Необходимость	Способность
must do должен	can do	may do может	must be doing
обязан	может	разрешено	должно
обязан	умеет	разрешено	должно
should do	умеет	be allowed to do	быть,
должен, следует	be able to do	is allowed to/	наверняка
have to do	is able to/ are	are allowed to/	(делает)
have to/ has to	able to/ am	am allowed to	may (might)
	able to	am allowed to	may (might)
	able to	может	be doing
вынужден,	может,		be doing
			возможно,
		разрешено
приходится	умеет
приходится	умеет		может быть
be to do			(делает)
be to do
is to/ are to/ am to
должен по плану,
по расписанию

Прошедшее время / Утвердительная форма

have to do had to

пришлось

be to

was to/ were to

был должен

(по плану, по расписанию)

should

should have done

следовало сделать (но не было сделано)

can do could do

мог,

умел

be able to do was able to/ were able to

мог,

смог

	might do	must have
	было разрешено	done
	be allowed to do	должно
	was allowed to/	быть,
	was allowed to/	наверняка
	were allowed to	наверняка
	было разрешено	(сделал)
	было разрешено	may (might)
		have done
		возможно,
		может быть
		(сделал)

251

Modal Verbs

Будущее время / Утвердительная форма

have to		be able to do	be allowed to do
will have to		will be able to	will be allowed
придется		сможет	разрешат

Настоящее время / отрицательные предложения
Запрет		Отсутствие	Отсутствие	Невероятность
	необходимости		возможности
must	have to		can	can’t (couldn’t)
mustn’t		don’t have to /	can’t	be doing
mustn’t		don’t have to /	can’t	не может
не должен,		doesn’t have to	be able	не может
нельзя		не нужно	is not able/ are	быть
		не нужно		may

may	need		not able/ am
	need		not able/ am
	needn’t		not able	may (might) not
may not			not able	may (might) not
			не может	возможно не
		не нужно
to be allowed to


is not allowed
to/ are not
allowed to/ am
not allowed to
не должен,
нельзя
should
shouldn’t
не
следует

252

Modal Verbs

Прошедшее время / Отрицательные предложения

may might not

to be allowed to

was not allowed to/ were not allowed to

не должен был

было нельзя should

shouldn’t have done

не следовало делать (но было сделано)

have to

didn’t have to

не нужно need

needn’t have done

можно было не делать (но было сделано)

	can	can’t (couldn’t)
	couldn’t	have done
	couldn’t	не может
	be able	не может
	be able	быть
	was not able/	быть
	were not able
	не мог

Будущее время / Отрицательные предложения

to be allowed to	have to	be able
will not be	will not have to	will not be able
allowed to	не придется,	to
не будет	будет не нужно	не
разрешено	будет не нужно	сможет

253

Sequence of Tenses

Statements

He lives in New York.	Одновременное действие в
I thought he lived in New York.	главном и придаточном
	предложениях.

Mother is sleeping.	Одновременное действие в
I knew that mother was sleeping.	главном и придаточном
	предложениях.

He has returned from London.	Предшествующее действие
I was told that he had returned from	в придаточном
London.	предложении.

He bought a new car.	Предшествующее действие
They heard he had bought a new car.	в придаточном
	предложении.

Mary will send us a letter.	Последующее действие в
I supposed Mary would send us a letter.	придаточном предложении.

Sequence of Tenses

Special Questions

“What is Nick doing?”	Mother asked what Nick was
	doing.

“Where do you live?”	The policeman asked me where I
	lived.

“When did you come home	Dad wondered when I had come
yesterday?”	home the day before.

“When will your mother come	The teacher wondered when
home?”	our mother would come home.

“What have your prepared for the	The class-master wanted to know
lesson?”	what Peter had prepared for the
	lesson.

254

Sequence of Tenses

General Questions

“Do you play chess?”	Fred asked me if I played chess.
“Did you skate last winter?”	Alex wondered whether I had
	skated last winter.
“Are you listening to me?”	The doctor asked if I was
	listening to him.
“Have you done your homework?”	The class master wondered
	whether I had done my
	homework.
“Will you see Alice tomorrow?”	Peter asked if I would see
	Alice the next day.
“Are you busy?”	Ann asked me if I was busy.
Imperatives

“Keep quiet!”	The teacher asked me to keep
	quiet.

“Don’t make noise!”	She told me not to make noise.

При переводе предложений из прямой речи в косвенную не забывайте заменять обстоятельства времени, как указано в таблице:

Прямая	Косвенная	Прямая	Косвенная
речь	речь	речь	речь
today	that day	yesterday	the day before
tomorrow	the next day	…….ago	…….before
this……	that…	here	there
last year	the year before	last month	the month before
last….	the…..before	next…..	the following…..
now	then

255

Conditionals

Реальное условие			Нереальное условие,			Нереальное условие,
Реальное условие		относящееся к настоящему				относящееся к прошлому
(I тип)		или будущему (II тип)				(III тип)
		или будущему (II тип)				(III тип)
						Главное
Главное	Придаточн			Главное	Придаточн	Главное	Придаточн
	ое				ое		ое
						He would
I’ll come	if I am free.			I should	if I were	He would	if he had
				come	free.	have come	been free.
						yesterday
Я приду,	если буду			Я бы	если бы	Он бы	если бы
	свободен.			пришел,	был	пришел	был
					свободен.	вчера,	свободен.
He did it	if he was			He would	if he were	He would	if he had
	free.			do it	free.	have done it	been free.
						before
Он сделал	если был			Он бы это	если бы	Он бы это	если бы
это,	свободен.			сделал,	был	сделал	был
					свободен.	раньше,	свободен.
I am never	if my watch			I should	if my watch	I should not	if my watch
late	is right.			never be	were right.	have been	had been
				late		late	right.
						yesterday
Я никогда	если мои			Я бы	если бы	Я бы не	если бы
не	часы идут			никогда не	мои часы	опоздал	мои часы
опаздываю,	правильно.			опаздывал,	шли	вчера,	шли
					правильно.		правильно.

