- •CONTENTS
- •PREFACE
- •ABBREVIATIONS
- •GENERAL AND COLORECTAL
- •CASE 1:
- •ANSWER 1
- •CASE 2:
- •ANSWER 2
- •CASE 3:
- •ANSWER 3
- •CASE 4:
- •ANSWER 4
- •CASE 5:
- •ANSWER 5
- •CASE 6:
- •ANSWER 6
- •CASE 7:
- •ANSWER 7
- •CASE 8:
- •ANSWER 8
- •CASE 9:
- •ANSWER 9
- •CASE 10:
- •ANSWER 10
- •CASE 11:
- •ANSWER 11
- •CASE 12:
- •ANSWER 12
- •CASE 13:
- •ANSWER 13
- •CASE 14:
- •ANSWER 14
- •CASE 15:
- •ANSWER 15
- •CASE 16:
- •ANSWER 16
- •CASE 17:
- •ANSWER 17
- •CASE 18:
- •ANSWER 18
- •CASE 19:
- •ANSWER 19
- •CASE 20:
- •ANSWER 20
- •UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL
- •CASE 21:
- •ANSWER 21
- •CASE 22:
- •ANSWER 22
- •CASE 23:
- •ANSWER 23
- •CASE 24:
- •ANSWER 24
- •CASE 25:
- •ANSWER 25
- •CASE 26:
- •ANSWER 26
- •CASE 27:
- •ANSWER 27
- •CASE 28:
- •ANSWER 28
- •CASE 29:
- •ANSWER 29
- •CASE 30:
- •ANSWER 30
- •CASE 31:
- •ANSWER 31
- •CASE 32:
- •ANSWER 32
- •CASE 33:
- •ANSWER 33
- •CASE 34:
- •ANSWER 34
- •CASE 35:
- •ANSWER 35
- •CASE 36:
- •ANSWER 36
- •BREAST AND ENDOCRINE
- •CASE 37:
- •ANSWER 37
- •CASE 38:
- •ANSWER 38
- •CASE 39:
- •ANSWER 39
- •CASE 40:
- •ANSWER 40
- •CASE 41:
- •VASCULAR
- •CASE 42:
- •ANSWER 42
- •CASE 43:
- •ANSWER 43
- •CASE 44:
- •ANSWER 44
- •CASE 45:
- •ANSWER 45
- •CASE 46:
- •ANSWER 46
- •CASE 47:
- •ANSWER 47
- •CASE 48:
- •ANSWER 48
- •CASE 49:
- •ANSWER 49
- •CASE 50:
- •ANSWER 50
- •CASE 51:
- •ANSWER 51
- •CASE 52:
- •ANSWER 52
- •CASE 53:
- •ANSWER 53
- •CASE 54:
- •ANSWER 54
- •CASE 55:
- •ANSWER 55
- •CASE 56:
- •ANSWER 56
- •UROLOGY
- •CASE 57:
- •ANSWER 57
- •CASE 58:
- •ANSWER 58
- •CASE 59:
- •ANSWER 59
- •CASE 60:
- •ANSWER 60
- •CASE 61:
- •ANSWER 61
- •CASE 62:
- •ANSWER 62
- •CASE 63:
- •ANSWER 63
- •CASE 64:
- •ANSWER 64
- •ORTHOPAEDIC
- •CASE 65:
- •ANSWER 65
- •CASE 66:
- •ANSWER 66
- •CASE 67:
- •ANSWER 67
- •CASE 68:
- •ANSWER 68
- •CASE 69:
- •Questions
- •ANSWER 69
- •CASE 70:
- •ANSWER 70
- •CASE 71:
- •ANSWER 71
- •CASE 72:
- •ANSWER 72
- •CASE 73:
- •ANSWER 73
- •CASE 74:
- •ANSWER 74
- •CASE 75:
- •ANSWER 75
- •CASE 76:
- •ANSWER 76
- •CASE 77:
- •ANSWER 77
- •CASE 78:
- •ANSWER 78
- •CASE 79:
- •ANSWER 79
- •CASE 80:
- •ANSWER 80
- •CASE 81:
- •ANSWER 81
- •EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
- •CASE 82:
- •ANSWER 82
- •CASE 83:
- •ANSWER 83
- •CASE 84:
- •ANSWER 84
- •CASE 85:
- •ANSWER 85
- •NEUROSuRGERY
- •CASE 86:
- •ANSWER 86
- •CASE 87:
- •ANSWER 87
- •CASE 88:
- •ANSWER 88
- •CASE 89:
- •ANSWER 89
- •ANAESTHESIA
- •CASE 90:
- •ANSWER 90
- •CASE 91:
- •ANSWER 91
- •CASE 92:
- •ANSWER 92
- •CASE 93:
- •ANSWER 93
- •CASE 94:
- •ANSWER 94
- •POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
- •CASE 95:
- •ANSWER 95
- •CASE 96:
- •ANSWER 96
- •CASE 97:
- •ANSWER 97
- •CASE 98:
- •ANSWER 98
- •CASE 99:
- •ANSWER 99
- •CASE 100:
- •ANSWER 100
General and Colorectal
CASE 3: abDominal DiStenSion poSt hip replaCement
history
You are asked to review a 72-year-old man on the orthopaedic ward. He had a hemiarthroplasty of his right hip 6 days earlier. He was recovering well initially but has now developed significant abdominal distension. He has not opened his bowels or passed flatus for the past 4 days. His previous medical history includes treatment for a transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and an appendicectomy. He is also known to have a hiatus hernia. He gave up smoking 6 months ago.
examination
His blood pressure is 114/88mmHg and pulse rate is 98/min. The abdomen is significantly distended with mild generalized tenderness. The abdomen is resonant to percussion and a few bowel sounds are heard. There are no hernias, and digital rectal examination reveals an empty rectum.
