- •1. The Aim and Object of discipline Lexicology
- •Lexicology and linking branches of Linguistics.
- •The Research Methods of Lexicology.
- •Immediate Constituents Analysis
- •The Main Lexical Units of the English language
- •Morphological Structure of the English words.
- •Word-building: Affixation. Suffixation and its classification.
- •Word-building: Affixation. Prefixation and its classification.
- •Word-building: Conversion and its types.
- •Abbreviations: extra-linguistic and linguistic causes. Lexical abbreviations.
- •Abbreviations: The Origin of the word. Initial abbreviations.
- •Word-building: Sound and Stress interchange.
- •Word-building: Reduplication, Back formation.
- •Word-building: Blends.
- •Semasiology. Polysemantic English words.
- •17.Semantic Structure of English words.
- •18.The Main Semantic Aspects of Compounds.
- •19.Synonyms. Different Types of Synonyms.
- •20.Antonyms. Classification of Antonyms.
- •21.Etymology of English Words. Native and Borrowings.
- •22.Modern Borrowings in the English Language.
- •23.Classification of Borrowings.
- •Classification of Borrowings.
- •24.Homonyms. Classification of Homonyms
- •25.Euphemisms and its main characteristics
- •26.Neologisms and their different semantic groups
- •27.Phraseological Units and Idioms. Principles of Classification
- •28. Different Classifications of Phraseological Units
- •29. The British and American variants of the English.
- •30. Formal and Informal Styles of Speech
- •Vocabulary
- •The main functions of the phoneme.
- •The syllabic structure of English words.
- •Functional aspect of word stress.
- •Differences in the position of stress in English, Kazakh and Russian.
- •9.The main types of syllables.
- •10.Components of intonation.
- •Grammar as a science. Its aim and objects.
- •The Noun and its characteristic features as a part of speech.
- •The verb and its grammatical categories
- •The category of Voice.
- •The Pronoun. Classification of Pronouns.
- •The Adjective. Degrees of Comparison.
- •Two parts of grammar: Morphology and Syntax.
- •Word and morpheme as basic notions of Morphology.
- •The Numeral. Classification of Numerals.
- •The Article. Difficulties of the study of articles.
- •14. The system of grammatical tenses in Modern English
- •16. The secondary parts of the sentence.
- •18. The Adverb. Classification of Adverbs.
- •Compound and Complex sentences.
- •20. Main verbs and auxiliary verbs.
20. Main verbs and auxiliary verbs.
Verbs constitute one of the main word classes in the English language. Like other types of words in the language, English verbs are not heavily inflected. Most combinations of tense, aspect, mood and voiceare expressed periphrastically, using constructions with auxiliary verbs and modal verbs.
James has a new bicycle.
They have a big garden.
I go to school every day.
She teaches English. In these sentences, the verb words has, have, go and teaches express a meaning of their own, the idea of possession or physical action. Verbs which have a meaning of their own, agree with the Person and Number of the Subject of a sentence and show the time (tense) at which the activities happen are called MAIN (PRINCIPAL) VERBS.
James has returned from his office. one verb – two parts
They have caught the thief. one verb – two parts
I am going to school now. one verb – two parts
She will teach English next year. one verb – two parts
In these sentences, though the verb words has, have, am and will are used, they do not express any idea of possession or they do not have meaning of their own.
They merely help to form the TENSES – present perfect, present continuous and simple future of the verb words return, catch, go and teach.
And those verb words which help the other verb words to form tenses (in Active & Passive) are called AUXILIARY (HELPING) VERBS.
There are different kinds of these auxiliary (helping) verbs. Some can be used as main verbs and helping verbs, but some can never be used as main verbs at all. The following notes will help us to understand the several complications involved in making a verb word a sensible VERB in any give sentence.
The following are the Auxiliary (helping) Verbs in English:
“Be” and its forms — am, is, are, was were, been and being
“Have” and its forms — has, had and been
“Do” and its forms — does and did
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