256

Таблица неправильных глаголов

Infinitive	Past	Participle II	Перевод
	Indefinite
to be	was, were	been	быть
to beat	beat	beatten	бить
to become	became	become	становиться
to begin	began	begun	начинать(ся)
to blow	blew	blown	дуть
to break	broke	broken	ломать
to bring	brought	brought	приносить
to build	built	built	строить
to burn	burnt	burnt	гореть, жечь
to buy	bought	bought	покупать
to catch	caught	caught	ловить, поймать
to choose	chose	chosen	выбирать
to come	came	come	приходить
to cost	cost	cost	стоить
to cut	cut	cut	резать
to do	did	done	делать
to draw	drew	drawn	тащить; рисовать
to drink	drank	drunk	пить
to drive	drove	driven	везти
to eat	ate	eaten	есть, кушать
to fall	fell	fallen	падать
to feel	felt	felt	чувствовать (себя)
to fight	fought	fought	бороться
to find	found	found	находить
to fly	flew	flown	летать
to forget	forgot	forgotten	забывать
to get	got	got	получать
to give	gave	given	давать
to go	went	gone	идти; ехать
to grow	grew	grown	расти
to have	had	had	иметь
to hear	heard	heard	слышать
to hold	held	held	держать
to keep	kept	kept	держать; хранить
to know	knew	known	знать
to lead	led	led	вести
to learn	learnt	learnt	учиться; узнавать
		257

to leave	left	left	покидать, оставлять
to lend	lent	lent	давать взаймы
to let	let	let	позволять
to light	lit	lit	зажигать
to lose	lost	lost	терять
to make	made	made	делать, создавать
to mean	meant	meant	значить; иметь в виду
to meet	met	met	встречать(ся)
to put	put	put	класть, ставить
to read	read	read	читать
to ring	rang	rung	звонить, звенеть
to run	ran	run	бежать
to say	said	said	сказать, говорить
to see	saw	seen	видеть
to sell	sold	sold	продавать
to send	sent	sent	посылать, отправлять
to set	set	set	помещать, класть
to shine	shone	shone	светить, сиять
to show	showed	shown	показывать
to shut	shut	shut	закрывать
to sing	sang	sung	петь
to sit	sat	sat	сидеть
to sleep	slept	slept	спать
to speak	spoke	spoken	говорить
to spend	spent	spent	тратить; проводить
to stand	stood	stood	стоять
to sweep	swept	swept	мести, подметать
to swim	swam	swum	плавать
to take	took	taken	брать, взять
to teach	taught	taught	учить, обучать
to tell	told	told	сказать, рассказывать
to think	thought	thought	думать
to throw	threw	thrown	бросать
to understand	understood	understood	понимать
to upset	upset	upset	расстраивать,
to win	won	won	опрокидывать
to write	wrote	written	побеждать, выигровать
			писать

258

WORD LIST

PART 1

acting classes	dreamy	modest
active	duty	mole
alien	easy-going	moustaches
analytical	emotional	necessity
aquiline	fair	neck
arms	feature film	nervous
back	feet	obsessed
bald	fiction	odd
beard	for that reason	on the	one
bold	forehead	(other) hand
bright kid	freckles	optimistic
broad-shouldered	full	oval
brows	full of life	pale
burden	good looks	encilled
bushy	good qualities	perfect
calm	guy	perhaps
carefree	hair	pleasant
careful	hands	plump
ceiling	handsome	practical
cheeks	hard-working	pragmatic
cheerful	harmful	pretty
chestnut	hazel	private
Christian	height	realistic
commandments	hollow	reflective
commercial	honest	reliable
commonplace	however	romantic
complexion	indecisive	round
complicated	independent	rumours
contemporary	influence	sacred right
contradictory	intellectual	self-centred
conviction	Jewish	sense	of
creator	jogging	rhythm
crooked	kind	sensitive
curly	lashes	short
dark	legs	shoulders
deep-set	lips	shy
dimples	masterpiece	sincere
drawbacks	middle-sized	slim
	259

smart	to cook meals	to shock
sociable	to create	to sit with
soul	to describe	your legs
spell	to divorce	crossed
spiritual	to do crossword	to smoke
square	puzzles	cigars
star fever	to do shopping	to spoil
stout	to drive a car	to suggest
straight	to eat in the canteen	to take a
success	to face challenges	shower
tall	to follow	to travel by
teeth	to get up early	air
the rest	to go in for sport	to walk fast
thesis	to go out	to walk your
thick	to go skating	dog
thin	to go skiing	to wear jeans
to admire	to go to church	touching
to admit	to have friends in	tummy
to appear	to have parties	turned up
to attract attention	to have smth in	UFO
to be afraid of	common	(Unindentifie
to be equipped	to hope	d Flying
to be sure	to inherit	Object)
to believe	to interrupt people	ugly
to belong to	to keep in shape	underground
to boast of	to know one’s own	understandin
to celebrate	mind	g
to clean flat	to lose one’s temper	unhealthy
to come late	to mean	universe
to come on time	to protect	views
to complain about the	to refuse	well-
life	to remain	balanced
to consider	to seem	wrinkled
to contribute	to share
	PART 2
ability	assignment	campus
admission	average	competitive
advanced	bachelor	compulsory
applicants	bright	contribution

260

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