- •Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •Put each verb in brackets into the passive in an appropriate tense.
- •Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text.
- •II.Answer the following questions.
- •III. Define the part of speech of the following words and translate them.
- •IV. Translate the words paying attention to their meaning: means, to mean, by means of, by no means, by all means.
- •V.Translate the sentences.
- •VI. Put each word in brackets in appropriate degrees of comparison.
- •VII. Fill in the gaps with “who, whom, whose, what, which”.
- •VIII. Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III.Translate the following word combinations.
- •IV.Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions given below.
- •V. Find the synonyms of the following words in the text.
- •VI. Translate into English.
- •VII. Translate the sentences paying attention to modal verbs and their equivalents.
- •VIII. Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text.
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Define the part of speech of the following words and translate them.
- •IV. Arrange the jumbled words into the right order.
- •V. Translate the word combinations.
- •Translate the sentences paying attention to Sequence of Tenses.
- •Make the sentences negative.
- •VIII. Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text.
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Define the part of speech of the following words and translate them.
- •IV. Match the words with their definitions.
- •V. Fill in the gaps with “much” or “many”.
- •VI.Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle II.
- •Market research
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the word combinations.
- •IV. Fill in the gaps with “little, a little, few, a few”.
- •V. Read the following numerals.
- •VI. Translate sentences with the word “one”.
- •VII. Translate sentences into Russian.
- •VIII. Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Give the Russian equivalents to the international words.
- •IV. Write down the Russian equivalents.
- •Fill in each blank with a suitable word from the vocabulary of the text.
- •Translate the sentences paying attention to the meaning of the words “some” and “the same”.
- •Translate the sentences paying attention to the Complex Subject.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions:
- •III. Define the part of speech of the following words and translate them.
- •IV. Fill in the gaps with proper prepositions: of, by, with, in, from, to, upon, through.
- •Fill in the gaps with “some, any, no”.
- •VI. Translate sentences paying attention to the word “earn”.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Translate the word combinations.
- •IV. Open the brackets and put the verbs in proper form.
- •V. Translate sentences with the word “it”.
- •VI. Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VII.Translate the sentences paying attention to the construction “to be going to”.
- •VIII. Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions: to, without, for, in, at, from, with
- •Write down the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
- •VI.Translate the sentences paying attention to the Gerund.
- •VII. Make the sentences negative.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III. Find in the text synonyms for the following words.
- •V.Translate the following sentences.
- •VI. Give the English equivalents for the following.
- •VII.Write the following sentences in the Past and Future Tenses.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III.Define the part of speech of the following words and translate them.
- •IV. Fill in the blanks with the words from the text.
- •Find in the text the English equivalents for the following phrases.
- •Translate the sentences into Russian.
- •VII. Read and translate the sentences with the verb “wonder”.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II.Answer the following questions.
- •III. Write the following sentences in the Past and Future Tenses.
- •IV. Write down the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives.
- •V.Write the following dates in English.
- •VII. Translate the sentences paying attention to Participle I.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II. Answer the following questions.
- •III.Translate the word combinations.
- •IV.Translate the following sentences.
- •VI. Write and read the following numerals in English.
- •VII.Translate the sentences paying attention to the Passive Infinitive.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX.Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •I. Read and translate the text.
- •Innovation
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II.Answer the following questions.
- •III. Define the part of speech of the following words and translate them.
- •IV.Translate the conditional sentences.
- •V. Chose the correct active or passive form of the verb.
- •VII.Translate the sentences paying attention to the Subjunctive Mood.
- •Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
- •Read and translate the text.
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II.Answer the following questions.
- •III.Choose the antonyms of the following words.
- •IV.Translate into English.
- •V.Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Infinitive.
- •VI. Translate the following sentences.
- •Transport
- •Commentary and Notes to the text
- •II.Answer the following questions.
- •III. Define the part of speech.
- •IV.Translate the following word combinations.
- •V. Translate sentences with the word “it”.
- •VI.Complete the Tag questions.
- •VII.Complete the following sentences by putting the verbs into the Present Perfect or Past Simple.
- •VIII.Write down the forms of the irregular verbs.
- •IX. Write down sentences with the following idioms.
Commentary and Notes to the text
1. costs [kɔst] затраты, расходы, издержки
2. supply [sə'plaɪ] предложение
3. precisely [prɪ'saɪslɪ] точно, строго, определённо
4. fixed costs – постоянные затраты
5. variable costs – переменные затраты
6. total costs – валовые издержки, суммарные издержки
7. output ['autput] продукция; выпуск изделий; выработка
8. affect [ə'fekt] воздействовать, влиять; затрагивать, оказывать (отрицательное) влияние
9. pay attention to - обращать внимание на
10. price [praɪs] цена
11. profit['prɔfɪt] прибыль, доход
12. incremental [ˌɪŋkrɪ'ment(ə)l] cost – приростные затраты; дополнительные издержки
13. marginal ['mɑːʤɪn(ə)l] предельный; маргинальный
14. whatever [(h)wɔt'evə] какой бы ни; какой бы то ни было, любой
15. expense [ɪk'spens] затрата, расход; стоимость, цена
16. pay out выплачивать
17. exclusive [ɪks'kluːsɪv ], [eks-] исключительный, особенный, эксклюзивный
18. substitute['sʌbstɪtjuːt] замена, замещение; заменитель; суррогат
19. franchise ['frænʧaɪz] франшиза (на использование торговой марки); привилегия, льгота
20. reckon ['rek(ə)n] with иметь дело c, принимать во внимание, считаться
21. cellular ['seljulə] сотовый
22. secure [sɪ'kjuə] безопасный, надёжный
23. in the long run - в конце концов; в общем
II. Answer the following questions.
1. Why must firms pay careful attention to costs?
2. Does supply depend upon incremental or marginal cost?
3. Marginal cost is a key concept for understanding a firm’s behaviour, isn’t it?
4. What does “total cost” represent?
5. Why is fixed cost often unaffected?
6. “Variable cost” represents expenses that vary with the level of output, doesn’t it?
7. What firm is called a “monopolist”?
III.Translate the following word combinations.
Supply decisions, farm economics expert, farm produce, price increase, government offices, service price regulation, government planning, price mechanism, resource allocation, market mechanism, supply contract, production and consumption decisions, oil price restriction.
IV.Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions given below.
Firms will decide how much of a good to … and sell depending on the price and cost of the good.
Supply depends upon incremental or marginal … .
Marginal cost is a key … for understanding a firm’s behaviour.
Fixed cost is unaffected by any … in the quantity of output.
5. “Total cost” … the total expense needed to produce each level of output.
6. Exclusive monopolies are … today.
7. No firm is completely … from attack by competitors in the long run.
(rare, secure, produce, represents, concept, cost, variation)
V. Find the synonyms of the following words in the text.
Merchant, yield, quantity, production, price, main, lessen, salary, contain, merchandise, provide, сompany.
VI. Translate into English.
Это крайне важный вопрос.
Февраль самый короткий месяц в году.
Его проект интереснее вашего.
В прошлом году я тратил на английский язык больше времени, чем в этом году.
Сегодня вы подписали более сложный контракт, чем вчера.
Эта фирма меньше нашей.
Он истратил большую часть своих денег на рекламу.
Большинство моих друзей бизнесмены.