Unit 12. Goods Flow

Lead in

1

1. Dangerous goods (often called hazardous materials in the USA) may be pure chemicals, mixtures of substances, manufactured products or articles which can pose a risk to people, animals or the environment if not properly handled in use or in transport.

2. Household cleaning fluids and gardening products

3. Substances and materials which are dangerous for transport range from those which present obvious risks, such as explosives and fuming acids, through to more frequently encountered products such as paints, solvents and pesticides.

4. The transport of dangerous goods is regulated in order to prevent, as far as possible, accidents involving people or property, damage to the environment, to the means of transport employed or to other goods being transported.  Each mode of transport, (air, sea, road, rail and inland waterway) has its own regulations but they are now largely harmonized with the Model Regulations, published by United Nations Economic and Social Council's Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods.

2

1) o; 2.1) n; 2.2) h; 2.3) e; 3) d; 4.1) f; 4.2) i; 4.3) c; 5.1) g; 5.2) k; 6.1) j; 6.2) l; 7) m; 8) b; 9) a.

Vocabulary

2.

1. i; 2. f; 3. h; 4. a; 5. b; 6. g; 7. c; 8. d; 9. e.

3.

1. complies; 2. rough handling; 3. overhanging; 4. fragile; 5. impermeable; 6. break bulk; 7. equidistant; 8. stowage factor; 9. barrel; 10. crate.

4.

1. valuable freight; 2. place; 3. fit; 4. evenly; 5. protruding; 6. explosive; 7. insulation; 8. seal up; 9. stowage; 10. batch certificate.

Reading 1

A

Designations:

1. 1-f; II. 10-a; III. 9-d; IX. 3-c; V. 8-b; VI. 5-e; VII. 12-I; VIII. 7-j; IX. 4-l; X. 16-h; XI. 13-m; XII. 14-o; XIII. 15-n; XIV. 11-k; XV. 6-g; XVI. 2-p.

D

1. c; 2. a; 3. e; 4. d; 5. h; 6. b; 7. g; 8. i; 9. f.

E

12. out; 2. onto; 3. at; 4. in, with; 5. with; 6. to; 7. at ; 8. over. 9. with, under. 10. away. 11. from, under cover.

F

1. d; 2. e; 3. c; 4. a; 5. b.

G

1. to contract, contract, contraction, contractual; 2. to break, breakage; 3. to comply, compliance, compliant.

Grammar

1.

1. the most profitable; 2. deep, the more, the more; 3. more suspicious, further; 4. the more, the less obvious; 5. the riskiest; 6. as expensive as; 7. easier; 8. more modern, twice as good as; 9. as popular as; 10. much harder, the most challenging; 11. no sooner, than; 12. the worst, the most markedly; 13. perfectly fair, much faster; 14. nearly as rapidly as; 15. hardly, when.

2.  

1. directly; 2. slightly; 3. near, sour; 4. calm; 5. dramatic; 6. short, relative, quite enthusiastic; 7. highly, different; 8. nationally, greatly; 9. interestingly enough, weekly, significantly, specially, precise; 10. widely, fast, hard.

Speaking

Reason for Regulation

1. Explosives are capable by chemical reaction of producing gases at temperatures, pressures and speeds as to cause catastrophic damage through force and/or of producing otherwise hazardous amounts of heat, light, sound, gas or smoke.

2. Gases are capable of posing serious hazards due to their flammability, potential as asphyxiants, ability to oxidize and/or their toxicity or corrosiveness to humans.

3. Flammable liquids are capable of posing serious hazards due to their volatility, combustibility and potential in causing or propagating severe conflagrations.

4. Flammable solids are capable of posing serious hazards due to their volatility, combustibility and potential in causing or propagating severe conflagrations.

5. Toxic substances are those which are liable either to cause death or serious injury or to harm human health if swallowed, inhaled or by skin contact. Infectious substances are those which are known or can be reasonably expected to contain pathogens. Dangerous goods regulations define pathogens as microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, parasites and fungi, or other agents which can cause disease in humans or animals.

6. Radioactive material Whilst undergoing radioactive decay radionuclides emit ionizing radiation, which presents potentially severe risks to human health.

7. Corrosives cause severe damage when in contact with living tissue or, in the case of leakage, damage or destroy surrounding materials.

8. Miscellaneous dangerous goods present a wide array of potential hazards to human health and safety, infrastructure and/ or their means of transport.

9. Oxidizers, although not necessarily combustible in themselves, can yield oxygen and in so doing cause or contribute to the combustion of other materials. Organic peroxides are thermally unstable and may exude heat whilst undergoing exothermic autocatalytic decomposition. Additionally, organic peroxides may be liable to explosive decomposition, burn rapidly, be sensitive to impact or friction, react dangerously with other substances or cause damage to eyes.

Reading 2

A

C

1. predict - forecast; 2. expect - anticipate; 3. in each year - per annum; 4. in reality - de facto; 5. constant - steady; 6. lately - recently.

D

1. c; 2. g; 3. d; 4. a; 5. e; 6. b; 7. f.

E

1. to negotiate, negotiation, negotiable; 2. to suspend, suspender, suspended; 3. to cancel, cancellation.