3. Substitute the incorrect terms in bold with the suitable ones from exercises 1 and 2.

1. Organization culture is a theory of organization that concentrates on increasing the ability of an organization to solve internal problems of organizational behavior as one of its routine functions; concerned primarily with identification and analysis of such problems.

2. Government activity designed to monitor and guide private economic competition; specific actions have included placing limits on producers' prices and practices, and promoting commerce through grants or subsidies is public administration.

3. One of the early principles of administration which states that there is an upper limit to the number of subordinates any administrator can directly supervise, generally set at twelve is known as unity of command.

4. Division of labour is a clear definition of authority in the organization. This authority flows down the chain of command from the top level to the first or lowest level of the organization.

5. A characteristic of formal bureaucratic organizations; a clear vertical "chain of command" in which each unit is subordinate to the one above it and superior to the one below it. We know it as scalar principle.

6. Jurisdiction is an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women; a similar effort to promote the rights or progress of other disadvantaged persons

7. The process by which an agent chosen by public employees negotiates a formal labor agreement or settles day-to-day labor disputes on behalf of the employees in the areas of wages, benefits, working conditions, and administrative policy with parties representing the top politically elected or appointed executives is called administration.

8. Regulation is the work a manager performs to entrust others with the responsibility and authority and to create accountability for results because management is the process of getting results accomplished through others.

4. Complete the sentences using the necessary term from the box.

Economies of scale Performance appraisal Division of labour Bureaucracy Contingency approach Jurisdiction Organization Merit system

1. The use of different administrative strategies under different conditions; the study of the relationship between factors such as the task an agency performs or the technology it uses and the style of supervision, type of organizational design, and other administrative strategies is __.

2. __ is professional system of personnel administration, free from political interference, in which selection and progress in the service are based upon the performance, expertise, and technical qualifications of each employee, measured objectively. It is accompanied by the development of a position classification and salary standardization system and administered through offices of personnel administration and a central civil service commission.

3. Specific evaluation with respect to an individual's progress in completing specified tasks is called __.

4. We know __ as the entity that makes it possible for a group or team to work together more effectively than they might work alone in order to achieve goals.

5. A formal organizational arrangement characterized by division of labor, job specialization with no functional overlap, exercise of authority through a vertical hierarchy (chain of command) and a system of internal rules, regulations, and record keeping; the administrative branch of government (national, state, local) is __.

6. One of the fundamental principles upon which the science of administration is based is __; increased specialization in the organization of work in order to narrow the 10 range of tasks for which each person is responsible, which in turn increases the need for administrative planning and coordination and raises the productivity of the organization as a whole.

7. __ occurs when increased levels of production result in decreased average costs of production.

8. In bureaucratic politics, the area of programmatic responsibility assigned to an agency by the legislature or chief executive is __; it is also a term used to describe the territory within the boundaries of a government entity.

Reading 1

a. Read the text and answer the following questions.

1. Who is a public administrator?

2. What are the responsibilities of the government?

3. What are the purposes of public administration?

4. Why are there so many definitions of public administration?

5. From your point of view, is public administration a science or an art? Why?

6. What are the functions of public administration?

7. What are the drawbacks of the traditional view of public administration?

8. What is the modern view on public administration?

9. What are the elements of public administration?

Concept, Nature and Scope of Public Administration³³

Public Administration is the bureaucracy of government, the latter being the working machinery under which the state operates. The government exists for the good of the population/the state. In the absence of state, man's life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. The same may be said of the absence of government, and therefore public administration.

The government has the responsibility of providing security, safeguard the fundamental human dignity and happiness for all. It is therefore charged with serving the proletariat against bourgeoisie exploitation and vice versa (the dictatorship of the proletariat). Anticorruption and antipoverty campaigns are a part of the commitment of public administration in a political system. However, here is a global clamour for democracy, a nebulous concept connoting communalism and pluralism which may be based on irrational decisions. This sharply contrasts bureaucratic coordination on the basis of professionalism, elitism and hierarchical system of operation. The nexus between bureaucracy and democracy is thus provided by public administration.

Public Administration is the act of implementing public policies, as feedback is relayed to the policy makers. It is government in action, a collective effort of getting things done in accordance with the laid down procedures and within the legal framework. Public administration pre-supposes planned human activities by organising human and material resources; it is that which consists of all those operations having their purpose fulfilment or enforcement of public policy. In his words, former American President Woodrow Wilson defined it as a detailed and systematic application of law. To him, therefore, any application of law amounts to public administration.