INVESTIGATIONS
|
|
Normal |
haemoglobin |
10.2 g/dl |
11.5–16.0 g/dl |
White cell count |
12.6 × 109/l |
4.0–11.0 × 109/l |
platelets |
422 × 109/l |
150–400 × 109/l |
Sodium |
131 mmol/l |
135–145 mmol/l |
potassium |
3.2 mmol/l |
3.5–5.0 mmol/l |
urea |
5.7 mmol/l |
2.5–6.7 mmol/l |
Creatinine |
78 μmol/l |
44–80 μmol/l |
an x-ray of the abdomen is performed and is shown in Figure 3.1.
Questions
• |
What is the diagnosis? |
• |
Are there any patients at particular |
|
risk of developing this condition? |
• |
What is the significance of the right |
|
iliac fossa pain in this setting? |
• |
What does conservative treatment |
|
consist of? |
Figure 3.1 plain x-ray of the abdomen.
5
100 Cases in Surgery
ANSWER 3
The patient has large-bowel obstruction. When no mechanical cause is found for the obstruction, the condition is referred to as a pseudo-obstruction. The pathogenesis of the condition is still unclear, but abnormal autonomic colonic activity is thought to be a major factor. On the radiograph, air is seen throughout the colon down to the rectum, making a mechanical cause unlikely. If this is unclear, then a water-soluble contrast enema should be used to exclude a mechanical cause.
Pseudo-obstruction tends to occur in patients following trauma, severe infection, or orthopaedic/cardiothoracic/pelvic surgery. Systemic causes include sepsis, metabolic abnormalities and drugs. The clinical features are marked abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, absolute constipation, abdominal pain and high-pitched bowel sounds. The presence of a fever with signs of peritonism suggests that the bowel is ischaemic and a perforation is imminent. This is most likely to occur in the caecum due to the distensibility of the bowel wall at this point. The patient should be examined carefully for tenderness in the right iliac fossa, and the caecal diameter noted on the radiograph. If the diameter increases to over 10 cm, then there is a significant risk of perforation.
Conservative treatment involves keeping the patient nil by mouth, intravenous fluids and nasogastric decompression. A flatus tube can be placed by rigid sigmoidoscopy to relieve some of the distension. Decompression is more effectively achieved by colonoscopy. Fluid and electrolyte abnormalities should be corrected and drugs affecting colonic motility discontinued, e.g. opiates.
KEY POINTS
•the overall mortality rate in pseudo-obstruction managed conservatively is approximately 15 per cent.
•this figure rises to 30 per cent in patients who require surgery, and as high as 50–90 per cent with faecal peritonitis.
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General and Colorectal
CASE 4: perianal pain
history
A 28-year-old man presents to the emergency department complaining of anal and lowerback pain for the previous 36 h. He has tried taking simple analgesics with no benefit. The pain is progressively getting worse and he is now finding it uncomfortable to walk or sit down. He is otherwise fit and well, and smokes ten cigarettes a day.
examination
Inspection of the anus reveals a 3 cm × 3 cm swelling at the anal margin. The swelling is warm, exquisitely tender and fluctuant. There is no other obvious abnormality.
Questions
•What is the diagnosis?
•What are the aetiological factors associated with this condition?
•How are these lesions anatomically classified?
•What treatment is required?
7
100 Cases in Surgery
ANSWER 4
This patient has a perianal abscess. The organisms responsible tend to be either from the gut (Bacteroides fragilis, Escherichia coli or enterococci) or from the skin (Staphylococcus aureus). Anorectal abscesses originate from infection arising in the cryptoglandular epithelium lining the anal canal. The internal anal sphincter can be breached through the crypts of Morgagni, which penetrate through the internal sphincter into the intersphincteric space. Once the infection passes into the intersphincteric space, it can spread easily into the adjacent perirectal spaces.
! Classification of anorectal abscesses
See Figure 4.1.
Supralevator
Levator ani abscess muscle
Ischioanal |
External sphincter |
(ischiorectal) |
Internal sphincter |
abscess |
Perianal abscess |
|
|
|
Intersphincteric or intramuscular |
|
abscess |
Figure 4.1 Diagram demonstrating the anatomy of anorectal abscesses.
!Aetiological factors for anorectal abscesses
• idiopathic (vast majority) |
• anal trauma/surgery |
• Crohn’s disease |
• pelvic abscesses may arise secondary |
• anorectal carcinoma |
to inflammatory bowel disease or |
• anal fissure |
diverticulitis |
The patient should have an examination under anaesthesia (EUA) with sigmoidoscopy to examine the bowel mucosa. The abscess should be treated by incision and drainage, and pus should be sent for culture. Skin organisms are less commonly associated with fistulae than gut organisms. Anorectal fistulas occur in 30–60 per cent of patients with anorectal abscesses. If a fistula is found at the time of incision and drainage, the location should be noted and the patient brought back once the sepsis has resolved.
KEY POINTS
•anorectal fistulas occur in 30–60 per cent of patients with anorectal abscesses.
•Sigmoidoscopy and proctoscopy should be done at the time of surgery to examine for underlying pathology.
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