- •1. The Aim and Object of discipline Lexicology
- •Lexicology and linking branches of Linguistics.
- •The Research Methods of Lexicology.
- •Immediate Constituents Analysis
- •The Main Lexical Units of the English language
- •Morphological Structure of the English words.
- •Word-building: Affixation. Suffixation and its classification.
- •Word-building: Affixation. Prefixation and its classification.
- •Word-building: Conversion and its types.
- •Abbreviations: extra-linguistic and linguistic causes. Lexical abbreviations.
- •Abbreviations: The Origin of the word. Initial abbreviations.
- •Word-building: Sound and Stress interchange.
- •Word-building: Reduplication, Back formation.
- •Word-building: Blends.
- •Semasiology. Polysemantic English words.
- •17.Semantic Structure of English words.
- •18.The Main Semantic Aspects of Compounds.
- •19.Synonyms. Different Types of Synonyms.
- •20.Antonyms. Classification of Antonyms.
- •21.Etymology of English Words. Native and Borrowings.
- •22.Modern Borrowings in the English Language.
- •23.Classification of Borrowings.
- •Classification of Borrowings.
- •24.Homonyms. Classification of Homonyms
- •25.Euphemisms and its main characteristics
- •26.Neologisms and their different semantic groups
- •27.Phraseological Units and Idioms. Principles of Classification
- •28. Different Classifications of Phraseological Units
- •29. The British and American variants of the English.
- •30. Formal and Informal Styles of Speech
- •Vocabulary
- •The main functions of the phoneme.
- •The syllabic structure of English words.
- •Functional aspect of word stress.
- •Differences in the position of stress in English, Kazakh and Russian.
- •9.The main types of syllables.
- •10.Components of intonation.
- •Grammar as a science. Its aim and objects.
- •The Noun and its characteristic features as a part of speech.
- •The verb and its grammatical categories
- •The category of Voice.
- •The Pronoun. Classification of Pronouns.
- •The Adjective. Degrees of Comparison.
- •Two parts of grammar: Morphology and Syntax.
- •Word and morpheme as basic notions of Morphology.
- •The Numeral. Classification of Numerals.
- •The Article. Difficulties of the study of articles.
- •14. The system of grammatical tenses in Modern English
- •16. The secondary parts of the sentence.
- •18. The Adverb. Classification of Adverbs.
- •Compound and Complex sentences.
- •20. Main verbs and auxiliary verbs.
The main functions of the phoneme.
A phoneme is a basic unit of a language's phonology, which is combined with other phonemes to form meaningful units such as words or morphemes. The phoneme can be described as "The smallest contrastive linguistic unit which may bring about a change of meaning". In this way the difference in meaning between the English words kill and kiss is a result of the exchange of the phoneme /l/ for the phoneme /s/. Two words that differ in meaning through a contrast of a single phoneme are called minimal pairs. The phoneme is a minimal abstract linguistic unit realized in speech in the form of speech sounds opposable to other phonemes of the same language to distinguish the meaning of morphemes and words. Let us consider the phoneme from the point of view of its aspects.
Firstly, the phoneme is a functional unit. In phonetics function is usually understood as a role of the various units of the phonetic system in distinguishing one morpheme from another, one word from another or one utterance from another. The opposition of phonemes in the same phonetic environment differentiates the meaning of morphemes and words: e.g. bath-path, light-like. Sometimes the opposition of phonemes serves to distinguish the meaning of the whole phrases: He was heard badly - He was hurt badly. Thus we may say that the phoneme can fulfill the distinctive function. Secondly, the phoneme is material, real and objective. That means it is realized in speech in the form of speech sounds, its allophones. The phonemes constitute the material form of morphemes, so this function may be called constitutive function. Thirdly, the phoneme performs the recognitive function, because the use of the right allophones and other phonetic units facilitates normal recognition. We may add that the phoneme is a material and objective unit as well as an abstract and generalized one at the same time.
The syllabic structure of English words.
The syllable is a phonetic and phonological unit. It may be defined as one or more speech-sounds forming a single uninterrupted unit of utterance which may be a whole word (e.g. man, cat) or part of it (morning, baby).It is generally known that speech is a continuum. However, it can be broken into minimal pronounceable units into which sounds show a tendency to group themselves. These smallest phonetic groups are generally given the name of syllables.
It is a complicated phenomena and it can be studied on four levels: articulatory, acoustic, auditory, functional which means that the syllable can be approached from different points of view.
(1) Acoustically and auditorily a syllable is characterized by the force of utterance, or accent, pitch of the voice, sonority and length.
(2) Articulatory characteristics of a syllable are connected with sounds juncture and with the theories of syllable formation and syllable division.
(3) Functional or phonemic characteristics of a syllable are connected with the constitutive, recognitive and distinctive properties of a syllable.
(4) Syllables in writing are called syllabographs and are connected with the morphemic structure of words.
The main types of syllables.A syllable can be formed by a single word (chair) or a part of a word (later). A syllable can be formed by a vowel (V), a vowel and a consonant (VC), by a consonant and a sonorant (CS). In English there are distinguished four types of syllables
Open (ends in vowel) no (CV)
Closed (ends in consonant) odd (VC)
Covered note (CV(C)
Uncovered oak (V(C)
V types can be called uncovered open. VC types are called closed uncovered. CV types are called covered open. CVC types are called closed covered.
Torsuyev G.P. suggests to differentiate the following types of syllabic structure.
V type – fully open
CVC type – fully closed
CV type – initially covered
VC type - finally covered.
Functions of the syllabic structure of English: constitutive, distinctive.The constitutive function of the syllables. It is connected with the syllable materiality and it lies in its ability to be a part of a word itself. The syllable forms language units of greater magnitude, that is words, morphemes and utterances. In this respect two things should be emphasized. First, the syllable is the unit within which the relations between the distinctive features of the phonemes and their acoustic correlates are revealed. Second, within a syllable prosodic characteristics of speech are realized, which form the stress-pattern of a word and the rhythmic and intonation structures of an utterance. The other function of the syllable is its distinctive function. In this respect the syllable is characterized by its ability to differentiate words and word-forms. The analogical distinction between word combinations can be illustrated by many more examples: An aim - a name, ice-cream – I scream .