Some scholars define public administration as "… decision making, planning the work to be done, formulating objectives and goals… establishing and reviewing organisations, directing and supervising employees … exercising control and other functions performed by government executives and supervisors. It is the action part of government: the means by which the purposes and goals of government are realised" (Harris and Corson 1963). It has been argued that public administration should be considered as the fourth arm of government, in addition to the known executive, judiciary and legislature. This is because administration is quite different from the executive, as it comprises of bureaucrats. This is the full time professional civil service, with technical expertise in policy.

Other scholars talk of public administration as “a broad ranging and amorphous combination of theory and practice; its purpose is to promote a superior understanding of government and its relationship with the society it governs, as well to encourage public policies more responsive to social needs and to institute managerial practices attuned to effectiveness , efficiency and the deeper human requisites of the citizenry”.

Generally speaking, public administration has to do with the policy process in general, and policy implementation in particular. However, there is no single definition so far of the concept except that it is government in action. It therefore becomes both a government as well as a public machinery of operation.

Different scholars still have different views on coverage of public administration. Some see it first and foremost as a policy science, thus categorise it as Political Science. These hold the integral view as they also believe public administration concerns itself with all activities and policies that go with administration. As a result, they lump ministers and legislators into one category of 'administrators.' Others conceptualise it as an art. Administrators are thus people who get things done through others, as managers. On their own, they cannot do the work.

As such, public administration provides a link between the three traditional arms of government, namely the legislature, executive and judiciary. It may be said to be supportive in each case, without which the arms cannot operate. As the establishment that interacts with the general public, public administration is part of the political process, and therefore helps in policy formulation through feedback mechanism.

Functions of public administration include the following:

• Planning - setting the broad agenda and fixing the targets to be met by the staff.

• Organising - establishing formal structures of authority, coming up with a chain of command.

• Staffing - getting the correct people for the correct job specifications in a public office.

• Directing - giving orders and providing guidelines to the responsible staff.

• Coordination - creating harmony between and among different departments for optimum functioning. It reduces duplication and wastage.

• Reporting - getting the right information to the right persons within the organisation, for record management.

• Budgeting - this function deals with financial planning and controls as well as budgeting, as the name suggests.

This traditional view has not gone without criticism that it is a shallow view of the concept of public administration. It has been criticised for neglecting human relationship. It is also silent on assigning of roles to trade unions and other organised working classes. Modern view of PA considers the subject in terms of administrative theory (the knowledge) and applied theory (the practice), both of which a public administrator should possess. It lays much emphasis in interdisciplinary approach as it deals with human behaviour which is affected by a whole complexity of issues.

Public administration holds the administrative machinery and this is based on the principle of organisation.

• The subject deals with the staff, that is, the public servants and individuals.

• Finances are also a part of the commitments of public administration.

• The study includes research of administrative resources and where they are available. This brings in material management as an element of public administration.

• Managerial techniques.

b. Translate the abstract in cursive.

c. Explain the terms in English:

government	legal enforcement
trade union	administration
bureaucracy	public policies
organization	executive power
judiciary power	legislature
planning	budgeting
staffing	directing
coordination	reporting

d. Paraphrase the words with synonyms:

to provide security	human dignity
nexus	elitism
integral view	to conceptualise
to lay emphasis	public servant
commitment	optimum functioning

e. Fill in the gaps with prepositions consulting the text and make your own sentences with the phrases.

1. feedback is relayed __ the policy makers

2. public policies are responsive __ social needs

3. public administration concerns itself __ all activities

f. Draw a mind map of the text.

g. Write a 100-word summary of the text.

Speaking

Prepare a seven-minute presentation of a university program “The Bachelor of Public Administration”. Speak about course topics/career options and opportunities/peculiarities of the program in general. Specialize on one particular sphere a graduate of this program can work in, support your speech with an example of a successful alumnus, speak about their career path and achievements. Be ready to answer other students’ questions.

Reading 2

a. Read the text and discuss the following questions:

1. What administration can be considered efficient?

2. What is the role of administration in management?

3. Who is involved in admistration of a company?

4. What can poor administration result in?

5. What is the role of communication in admistrative work?

6. Why is administration linked to customer service?

7. What does the central admistrative department do?

8. What administrative policies are sometimes ignored by staff?

9. How can a policy be a motivation for staff?

10. What are advantages and disadvantages of written and oral policies?

11. What is a system in administration?

12. What is a procedure in administration?

13. Why is regular review of systems and procedures necessary?

14. How is a saying “what you will accept is what you will get” applied to administration?

15. What are the costs in administration?

16. What is the attitude of staff to administrator? Why?

17. How can administration enable all other business functions to achieve corporate and departmental objectives?